The objective of the study is to establish how original financial integration could be attained in southern Africa in order to attract more foreign investment and develop a financially robust and stable region in the southern part of Africa; also to deal with the challenges, risks and remedies of prospective future financial crises. Financial markets are rapidly integrating into a single global market. Developing countries of various regions are drawn into the process with little choice, and without having sound financial infrastructure and policies in place. It is against this background that countries and regions of global integration choose policies that would benefit their regional economy and avert potential economic shock. The challenges posed to countries and regions by the progressive global integration of financial markets are becoming more urgent by the day. These challenges need to be addressed more effectively, either nationally or regionally, as demonstrated by the 1998 financial turmoil in Asia. Private capital flows are becoming intra regionally concentrated, particularly in the USA, Europe, Asia and Latin America. Be that as it may, failure in one market is likely to have immediate and large regional repercussions. Globalisation also marginalises Africa and other Least Developed Countries (LDC), leaving them more impoverished and with greater disparities in terms of income, GDP and FDI. Regional financial integration has to be efficient and sound in order to prevent or contain currency and capital market crises in the southern African region. This study identifies macro economic challenges and risks associated with financial integration. Recommendations are made about methodologies of addressing these issues in order to realise the benefits of regional financial integration in southern Africa, which could be a building block in realising the dream of an African Monetary Union. The study contributes greatly to the debate around the most appropriate criteria that are to be met by the SADC countries, before monetary integration can become a reality. A comparison of the benchmark macro economic convergence criteria of the EU and of the African Monetary Union is done and the performance of SADC countries is assessed in terms of both sets of benchmarks. Southern African states are found to not even be at a comparable level with regard to the EU targets of 1997. The thesis is also critical to the impact of the political instability in the SADC region on prospective monetary integration. Most importantly, SADC would be at a permanent disadvantage and face a long-run depreciation of its common currency, should it continue to integrate financially at macro economic benchmark levels inferior to those of its major trading partner, the EU. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Economics / unrestricted

在創意經濟的時代，創意階級被視為當代驅動經濟成長的引擎。Florida認為一個城市只要能吸引創意階級聚集，就能促進當地的經濟發展，其主張以職業別區分之創意資本較以教育程度區分之人力資本更能夠解釋區域經濟的發展。為驗證此一論點，本文以創意階級為分析對象，針對台灣都市地區進行實證，首先分析台灣地區創意階級之空間聚集程度與創意資本累積情形，進一步探討創意階級群聚、創意資本與傳統人力資本對區域經濟發展之影響效果。本研究發現台灣的創意階級聚集於主要都市地區，而創意階級群聚指標對區域經濟發展之影響效果不如創意資本指標。又創意資本指標比傳統人力資本指標更能夠解釋對區域經濟發展的影響效果。 / In the era of creative economy, the creative class is regarded as the engine of contemporary economic growth. Florida argued that cities and regions that have attracted creative workers subsequently perform better than other cities and regions. He acclaimed that the creative indicators measured by occupation are better than the traditional human capital indicators measured by education explain the regional economic development. To verify this discussion, we develop a model to examine the influence of the cluster of creative class, creative capital and human capital on regional economic development. Across our sample of Taiwan, we find that creative class measures tend to outperform conventional educational measures in accounting for regional development. The expertise in specific area is much more important than diploma. And what people learn should be connected to what people actually do that can be productive and urge the economic engine run.

