With the advance of the fourth industrial revolution, the manufacturing industry is increasingly changing. The intelligent networking of machines and the collection of real-time data opens up new possibilities for data-based decision making. One of those applications is the digital twin. Those are digital copies of physical objects that represent the behavior of their real-world counterparts. Therefore they consist of several models to describe this behavior. The use of digital twins for virtual commissioning has been proven to reduce real commissioning time as errors can be identified and fixed before they occur. Especially in the manufacturing industry virtual commissioning is used for expensive assets such as whole manufacturing lines. This thesis investigates how a three-dimensional model of a manufacturing cell can be connected to its real-world counterpart. The aim is to develop a reference model. A virtual commissioning model of a real manufacturing cell is created to evaluate the main components of the reference model. The outcome of this study is a theoretical reference model to connect a collaborative manufacturing cell with a digital twin. Through the connection, the three-dimensional simulation model acts as a video of the real cell. The reference model can serve as the base for further research such as remote troubleshooting or to improve existing models.

The growing need for a trustworthy Future Internet demands evolutionary approaches unfettered by legacy constrains and concepts. The networking community is calling for new network architectural proposals that address the deficiencies identified in present network realizations, acknowledge the need for a trustworthy IT infrastructure, and satisfy the society's emerging and future requirements. Proposed architectures need to be founded on well-articulated design principles, account for network operational and management complexities, embrace technology and application heterogeneity, regulate network-inherent emergent behavior, and overcome shortcomings attributed to present network realizations. This dissertation presents our proposed clean-slate Concern-Oriented Reference Model (CORM) for architecting future computer networks. CORM stands as a guiding framework from which network architectures can be derived according to specific functional, contextual, and operational requirements or constraints. CORM represents a pioneering attempt within the network realm, and to our knowledge, CORM is the first reference model that is bio-inspired and derived in accordance with the Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) engineering framework. CORM conceives a computer network as a software-dependent complex system whose design needs to be attempted in a concern-oriented bottom-up approach along two main dimensions: a vertical dimension addressing structure and configuration of network building blocks; and a horizontal dimension addressing communication and interactions among the previously formulated building blocks. For each network dimension, CORM factors the design space into function, structure, and behavior, applying to each the principle of separation of concerns for further systematic decomposition. In CORM, the network-building block is referred to as the Network Cell (NC), which represents CORM's first basic abstraction. An NC's structure and inherent behavior are bio-inspired, imitating a bacterium cell in a bacteria colony, thus it is capable of adaptation, self-organization and evolution. An NC's functional operation is defined by CORM second basic abstraction; the ACRF framework. The ACRF framework is a conceptual framework for network-concerns derived according to our interpretation of computer network requirement specifications. CORM networks are recursively synthesized in a bottom-up fashion out of CORM NCs. CORM addresses the multi-dimensionality of computer networks by modeling the network structure and behavior using a network structural template (NST), and an information flow model (IFM), respectively. Being developed according to a complex system paradigm, CORM refutes the long endorsed concept of layering, intrinsically accounts for emergent behavior, and ensures system integrity and stability. As a reference model, CORM is more typical of conventional engineering. Therefore it was validated using the FBS engineering framework. However, the behavior to be realized in CORM-based networks was substantiated and evaluated by deriving CellNet, our proposed CORM-based network architecture. CellNet-compliant protocols' behavioral adaptation and modification were illustrated and evaluated through simulation. CORM will have a profound impact on the operation and behavior of computer networks composing the Internet. By introducing awareness adaptability and evolvability as network intrinsic features, CORM-based Internet will proactively respond to changes in operational contexts, underlying technologies, and end user requirements. A major direction in CORM future work would be to detail the IFM component. / Ph. D.