A iminente escassez de recursos naturais e de fontes energéticas não renováveis são forças motrizes para a adoção de práticas sustentáveis. Dentre os processos industriais que fazem uso intensivo de recursos naturais, estão os que utilizam processos de usinagem baseados em ferramentas abrasivas para desbaste, esmerilhamento, corte, entre outros. A partir deste panorama geral, é possível enxergar a necessidade de estudar os processos de usinagem com ferramentas abrasivas a fim de aumentar a compreensão sobre eles e de torná-los sustentáveis. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar, por meio do comportamento mecânico de compósitos abrasivos resinoides, o potencial de reciclagem de grãos de alumina oriundos de ferramentas abrasivas. No presente trabalho, foi estudada a preparação e caracterização de compósitos abrasivos resinoides reforçados com grãos alumina reciclada e virgem. Uma das aluminas recicladas é oriunda de rebolos e discos de corte resinoides, outra alumina é oriunda de rebolos vitrificados, e a última, composta por alumina branca, é recuperada de rebolos vitrificados refugados ou usados. As amostras de grãos de alumina reciclada e a de grãos de alumina marrom virgem foram caracterizadas por meio das técnicas de fluorescência de raios X (FRX), difratometria de raios X (DRX), microscopias óptica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Corpos de prova de compósitos utilizando os quatro tipos de alumina foram preparados por meio da mistura, prensagem e tratamento térmico de grãos de alumina e resinas fenólicas resol e novolaca. Por fim, os compósitos foram caracterizados por meio das técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), módulo elástico por excitação por impulso, impacto Izod, flexão em quatro pontos, análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica (DMTA), dureza por Sand Blasting Penetration (SBP), porosidade pelo método de Arquimedes e microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados dos ensaios mecânicos mostraram que os compósitos de alumina reciclada apresentaram depreciação em todas as propriedades estudadas em relação ao compósito de alumina virgem, exceto a resistência ao impacto Izod, no qual todas as amostras apresentaram baixa resistência. A razão desta baixa resistência ao impacto deveu-se à estrutura formada pelo grão de alumina, ligante (resina fenólica) e porosidade, na qual a baixa proporção de resina fenólica (10% m.) foi a responsável pelo resultado. Por outro lado, a causa da depreciação nas propriedades mecânicas apresentadas pelos compósitos de alumina reciclada foi a menor concentração em alumina e a presença de impurezas oriundas da produção das ferramentas abrasivas. Neste caso, o compósito de alumina branca reciclada apresentou melhores resultados das propriedades mecânicas em relação aos compósitos de alumina oriunda de rebolos vitrificados e os de alumina oriunda de rebolos e discos resinoides. Concluindo, o potencial de reciclagem dos grãos de alumina oriundos de ferramentas abrasivas visando o seu reaproveitamento no processo de fabricação destas ferramentas é limitado pela sua pureza, de modo que se no processo de reciclagem dos grãos for aumentada a concentração de alumina haverá possibilidade de seu reaproveitamento. / The imminent scarcity of natural resources and nonrenewable energy sources are driving forces for the adoption of sustainable practices. Among the industrial processes that make intensive use of natural resources, there are those that use machining processes based on abrasive tools for roughing, grinding, cutting, among others. From this general panorama, it is possible to see the need to study the machining processes with abrasive tools in order to increase the understanding about them. