Ce travail de thèse propose un cadre méthodologique pour l'ingénierie et la réingénierie de la formation à distance qui s'appuie sur les récents efforts de normalisation des technologies éducatives. Ce cadre s'adresse aux concepteurs, afin de les accompagner dans leur travail, et de favoriser l'acquisition de nouvelles connaissances et compétences, notamment d'ordre conceptuel, organisationnel et méthodologique. En amenant les concepteurs à spécifier de manière explicite leurs intentions de conception d'un système de formation dans des modèles, et en confrontant ces modèles de spécification avec les usages observés durant les sessions d'apprentissage, nous accompagnons la nécessaire démarche réflexive de l'équipe de conception sur ses méthodes, et favorisons le développement et la capitalisation des savoir-faire et des démarches pédagogiques au sein d'une communauté de concepteurs.<br /><br />Nous avons proposé le cadre de référence du processus distribué ouvert de l'ISO (International Organization for Standardization) et de l'IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) comme le méta-standard à adresser aux concepteurs de la communauté EIAH. La vision globale d'un système est explicitée par des mécanismes de transformations de différents points de vue.<br /><br />Un tel cadre a pour intérêt d'adresser un ensemble de termes à la communauté de concepteurs soucieux de partager les pratiques. Ce vocabulaire permet d'expliciter les invariants et les principes généraux, structuraux et fonctionnels d'un système de formation. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse vise à définir différentes instances d'un tel méta-standard et à illustrer ainsi les différents apports de ce modèle à la communauté des concepteurs des EIAH. La présentation du travail se structure autour de trois analyses instrumentées par le cadre ODP-RM (Object Distributed Processsing - Reference Model), trois réflexions sur la conception d'un EIAH portant sur l'utilisation des technologies éducatives normées, sur la réingénierie dans les EIAH et sur le processus de développement dirigé par les modèles. Les illustrations présentées dans le mémoire montrent le potentiel du cadre choisi à formaliser ces différents constats et à créer un ensemble d'instances décrivant de nouveaux éléments méthodologiques à adresser à la communauté de concepteurs d'un système de formation.

Detta examensarbete är utfört på Saab Training Systems AB i Huskvarna. Saab Training Systems utvecklar, tillverkar och säljer kompletta militära träningssystem. Syftet med arbetet var att minska ledtiderna, då korta leveranstider blir ett allt viktigare konkurrensmedel. Arbetet innebar en kartläggning av nuvarande reserv- och reparationsflöde samt att identifiera problem och komma fram till förbättringsförslag. Vidare har vi studerat reservdelslagrets lagernivå och dess kapitalbindning. Arbetet genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer med berörd personal, observationer, enkätundersökning samt statistiska studier. Vi har även arbetat med Supply Chain Operations Reference Model som är en öppen referensmodell med vars hjälp man kan kartlägga, förändra och optimera sin verksamhet. Saab Training Systems har som mål att ledtiderna för reservdelsflödet och reparationsflödet skall vara 14 dagar, men i själva verket är det inte så. Dessa ledtider är idag längre, hur långa är dock oklart. De långa ledtiderna beror främst på att i flödena förekommer det mycket passiv tid. Tiden uppstår bland annat i väntan på transport men även som en konsekvens av att företaget för tillfället har mycket att göra. För att reducera ledtiderna bör Saab Training Systems i första hand reducera den passiva tiden. Saab Training Systems bör sänka sina lagernivåer för att frigöra bundet kapital vilket leder till att de minskar risken att produkterna minskar i värde eller blir inkuranta.