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / The thesis research examines the emergence of Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) architecture currently under development by the Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) initiative established by the Department of Defense (DoD). SCORM is a collection of specifications adapted from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive suite of E-Learning capabilities that enable interoperability, accessibility, and reusability of Web-based learning content. To understand better the implementation issues of SCORM architecture, the authors analyze all versions of SCORM to understand the evolution of this emerging architecture. It contrasts the evolving requirements for shareable content objects with concerns of copyright issues. The authors address development and implementation issues surrounding the maturation of SCORM architecture and the ADL initiative. The authors recommend that DoD, international, and civilian business partners join in improving E-Learning by embracing technology, such as SCORM, that allows for shareable content objects to be used and reused within civilian and military education and training Learning Management Systems (LMS) across the World Wide Web. / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy / Lieutenant, United States Naval Reserve

O processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) é formado por um conjunto de atividades organizadas e interativas com o propósito de se planejar, desenvolver e fabricar um produto que seja técnico e economicamente viável, além de ser atrativo e atender, quando possível, todas as expectativas dos usuários. Para que tais atividades sejam realizadas e concluídas faz-se o uso de ferramentas de auxílio ao PDP. Entre estas ferramentas estão os protótipos virtuais e os protótipos físicos. A utilização de protótipos virtuais e físicos no PDP traz maturidade ao projeto, reduz as incertezas, e auxilia na conservação do fluxo de informação durante todo projeto, desenvolvimento, implementação e operação da unidade fabril. Desta forma diferentes protótipos são utilizados para diferentes necessidades, de modo que o desenvolvimento do produto seja concluído e, em paralelo, se inicie o projeto do processo de fabricação. Esta tese apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo de referência específico para o processo de desenvolvimento do produto automotivo, denominado de PDP-Automotivo. A partir deste modelo de referência, um conjunto de diretrizes para a seleção de protótipos virtuais e físicos é proposto. O PDP-Automotivo foi validado por meio de uma pesquisa de campo envolvendo profissionais pertencentes à montadoras, autopeças e empresas de projeto automotivo. As diretrizes também foram analisadas e validadas por profissionais atuantes no setor automotivo. / The product development process (PDP) consists of a set of organized and interactive activities aiming to plan, develop and manufacture a technically and economically feasible product. Moreover, this product is intended to be attractive and, when possible, meet all users expectations. PDP-aiding tools, such as virtual prototypes and physical prototypes, are used in order to perform and complete these activities. The use of virtual prototypes and physical prototypes in PDP brings maturity to the design, reduces uncertainties and helps to maintain the information flow during the design, development, implementation and operation of the manufacturing unit. Therefore, different prototypes are used to meet distinct needs allowing the achievement of the products development process simultaneously to the start of the manufacturing process design. This doctoral study presents the development of a reference model specific for the automotive product development process, named Automotive PDP. A set of guidelines for the selection of virtual and physical prototypes is proposed from this reference model. Automotive PDP was validated by a field research involving professional members from automakers, auto parts and automotive design companies. The guidelines were also analyzed and validated by professional individuals from the automotive sector.