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate, through the mechanical behavior of resin-bound abrasive composites, the recycling potential of alumina grits from abrasive tools. In the present work, the preparation and characterization of resinoid abrasive composites reinforced with recycled and virgin alumina grits was studied. One of the recycled aluminas comes from resin-bound grinding wheels and thin wheel cut-off discs, another alumina comes from vitrified grinding wheels, and the latter, composed of white alumina, is recovered from scrapped or used glazed grinding wheels. The samples of recycled alumina grits and virgin brown alumina grits were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composite test bodies using the four types of alumina were prepared by mixing, pressing and heat treatment of alumina grits and resol and novolak phenolic resins. Finally, the composites were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), impulse excitation elastic modulus, Izod impact, four-point flexing, dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), Sand Blasting Penetration hardness (SBP), porosity by the Archimedes method and optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results of the mechanical tests showed that the recycled alumina composites presented depreciation in all the studied properties in relation to the virgin alumina composite, except the Izod impact resistance, in which all the samples presented low resistance. The reason for this low impact strength was due to the structure formed by the alumina grit, binder (phenolic resin) and porosity, in which the low proportion of phenolic resin (10% m) was responsible for the result. On the other hand, the reason for the depreciation in the mechanical properties presented by the recycled alumina composites was the lower concentration in alumina and the presence of impurities from the production of the abrasive tools. In this case, the recycled white alumina composite presented better mechanical properties in relation to alumina composites from vitrified grinding wheels and those from alumina from grinding wheels and resinoid disks. In conclusion, the recycling potential of the alumina grits from abrasive tools aiming at their reuse in the process of manufacturing these tools is limited by their purity, so that if in the grit recycling process the alumina concentration increases it will make possible its reuse.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify how clothing companies are striving for sustainability within their product life cycle; to which extent these companies are working on the sustainability of the use and disposal stage; and their willingness to interfere more in these stages by improving the use and disposal habits of their customers by offering care, repair and end of use services. Research questions: What activities are the clothing companies undertaking in order to improve the sustainability of the use and disposal stage? o How are the clothing companies communicating correct use, maintenance and disposal of their products to consumers? o What are the difficulties the clothing companies are facing in their efforts to become more engaged in the use and disposal stage? Method: The research was conducted with an inductive approach, by collecting secondary data from previous studies and theories, and by accumulating primary data from semi-structured interviews with the CSR coordinator of Didriksons, the Director of Sustainability of Haglöfs and the CSR manager of Nudie Jeans. Findings: Throughout the study acknowledgements have been received about the ongoing activities, the possible difficulties, and the communication in regards to the three clothing companies work on sustainability in the use and disposal stage. The results pointed out the differences between the companies concerning the ways of offering services in the use and disposal stage, and their ways of communicating these services to consumers. The key findings showed that the companies find consumer education important, however each company could improve their communication towards consumers in some of the discussed stages. Governmental support and more advanced recycling technologies are of importance in order to facilitate the aim of creating a more sustainable use and disposal stage. / Program: Textilt management med inriktning styrning av textila värdekedjor

Thesis. 1977. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Chemical Engineering. / M̲i̲c̲ṟo̲f̲i̲c̲ẖe̲ c̲o̲p̲y̲ a̲v̲a̲i̲ḻa̲ḇḻe̲ i̲ṉ A̲ṟc̲ẖi̲v̲e̲s̲ a̲ṉḏ S̲c̲i̲e̲ṉc̲e̲.̲ / Bibliography : leaves 286-295. / by Albert Sacco, Jr. / Ph.D.