Konzeptuelle Modelle sind zur Gestaltung und Steuerung von Informationssystemen ein akzeptiertes und weit verbreitetes Instrument. Sie werden sowohl zur Gestaltung der Organisationsstruktur als auch zur Entwicklung der unterstützenden IT-Systeme verwendet. Für diesen Aufgabenbereich existiert eine hohe Nachfrage nach externer Unterstützung, da spezifische Fachkenntnisse und Erfahrungen notwendig sind. In diesem Zusammenhang werden seit Jahrzehnten Ansätze zur Wiederverwendung in Wissenschaft und Praxis diskutiert. Die Akzeptanz und Verbreitung von explizit zur Wiederverwendung konstruierten Modellen (Referenzmodelle) bleiben jedoch deutlich hinter den Erwartungen zurück. Die vorliegende Arbeit trägt zur Untersuchung möglicher Ursachen für den ausbleibenden Erfolg von Referenzmodellen bei. Der Forschung liegt die Vermutung zugrunde, dass die Potentiale von Referenzmodellen nicht zufriedenstellend ausgeschöpft werden können, weil die existierenden bzw. verwendeten Modellierungsmethoden die theoretischen Anforderungen an die Wiederverwendung von modellhaft dargestellten Lösungen zur Unternehmensgestaltung nicht erfüllen. Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst neun Einzelpublikationen zum Themenbereich Evolutionäre Referenzmodelle zu einer kumulativen Dissertation zusammen. Es werden in einem argumentativdeduktiven Verfahren konstruktivistische Theorien zur systematischen Weiterentwicklung und Wiederverwendung konzeptueller Unternehmensmodelle untersucht. Die auf dieseWeise resultierende Erweiterung der allgemeinen Modelltheorie wurde ihrerseits argumentativ-konzeptionell mit Hilfe von semiformalen Argumentationsmodellen aufbereitet. Im Ergebnis werden ein theoretisches Rahmenwerk zur evolutionären Referenzmodellierung präsentiert und 23 konzeptionelle Anforderungen definiert, die eine gezielte Methodenentwicklung für die evolutionäre Referenzmodellierung steuern sollen.

The expansion of agricultural machinery and equipment sector, increase the competition among manufacturers and forcing the development of more complex products and greater efficiency in production processes. This reality demands, from enterprises, greater formalism of the product development process, with design and manufacturing aimed at launching new technologies. In this work, was performed the identification of companies, micro, small and medium-sized manufacturers of agricultural machinery and implements, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, to develop the design and manufacture of such equipments. With the identification and selection of ten companies, was taken a descriptive exploratory study of multiple cases, which the information was collected, through interviews with the owners and/or responsible for the product development sector, for diagnosis and modeling methodology currently practiced in the development process of agricultural machinery, providing the information necessary for the preparation of the Reference Model for Agricultural Machines Development Process for Small and Medium-sized enterprises. / A expansão do setor de máquinas e implementos agrícolas aumentou a concorrência entre os fabricantes, exigindo o desenvolvimento de produtos mais complexos e com maior eficiência nos processos produtivos. Esta realidade exige, das empresas, maior formalismo do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, com projeto e fabricação, voltados ao lançamento de novas tecnologias. Assim, neste trabalho, realizou-se a identificação de empresas, de micro, pequeno e médio porte, fabricantes de máquinas e implementos agrícolas, sediadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que desenvolvem o projeto e a fabricação destes equipamentos. Com a identificação e seleção de dez empresas, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória descritiva de múltiplos casos, onde foram coletadas as informações, através de entrevistas com os proprietários e/ou responsáveis pelo setor de desenvolvimento de produtos, para o diagnóstico e modelagem da metodologia atualmente praticada no processo de desenvolvimento de máquinas agrícolas, fornecendo as informações necessárias para a elaboração do Modelo de Referência para o Processo de Desenvolvimento de Máquinas Agrícolas para Empresas de Pequeno e Médio Porte, objeto deste trabalho.

O processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) é formado por um conjunto de atividades organizadas e interativas com o propósito de se planejar, desenvolver e fabricar um produto que seja técnico e economicamente viável, além de ser atrativo e atender, quando possível, todas as expectativas dos usuários. Para que tais atividades sejam realizadas e concluídas faz-se o uso de ferramentas de auxílio ao PDP. Entre estas ferramentas estão os protótipos virtuais e os protótipos físicos. A utilização de protótipos virtuais e físicos no PDP traz maturidade ao projeto, reduz as incertezas, e auxilia na conservação do fluxo de informação durante todo projeto, desenvolvimento, implementação e operação da unidade fabril. Desta forma diferentes protótipos são utilizados para diferentes necessidades, de modo que o desenvolvimento do produto seja concluído e, em paralelo, se inicie o projeto do processo de fabricação. Esta tese apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo de referência específico para o processo de desenvolvimento do produto automotivo, denominado de PDP-Automotivo. A partir deste modelo de referência, um conjunto de diretrizes para a seleção de protótipos virtuais e físicos é proposto. O PDP-Automotivo foi validado por meio de uma pesquisa de campo envolvendo profissionais pertencentes à montadoras, autopeças e empresas de projeto automotivo. As diretrizes também foram analisadas e validadas por profissionais atuantes no setor automotivo. / The product development process (PDP) consists of a set of organized and interactive activities aiming to plan, develop and manufacture a technically and economically feasible product. Moreover, this product is intended to be attractive and, when possible, meet all users expectations. PDP-aiding tools, such as virtual prototypes and physical prototypes, are used in order to perform and complete these activities. The use of virtual prototypes and physical prototypes in PDP brings maturity to the design, reduces uncertainties and helps to maintain the information flow during the design, development, implementation and operation of the manufacturing unit. Therefore, different prototypes are used to meet distinct needs allowing the achievement of the products development process simultaneously to the start of the manufacturing process design. This doctoral study presents the development of a reference model specific for the automotive product development process, named Automotive PDP. A set of guidelines for the selection of virtual and physical prototypes is proposed from this reference model. Automotive PDP was validated by a field research involving professional members from automakers, auto parts and automotive design companies. The guidelines were also analyzed and validated by professional individuals from the automotive sector.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As aplicaÃÃes da SequÃncia Fedathi (SF), ou seja, seus usos na educaÃÃo, trazem vÃrias possibilidades de ampliaÃÃes desta metodologia pedagÃgica, fomentando uma perspectiva de crescimento da mesma para alÃm de suas fases: tomada de posiÃÃo, maturaÃÃo e debruÃamento, soluÃÃo e prova. Colocando-a como uma alternativa para uma perspectiva de educaÃÃo, cujo professor à mediador e o aluno, um sujeito ativo, participativo, crÃtico, ambos integrados no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Potencializando assim os usos da SF, no Ensino da MatemÃtica, Ensino a DistÃncia, ProduÃÃo de vÃdeos educativos, formaÃÃo de professores, por exemplo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar conceitos aderentes à SF para formaÃÃo de profissionais e para a produÃÃo de conteÃdos, definindo estratÃgias, artefatos e metas. Para tanto, utilizamos como mÃtodos de pesquisa a revisÃo sistemÃtica de literatura, sobre as aplicaÃÃes da SF; estudos de caso relacionados à produÃÃo de conteÃdo para investigar a utilizaÃÃo da SF nos cenÃrios de produÃÃo e de formaÃÃo; e estudos de caso, realizados em uma instituiÃÃo de ensino superior, para validar o MASF: Modelo de ReferÃncia para aplicaÃÃo da SequÃncia Fedathi na formaÃÃo profissional e na produÃÃo de conteÃdo na perspectiva de institucionalizaÃÃo do modelo, definido como a contribuiÃÃo do trabalho. Dentre os resultados obtidos, apresentamos um modelo de referÃncia pedagÃgica para orientar profissionais liberais e/ou instituiÃÃes de ensino na definiÃÃo, implantaÃÃo e melhoria dos processos de uso da SF para a produÃÃo de conteÃdos didÃticos e a formaÃÃo de profissionais a atuarem no processo de ensino-aprendizagem participativos. Diante do referido estudo, podemos perceber o quanto o MASF, a partir da estruturaÃÃo de um modelo educativo, pode favorecer a ampla adoÃÃo da SF em relaÃÃo aos processos de produÃÃo de conteÃdos, formaÃÃo de professores e institucionalizaÃÃo da SF. / The aPClications of Fedathi sequence (SF), that is, its uses in education bring many possibilities for expansion of this teaching methodology, fostering a growth perspective just beyond its phases: taking a stand, maturation and debruÃamento, solution and proof. Placing it as an alternative to an education perspective, whose teacher is the mediator and the student, an active subject, participatory, critical, both integrated in the teaching-learning process. Thus enhancing the SF uses in Mathematics Education, Distance Learning, production of educational videos, teacher training, for example. This work aims to identify concepts adhering to SF for training professionals and content production, defining strategies oriented strategies, artifacts and goals. Therefore, we used as research methods systematic review of literature on the aPClications of SF; case studies related to the production of content to investigate the use of SF in the scenarios of production and training; and case studies in a higher education institution to validate the MASF in the model institutionalization perspective, defined as the contribution of labor. Among the results, we present a pedagogical reference model to guide professionals and / or educational institutions in the definition, implementation and improvement of the SF using processes for the production of educational content and the training of professionals to act in teaching situations participatory-learning. In the face of this study, we can see how the MASF from the structuring of an educational model can promote the widespread adoption of SF regarding the content production process, teacher training and institutionalization of SF.