[pt] Esta dissertação apresenta uma nova ferramenta automatizada para avaliação dos processos de gestão de cadeias de suprimentos baseada no modelo de referência SCOR, apontado pela literatura como um dos mais difundidos na indústria, mas que ainda apresenta desafios significativos para a sua implantação, notadamente no que se refere à sua complexidade e custo. Endereçando estes aspectos, este trabalho especificou requisitos funcionais, um banco de dados capaz de armazenar a estrutura de dados completa do SCOR e implementou um protótipo da ferramenta denominada Supply Performer. A ferramenta, de forma inovadora, visa apoiar a implantação do SCOR sem exigir conhecimento profundo sobre o modelo ou a contratação de consultoria especializada. Para validar a sua aplicabilidade e capacidade de generalização, foi realizado um estudo aplicado em uma organização real, onde observou-se um ganho de 25 por cento na atividade de diagnóstico dos processos de Cadastro de Fornecedores e Clientes de uma empresa multinacional de grande porte. A ferramenta permitiu ainda a criação de um plano de ação e acompanhamento da evolução da melhoria dos processos, com base nas lacunas identificadas. Seu uso viabilizou a entrega rápida de resultados para o cliente, garantindo maior acessibilidade ao modelo, de forma estruturada e organizada. Em função dos resultados promissores, a ferramenta Supply Performer foi registrada no INPI (Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial) BR 51 2018 000240-4. / [en] This dissertation presents a new automated tool to evaluate the processes of Supply Chain Management (SCM) based on the SCOR reference model, one of the most used models in the industry, according to the literature, but that still presents significant challenges for its adoption, notably in regards of its complexity and cost. To address these aspects, this work specified the functional requirements and a database with the whole SCORE structure, and implemented a prototype of the tool called Supply Performer, innovative because it helps SCOR deployment without the need of deep knowledge about the model, neither the hiring of a specialized consulting. To validate its applicability and generalization, the tool was used on a real case scenario and a 25 percent gain was observed in the diagnosis task of the clients and supplier registration process of a large multinational company. The tool also allowed the creation of a plan of action, and based on the identified gaps, to follow up the process improvement evolution. Its use enabled a quick delivery of results to the client, in a structured and organized way, turning SCORE into a more accessible model. On the basis of the promising results, the patent for the Supply Performer tool was registered on the INPI (Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial) BR 51 2018 000240-4.

Modelos de arquitetura têm sido utilizados para permitir o desenvolvimento mais adequado e estruturado de sistemas, desde os mais simples até os mais complexos. A utilização desses modelos em sistemas embarcados, principalmente quando se trata de sistemas embarcados críticos, como é o caso de veículos aéreos não tripulados (VANT), visam a permitir conformidades de padrões, redução no tempo de produção, redução e facilidade no processo de manutenção e desenvolvimento. Sistemas embarcados críticos possuem requisitos específicos, tais como alta confiabilidade e resposta em tempo real, segurança e desempenho. A definição de um modelo arquitetural que permita que esses quesitos sejam levados em consideração, propicie o atendimento aos padrões, além de permitir o desenvolvimento correto e acelerado é inovador, permitindo que não só a comunidade científica venha a ter benefícios com a sua concepção, mas também a indústria brasileira possa ganhar. Nesse sentido, este trabalho desenvolveu um modelo de arquitetura para a interconexão de sistemas aéreos não tripulados (SANTs) em Unified Modeling Language (UML)/System Modelling Language (SysML) denominado LARISSA (Layered ARchitecture model for Interconnection of SystemS in uAs). Como resultado deste trabalho foi possível a modelagem e especificação completa de um SANT fazendo uso desse modelo e a realização de diversos experimentos que permitiram validar o LARISSA. Os experimentos, focados na parte de comunicação, permitiram a concepção de um simulador de redes de VANTs. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a eficiência e a eficácia do modelo de arquitetura LARISSA, além da sua flexibilidade em permitir que diferentes experimentos possam ser realizados, o que auxilia na obtenção de dados que facilitam o processo de certificação desses VANTs. / Architecture models have been used to allow more adequate and structured development of systems, from the simplest to the most complex. The use of models in embedded systems are used to enable compliance standards, reduction in production time and ease of maintenance and development, especially when it comes to critical embedded systems such as unmanned aerial vehicles. Critical embedded systems have specific requirements, such as high reliability and real-time response, security and performance. The definition of an architectural model that deals with these requirements and standards and provides the service to standards allowing the correct and fast development is innovative and will provide benefits to the scientific and industrial communities. In this sense, this work developed an architectural model for the interconnection of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in Unified Modeling Language (UML)/System Modelling Language (SysML) called LARISSA (Layered ARchitecture model for Interconnection of SystemS in uAs). As a result of this development it was possible the modelling and specification of a complete UAS and the conduction of several experiments that allowed LARISSA validation. The experiments focused on the communication enabled the design of a UAV networks simulator. The results showed the efficiency and effectiveness of LARISSA architecture model, as well as its flexibility in carrying out different experiments, which helps in getting data to facilitate the certification process of these UAVs.