A pesquisa apresenta o estudo de caso da revitalização urbana do desativado Puerto Madero, em Buenos Aires. A reciclagem de antigos espaços portuários deteriorados consiste em um dos principais temas do urbanismo contemporâneo. Devido à atualidade do assunto, o estudo do projeto e da realização de Puerto Madero representa uma experiência referencial para outras cidades em situação semelhante - como Porto Alegre, onde foi desenvolvido o trabalho -, uma vez que cria um precedente exemplar de uma operação efetivada em um contexto latino-americano, no decorrer de um período relativamente curto. Embora a primeira parte do trabalho seja voltada ao conhecimento histórico do porto de Buenos Aires e da sua evolução urbana até os dias atuais, o foco do estudo centra-se na analise do projeto realizado, não só do ponto de vista urbano, como também arqui-tetônico. O estudo do projeto é segmentado em quatro partes, corres-pondentes aos diques do porto, em que se destaca a diversidade dos exemplares existentes na área. Por fim, elegeu-se um determinado número de tipologias representativas, das quais foram examinadas as suas qualidades projetuais. A elaboração de um amplo panorama da operação Puerto Madero possibilitou seu entendimento no contexto metropolitano, histórico, urbano e arquitetônico. / The investigation presents a case study on the urban revitalization of the deactivated Puerto Madero, in Buenos Aires. Recycling deteriorated old portuary places is one of the principals contemporary urbanism themes. As a contemporary issue, the study of Puerto Madero´s project and revitalization represents a referential experience to other cities at similar situation – such as Porto Alegre, where this work was developed-, once it creates an exemplar precedent context, during a relatively short period. Although the first part of the investigation was oriented to the Buenos Aires port’s historical knowledge and its urban evolution until the present days, the investigation’s focus is centered in the analysis of the executed project , not only by the urban point of view, but also the architectural. The project’s studies is segmented in four parts, correspondent to the docks ports, which stand out the diversity of existing exemplars in the area. Finally, a determined number of representative typologies were chosen, being their projectual’s qualities evaluated. The elaboration of a vast panorama of Puerto Madero´s operation allows the understanding of it metropolitan, historical, urban and architectural context.

A atividade produtiva humana tem gerado quantidades cada vez maiores com materiais mais complexos de resíduos sólidos, não sendo diferente com as suas atividades de lazer, que têm propiciado o aumento na região destes, principalmente em pequenas comunidades, que possuem como atrativos, seu patrimônio físico, ambiental e paisagístico. O presente trabalho apresenta um enfoque das questões ambientais e saneamento, mais especificamente dos resíduos sólidos. O trabalho se restringe nas áreas de interesse turístico e de lazer, as margens do represamento da hidrelétrica Água Vermelha, onde existem \"condomínios\" e/ou ranchos, destinados ao lazer e ao turismo de veraneio. Com a antropização destas áreas, através deste fim de ocupação, surgem questões relevantes, tais como: preservação do meio ambiente, saneamento, infra-estrutura, etc. São de especial interesse, neste estudo de caso, os resíduos sólidos ali gerados, as consequências por elas ocasionadas e as possibilidades para seu melhor aproveitamento, ou destinação final, e consequentemente redução dos impactos potenciais, segundo os atuais paradigmas ambientais e de sustentabilidade. / The human\'s productive activities has produced solid waste in huge quantities and complex materials, not being different with leisure and tourism activities that has produced lots of those residues, mainly in small communities, that has as attractions its property, environment and landscape. So, this work presents in its spot on sanitation and environmental subjects, specifically on solid waste. The project points are on tourism and leisure areas, that are found by the \"Água Vermelha\" Lake\'s margins, that is formed by the hydroelectric dam, where there are lots of ranch\'s condominiums which destination to leisure and summer tourism. With the human colonization and intervention for occupation, important themes arise, such as: environmental preservation, sanitation, infrastructure and etc. It\'s very important the study of the solid waste produced, its consequences its better utilization or final destination, with goals to reduce the potential environmental impacts that has paradigms for its environmental sustenance.