Organizations that during the past years become accustomed to run its services on its on-premise solution, have increasingly to decide if they will in these days continue to operate their IT services in this way, or take advantage of new opportunities for cloud-based solution. However, the transition to this new technology, which entrusts their data into the hands of external companies, accompanied by a fear of security of their sensitive data. The main objective of this thesis is to propose a reference model that will assist organizations in their selection process of cloud service providers with respect to data security. In conclusion the quality and usefulness of this reference model is validated by knowledge and information, which are obtained during interviews with IT specialists.

Modelos de arquitetura têm sido utilizados para permitir o desenvolvimento mais adequado e estruturado de sistemas, desde os mais simples até os mais complexos. A utilização desses modelos em sistemas embarcados, principalmente quando se trata de sistemas embarcados críticos, como é o caso de veículos aéreos não tripulados (VANT), visam a permitir conformidades de padrões, redução no tempo de produção, redução e facilidade no processo de manutenção e desenvolvimento. Sistemas embarcados críticos possuem requisitos específicos, tais como alta confiabilidade e resposta em tempo real, segurança e desempenho. A definição de um modelo arquitetural que permita que esses quesitos sejam levados em consideração, propicie o atendimento aos padrões, além de permitir o desenvolvimento correto e acelerado é inovador, permitindo que não só a comunidade científica venha a ter benefícios com a sua concepção, mas também a indústria brasileira possa ganhar. Nesse sentido, este trabalho desenvolveu um modelo de arquitetura para a interconexão de sistemas aéreos não tripulados (SANTs) em Unified Modeling Language (UML)/System Modelling Language (SysML) denominado LARISSA (Layered ARchitecture model for Interconnection of SystemS in uAs). Como resultado deste trabalho foi possível a modelagem e especificação completa de um SANT fazendo uso desse modelo e a realização de diversos experimentos que permitiram validar o LARISSA. Os experimentos, focados na parte de comunicação, permitiram a concepção de um simulador de redes de VANTs. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a eficiência e a eficácia do modelo de arquitetura LARISSA, além da sua flexibilidade em permitir que diferentes experimentos possam ser realizados, o que auxilia na obtenção de dados que facilitam o processo de certificação desses VANTs. / Architecture models have been used to allow more adequate and structured development of systems, from the simplest to the most complex. The use of models in embedded systems are used to enable compliance standards, reduction in production time and ease of maintenance and development, especially when it comes to critical embedded systems such as unmanned aerial vehicles. Critical embedded systems have specific requirements, such as high reliability and real-time response, security and performance. The definition of an architectural model that deals with these requirements and standards and provides the service to standards allowing the correct and fast development is innovative and will provide benefits to the scientific and industrial communities. In this sense, this work developed an architectural model for the interconnection of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in Unified Modeling Language (UML)/System Modelling Language (SysML) called LARISSA (Layered ARchitecture model for Interconnection of SystemS in uAs). As a result of this development it was possible the modelling and specification of a complete UAS and the conduction of several experiments that allowed LARISSA validation. The experiments focused on the communication enabled the design of a UAV networks simulator. The results showed the efficiency and effectiveness of LARISSA architecture model, as well as its flexibility in carrying out different experiments, which helps in getting data to facilitate the certification process of these UAVs.