O processo de transferência tecnologia-produto é considerado uma competência essência dentro das empresas desenvolvedoras de produtos inovadores e consiste em um relacionamento envolvendo uma empresa desenvolvedora da tecnologia denominada de fornecedora e outra denominada de usuária, que conduz esforços de desenvolvimento d produtos utilizando-se dessa tecnologia. A literatura aponta como o principal problema dessa transferência, a incerteza tecnológica, que dificulta a utilização efetiva da tecnologia e sua incorporação em novos produtos pela empresa usuária, comprometendo a eficácia desse processo e do desenvolvimento de produtos. Diante desse cenário o objetivo da pesquisa consiste em propor um modelo para o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto a partir do recorte analítico de redes colaborativas. Sabe-se que as redes podem contribuir com a geração manutenção e ampliação das inovações nessas empresas, diminuindo a incerteza tecnológica melhorando a habilidade das empresas em desenvolver novos produtos. Para atingir o objetivo da pesquisa foi utilizada a metodologia de modelagem organizacional Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) como base para a construção do modelo, sendo esta modelagem realizada por meio de estudos de casos em empresas de alta tecnologia. Diante dos resultados empíricos juntamente com a literatura foi proposto o modelo que visa auxilia as empresas a utilizar os conceitos de redes colaborativas de forma sistemática e factível dentro do setor estudado, já que pesquisas prévias não trazem essa contribuição prática. Esse modelo pode orientar as empresas a estruturar ou reestruturar o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto para que seja colaborativo e não simplesmente uma relação de mercado. / The product technology transfer process is considered a key competence in firms that develop innovative products. This process consists of organizations who develop technology known as suppliers and recipient organization who conduct the product development effort. The literature points the technological uncertainty as the main problem of the transfer, hindering the effective use of technology and its incorporation into new products by the user firm, compromising the effectiveness of this process and product development. Based on this scenario, the purpose of the research is to proposea model for the product technology transfer process from the analytical approach of collaborative networks. The collaborative networks contribute to the generation, maintenance, and extension of innovation, reducing uncertainty and improving the technological ability of firms todevelop new products. In order to achieve the research objective, the organizational modeling methodology called Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) was used as the basis for developing the model. This modeling was performed by means of case studies in high-technology firms. Based on the empirical results and literature, the model was proposed in order to help firms in the sector studied, using the concepts of collaborative networks in a systematic way, since previous research did not present this practical contribution. Besides, this model can guide firms to structure or restructure the product technology transfer process in a collaborative way and not simply a market relationship.

O processo de transferência tecnologia-produto é considerado uma competência essência dentro das empresas desenvolvedoras de produtos inovadores e consiste em um relacionamento envolvendo uma empresa desenvolvedora da tecnologia denominada de fornecedora e outra denominada de usuária, que conduz esforços de desenvolvimento d produtos utilizando-se dessa tecnologia. A literatura aponta como o principal problema dessa transferência, a incerteza tecnológica, que dificulta a utilização efetiva da tecnologia e sua incorporação em novos produtos pela empresa usuária, comprometendo a eficácia desse processo e do desenvolvimento de produtos. Diante desse cenário o objetivo da pesquisa consiste em propor um modelo para o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto a partir do recorte analítico de redes colaborativas. Sabe-se que as redes podem contribuir com a geração manutenção e ampliação das inovações nessas empresas, diminuindo a incerteza tecnológica melhorando a habilidade das empresas em desenvolver novos produtos. Para atingir o objetivo da pesquisa foi utilizada a metodologia de modelagem organizacional Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) como base para a construção do modelo, sendo esta modelagem realizada por meio de estudos de casos em empresas de alta tecnologia. Diante dos resultados empíricos juntamente com a literatura foi proposto o modelo que visa auxilia as empresas a utilizar os conceitos de redes colaborativas de forma sistemática e factível dentro do setor estudado, já que pesquisas prévias não trazem essa contribuição prática. Esse modelo pode orientar as empresas a estruturar ou reestruturar o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto para que seja colaborativo e não simplesmente uma relação de mercado. / The product technology transfer process is considered a key competence in firms that develop innovative products. This process consists of organizations who develop technology known as suppliers and recipient organization who conduct the product development effort. The literature points the technological uncertainty as the main problem of the transfer, hindering the effective use of technology and its incorporation into new products by the user firm, compromising the effectiveness of this process and product development. Based on this scenario, the purpose of the research is to proposea model for the product technology transfer process from the analytical approach of collaborative networks. The collaborative networks contribute to the generation, maintenance, and extension of innovation, reducing uncertainty and improving the technological ability of firms todevelop new products. In order to achieve the research objective, the organizational modeling methodology called Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) was used as the basis for developing the model. This modeling was performed by means of case studies in high-technology firms. Based on the empirical results and literature, the model was proposed in order to help firms in the sector studied, using the concepts of collaborative networks in a systematic way, since previous research did not present this practical contribution. Besides, this model can guide firms to structure or restructure the product technology transfer process in a collaborative way and not simply a market relationship.