La fonctionnalisation croissante des matériaux de constructions ainsi que le besoin de gestion des ressources de l'humanité rend les matériaux traditionnels à base de ciment moins performant.De nouvelles structures de paroi peuvent être envisagées en optimisant le choix de matériaux et leurs agencements. Dans ce travail nous avons choisi d'évaluer une structure pouvant remplir toutes les fonctions d'une paroi type « maison individuelle » ceci en utilisant des matériaux à faible coût et en utilisant des procédés de fabrications classiques. Les matériaux choisis proviennent majoritairement d'une source agricole renouvelable, le chanvre et son sous-produit (la chènevotte) et du recyclage des déchets de polystyrène. Nous avons établi des relations entre différentes propriétés du composites obtenu et les paramètres du procédé en particulier sur la zone des hautes teneurs en renfort et jusqu'à 100%. Nous avons également préparé la phase d'optimisation numérique d'une structure sandwich alvéolaire en modélisant le procédé et les structures ainsi obtenue. / Due to the rapidly improving functionality of building materials, and increasingly complicated human resource management issues, the traditional cement-based building materials of the past are becoming less and less desirable.These outdated materials are being replaced by new structures of wall that better optimize choices of materials and their layouts. In this study, we propose a multi-function structure to be the unit of a typical wall (individual house), which can be produced via the use of inexpensive materials and classic manufacturing processes. To achieve this, we chose the renewable agricultural source of the hemp plant (hemp yarns and hemp shive particles), along with recycled expanded polystyrene, to manufacture a fully recyclable composite. We established a relationship between the physical-mechanical properties of the resulting composite and the parameters of the manufacturing process, particularly in the zone of high load reinforcement, we successfully manufactured a composite of 100% hemp shive particles. In addition, we have also prepared the numerical optimization phase of an alveolar sandwich structure by modeling the process and the obtained structure.

Flax fibers are often used as reinforcement for thermoset and thermoplastic to produce biocomposite products. These products exhibit numerous advantages such as good mechanical properties, low density, and biodegradability. Thermoplastics are usually reinforced with flax fiber using injection molding technology and limited research has been done on compression molded thermoplastic biocomposite. Therefore, commercial thermoplastic high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were selected for developing compression molded flax reinforced biocomposites in this research project. The main goal of this research was to develop compression molded biocomposite board using Saskatchewan flax fiber and investigate the effect of flax fiber and processing parameters (molding temperature and molding pressure) on the properties of biocomposite. <p>The fiber was cleaned and chemically treated with alkaline and silane solution that modified the fiber surface. Chemical treatments significantly increased the mechanical properties due to better fiber-polymer interfacial adhesion and also reduced the water absorption characteristics. The silane treatment showed better results than alkaline treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test were performed to study the thermal and morphological properties of the untreated and chemically treated flax fiber. Flax fiber and thermoplastic resin was mixed using a single-screw extruder to ensure homogenous mixing. HDPE- and PP-based biocomposites were developed through compression molding with three different pretreated flax fiber (untreated, alkaline, silane treated fiber), three levels of fiber content, two levels of molding temperature and two levels of molding pressure. <p>Increase in fiber content increased composite color index, density, water absorption, tensile strength, Youngs modulus, bending strength, and flexural modulus. However for the HDPE composites, tensile and bending strength decreased after 20% flax fiber loading. For the PP composites the, tensile and bending strength decreased after 10% flax fiber loading. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to quantitatively show the significant effects of the process variables (molding temperature, pressure, and fiber content) and their interactions on the response variables (physical and mechanical properties of biocomposites). The duncan multiple range test (DMRT) was also performed to compare the treatment means. Superposition surface methodology was adapted for both HDPE and PP composites to determine the optimum values of process variables.

Flax fibers are often used as reinforcement for thermoset and thermoplastic to produce biocomposite products. These products exhibit numerous advantages such as good mechanical properties, low density, and biodegradability. Thermoplastics are usually reinforced with flax fiber using injection molding technology and limited research has been done on compression molded thermoplastic biocomposite. Therefore, commercial thermoplastic high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were selected for developing compression molded flax reinforced biocomposites in this research project. The main goal of this research was to develop compression molded biocomposite board using Saskatchewan flax fiber and investigate the effect of flax fiber and processing parameters (molding temperature and molding pressure) on the properties of biocomposite. <p>The fiber was cleaned and chemically treated with alkaline and silane solution that modified the fiber surface. Chemical treatments significantly increased the mechanical properties due to better fiber-polymer interfacial adhesion and also reduced the water absorption characteristics. The silane treatment showed better results than alkaline treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test were performed to study the thermal and morphological properties of the untreated and chemically treated flax fiber. Flax fiber and thermoplastic resin was mixed using a single-screw extruder to ensure homogenous mixing. HDPE- and PP-based biocomposites were developed through compression molding with three different pretreated flax fiber (untreated, alkaline, silane treated fiber), three levels of fiber content, two levels of molding temperature and two levels of molding pressure. <p>Increase in fiber content increased composite color index, density, water absorption, tensile strength, Youngs modulus, bending strength, and flexural modulus. However for the HDPE composites, tensile and bending strength decreased after 20% flax fiber loading. For the PP composites the, tensile and bending strength decreased after 10% flax fiber loading. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to quantitatively show the significant effects of the process variables (molding temperature, pressure, and fiber content) and their interactions on the response variables (physical and mechanical properties of biocomposites). The duncan multiple range test (DMRT) was also performed to compare the treatment means. Superposition surface methodology was adapted for both HDPE and PP composites to determine the optimum values of process variables.