Le prestataire de services logistiques (3PL) réorganise les activités de ses entrepôts afin d’être performant (C.-L. Liu and Lyons 2011). De fait, le 3PL a besoin d’une connaissance détaillée du coût des activités de ses entrepôts. Le cadre théorique de cette thèse se situe à l’intersection entre l’entrepôt, la conception, et les coûts. Dans le cadre de la conception des entrepôts, la sélection et plus particulièrement l’identification de l’ensemble des ressources de l’entrepôt est peu étudiée (S. S. Heragu et al. 2005; Gu, Goetschalckx, and McGinnis 2010). Parallèlement, l’activity-based costing (ABC) est une méthode de calcul de coût peu appliquée pour obtenir le coût des entrepôts (Pirttilä and Hautaniemi 1995). Plusieurs freins entravent son application, dont le manque de formalisation dans la définition des activités (Waeytens and Bruggeman 1994). À l’aide d’une recherche qualitative au sein de l'entreprise FM Logistic, une classification des ressources de l’entrepôt et un modèle de référence des activités de l’entrepôt sont proposés. La classification des ressources de l’entrepôt permet l’identification de l’ensemble des ressources de l’entrepôt. La classification est ensuite utilisée au sein du modèle de référence des activités de l’entrepôt. Le modèle de référence facilite l’application de l’ABC en standardisant le vocabulaire utilisé pour définir les activités de l’entrepôt. Le modèle de référence est ensuite mobilisé lors de différentes applications, dans le cadre de la conception des activités de l’entrepôt d’un prestataire de services logistiques. / The logistics service provider (3PL) is reorganizing the activities of its warehouse to be efficient (C.-L. Liu and Lyons 2011). In fact, 3PL needs a detailed knowledge of the cost of the activities of its warehouses. The theoretical framework of this thesis lies at the intersection between warehouse, design and costs. Concerning the design of the warehouses, the selection, and especially the identification of all resources, are not much studied (S. S. Heragu et al. 2005; Gu, Goetschalckx, and McGinnis 2010). Concurrently, activity-based costing (ABC) is a cost calculation method which is little applied for obtaining warehouse costs (Pirttilä and Hautaniemi 1995). Several obstacles hinder its application, including the lack of formalization in the definition of activities (Waeytens and Bruggeman 1994).Using qualitative research within the enterprise FM Logistic, a classification of warehouse resources and a reference model of warehouse activities are proposed. The warehouse resource classification allows the identification of all the warehouse resources. The classification is then mobilised within the reference model of warehouse activities. The reference model facilitates the application of the ABC by standardizing the vocabulary to define the activities of the warehouse. The reference model is then employed for different applications, as part of the design of warehouse activities of a logistic service provider.

Recently the Internet with XML technologies and especially XBRL technology has impacted what is recognised as the financial reporting supply chain. Some claims in the market report that XBRL has the potential to reduce inefficiencies, automate and optimise the financial reporting supply chain. Nevertheless the real nature of the impact still remains unclear. The growing number of XBRL projects around the world together with strong interest from bodies such as the SEC in the United States, CEBS in the European Union and the IASB building XBRL taxonomies demonstrate the need for research in the area of XBRL application in the context of financial accounting and accounting information systems as well as in the financial reporting supply chain context. In order to answer the demand on the research in this area this research addresses financial reporting supply chain on the basis of financial accounting literature. With the introduction of information systems for enterprises, financial reporting was often discussed as a part of the AIS literature. Nevertheless the supply chain character and information systems context of financial reporting are rarely considered in the research literature in any theoretically constituent manner. This study examines the impact of XBRL on the financial reporting supply chain architecture. First goal of this thesis is to properly state and set the boundaries of financial reporting supply chain. In order to realise the goal modelling of financial reporting domain as financial reporting supply chain architecture is conducted. The second goal is to critically assess impact of XBRL on the modelled financial reporting supply chain architecture components. This assessment is conducted by enhancing financial reporting supply chain architecture with XBRL components thus modelling XBRL financial reporting supply chain architecture. The secondary goal of the assessment is the construction of the reference model of XBRL financial reporting supply chain architecture.