<p>Detta examensarbete är utfört på Saab Training Systems AB i Huskvarna. Saab Training Systems utvecklar, tillverkar och säljer kompletta militära träningssystem.</p><p>Syftet med arbetet var att minska ledtiderna, då korta leveranstider blir ett allt viktigare konkurrensmedel. Arbetet innebar en kartläggning av nuvarande reserv- och reparationsflöde samt att identifiera problem och komma fram till förbättringsförslag.</p><p>Vidare har vi studerat reservdelslagrets lagernivå och dess kapitalbindning.</p><p>Arbetet genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer med berörd personal, observationer, enkätundersökning samt statistiska studier. Vi har även arbetat med Supply Chain Operations Reference Model som är en öppen referensmodell med vars hjälp man kan kartlägga, förändra och optimera sin verksamhet.</p><p>Saab Training Systems har som mål att ledtiderna för reservdelsflödet och reparationsflödet skall vara 14 dagar, men i själva verket är det inte så. Dessa ledtider är idag längre, hur långa är dock oklart.</p><p>De långa ledtiderna beror främst på att i flödena förekommer det mycket passiv tid. Tiden uppstår bland annat i väntan på transport men även som en konsekvens av att företaget för tillfället har mycket att göra.</p><p>För att reducera ledtiderna bör Saab Training Systems i första hand reducera den passiva tiden.</p><p>Saab Training Systems bör sänka sina lagernivåer för att frigöra bundet kapital vilket leder till att de minskar risken att produkterna minskar i värde eller blir inkuranta.</p>

Recently the Internet with XML technologies and especially XBRL technology has impacted what is recognised as the financial reporting supply chain. Some claims in the market report that XBRL has the potential to reduce inefficiencies, automate and optimise the financial reporting supply chain. Nevertheless the real nature of the impact still remains unclear. The growing number of XBRL projects around the world together with strong interest from bodies such as the SEC in the United States, CEBS in the European Union and the IASB building XBRL taxonomies demonstrate the need for research in the area of XBRL application in the context of financial accounting and accounting information systems as well as in the financial reporting supply chain context. In order to answer the demand on the research in this area this research addresses financial reporting supply chain on the basis of financial accounting literature. With the introduction of information systems for enterprises, financial reporting was often discussed as a part of the AIS literature. Nevertheless the supply chain character and information systems context of financial reporting are rarely considered in the research literature in any theoretically constituent manner. This study examines the impact of XBRL on the financial reporting supply chain architecture. First goal of this thesis is to properly state and set the boundaries of financial reporting supply chain. In order to realise the goal modelling of financial reporting domain as financial reporting supply chain architecture is conducted. The second goal is to critically assess impact of XBRL on the modelled financial reporting supply chain architecture components. This assessment is conducted by enhancing financial reporting supply chain architecture with XBRL components thus modelling XBRL financial reporting supply chain architecture. The secondary goal of the assessment is the construction of the reference model of XBRL financial reporting supply chain architecture.