Consumption composites is a project in which I want to reflect about the concept of recycling, to explore the idea of a society result of recycling, to see if it could be helpful to think in it in another way.   I explore the act of recycling as a statement, as a discourse not as a solution for industrial production waste, the relation between the semiotics of the discarded material and the recycled resulting piece but most the interaction between these two and the final user/ spectator[1]. By looking at the soprum[2] is possible to see estrange combinations for instance baby pap packages with liquor bottles, political propaganda together with brochures advertising winter sports, a table with beer cans and a painting it. It is a composition in itself is a sort of collage where all possible come together. I found inspiring how waste could be classified from one criterion but mixed in other criteria like the cultural and semiotic one. Although there are differences between neighborhoods and municipalities, the half-ton of garbage produced by a Swedish citizen per year is classified by if the material could be recycled, composted, burn, landfilled or if it is hazardous for the environment or humans[3]. I put the waste together in order to create structures that further on could be used to build either furniture or spaces. I worked only with materials that were classified in the same category for instance newspapers or uncolored glass, keeping as much as possible the original form of the existing material in order to be able to see their original meaning or purpose. I noticed that the material transform to something new while keeping some of their form and semiotic properties when it is covered with a sort of layer. Something that reminds me the landfill, where the material is buried and then it is a new beginning but there is some transformation in the landscape that never would be the same. This is more an intervention in the materials in their way to their following step either landfill, recycling, burn or compost. The form and statement is the result of consumption from Stockholm where the material was collected and my own aesthetic intentions. [1](Debord, 1994) [2]Soprum: Swedish word for “garbage room” there are several versions of it but it is basically a room where the garbage can be sorted in different bins. [3]Avfall Sverige – Swedish Waste Management, was founded in 1947. It is a stakeholder and trade association in the field of waste management and recycling. / <p>The full version contain an image is only for the archive because it contain a picture without copyright</p>

We have successfully investigated the use of CO2 as a miscibility switch to create an environment in which we can run a homogeneously catalyzed reaction while maintaining a heterogeneous separation. We explored the use of this technique with fluorous biphasic systems, a fluorous solid support, and aqueous biphasic systems. In the case of the fluorous systems, CO2 was added to induce solubility of the fluorous catalyst. When the reaction was completed, CO2 was vented and the system returned to a biphasic state, making the separation easy. For the aqueous biphasic systems, the organic phase is chosen such that it is fully miscible with water at ambient conditions. Examples include acetonitrile, THF, and dioxane. The addition of CO2 reduces the polarity of the solvent and causes a phase split. The recovery of the water-soluble catalyst is once again heterogeneous. The application to aqueous biphasic systems is the most exciting studied. Aqueous biphasic systems are used industrially in the hydroformylation of propylene. With our technique, these systems can be extended to more hydrophobic substrates. We have shown a rate increase of 65 fold and 99% product recovery at modest pressures for the hydroformylation of 1-octene. These aqueous biphasic systems also show much promise in the arena of enzyme catalyzed reactions. We can create an environment in which the enzyme kinetics will no longer be mass transfer limited.