Provoquées par des efflorescences saisonnières de macro-algues vertes de la famille des ulvacées, les marées vertes appartiennent à la classe plus large des blooms algaux nuisibles (HAB), en rapide développement dans le monde depuis trois décennies, sous l’effet notamment de l’eutrophisation des eaux côtières due aux activités humaines. L’accumulation massive des algues vertes sur les côtes produit une série de nuisances pour diverses activités marchandes et non marchandes, et peut être une source de danger pour la santé humaine. Dans le même temps, les algues vertes sont une ressource aux potentialités encore peu exploitées, et des programmes visant à valoriser industriellement les algues collectées lors des marées vertes ont vu le jour dans des pays impactés par ce phénomène, tels que la Chine et la France.Cette thèse traite de l’évaluation économique des marées vertes. Pour cela elle prend en compte, dans une optique coût-avantage, les coûts subis par les agents privés et les collectivités publiques, ainsi que les bénéfices issus de la valorisation des algues collectées lors de ces épisodes. La thèse repose sur deux cas d’étude, l’un en Chine (Mer Jaune) et l’autre en France (Bretagne). Les deux premiers chapitres sont consacrés aux marées vertes qui, depuis une dizaine d’années, se développent au printemps en Mer Jaune et viennent s’échouer sur les côtes du Shandong. Le premier chapitre étudie les mécanismes bioéconomiques à l’origine de ce phénomène, ses conséquences économiques, les politiques mises en œuvre pour y faire face, et les perceptions des acteurs et du public. Le deuxième chapitre cherche à évaluer le coût social des marées vertes, en le décomposant en coût de gestion d’une part (déduction faite de la valorisation d’une partie des algues récoltées) et en coût résiduel pour les activités marchandes et non marchandes d’autre part. Prenant la Bretagne comme cas d’étude, le troisième chapitre se focalise sur le thème de la valorisation des algues vertes. À l’aide d’un tableau entrées-sorties régionalisé, il évalue à différentes échelles spatiales les effets directs, indirects et induits d’un programme de valorisation industrielle des algues récoltées lors des marées vertes bretonnes. / Due to seasonal blooms of green macro-algae belonging to the ulvaceae family, green tides are part of the larger class of harmful algal blooms (HAB), which has developed worldwide at a high rate during the last three decades, favoured by the eutrophisation of coastal waters due to human activities. The massive accumulation of seaweeds on the shore resulting from green tides generates a variety of damages to market and non-market activities, and is a potential threat to human health. In the same time, green algae are a natural resource that may be turned into a variety of valuable products through industrial processing. R&D programs devoted to this subject have been launched in countries subject to green tides, such as China and France.The subject of this dissertation is the economic assessment of green tides, in a cost-benefit perspective. To this end, it studies the costs of green tides for private agents and public bodies, as well as the benefits due to the processing of algae.The dissertation relies on two case studies, one in China (Yellow Sea), and the other in France (Brittany). Chapter 1 and chapter 2 are dedicated to the case of the green tides that have developed each spring in the Yellow Sea and reached the southern shore of the Shandong province during the last decade. Chapter 1 investigates the bio-economic mechanisms of these episodes, their economic consequences, public management policies, and stakeholders’ perceptions. Chapter 2 tries to quantify the social cost of green tides, including management costs (minus benefits generated by green algae processing) and residual costs to market and non-market activities. Chapter 3 relies on the Brittany case, and focuses on the economic consequences of green algae industrial processing. Making use of a regionalized input-output table, it estimates, at various geographical scales, the economic impact of a program concerning the industrial processing of algae that are collected during the green tides on the Brittany shoreline.

Les activités logistiques sont des leviers de la performance des systèmes productifs ainsi que d’importants générateurs d’emplois. Néanmoins, par les flux qu’elles impliquent ainsi que par les fixités qui la soutiennent (infrastructures, équipements, bâtiments, etc.), ces activités sont des sources de nuisances pour les territoires. Afin d’attirer les activités logistiques tout en limitant leurs nuisances, les acteurs publics – particulièrement locaux – y déclinent un certain nombre d’outils de régulation. Une politique publique est particulièrement mobilisée à cet effet, encouragée par l’exigence de report modal qu’implique le nouveau référentiel guidant l’action publique fondé sur la durabilité : la zone d’activité logistique, zone économique avec ses équipements propres aménagée en vue d’accueillir des activités logistiques.Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’articulation entre ces politiques d’aménagement et les dynamiques de développement économique des territoires. La première partie de ce travail met notamment en évidence trois rôles distincts que peuvent jouer ces zones d’activité logistique, deux rôles externes directs et indirects, et un rôle interne. Par la mobilisation de différentes méthodes et données originales, la deuxième partie de ce travail vise à tester la validité empirique de ces rôles. Le résultat majeur de ce travail de thèse est qu’en raison de la nature de l’activité logistique – qui s’inscrit dans des chaînes et des réseaux élargis – les retombées économiques indirectes imputables aux zones d’activité logistique sont relativement faibles / Logistics activities are fundamental leverages for the productive systems’ efficiency, but also create a lot of jobs. However, logistics activities induce negative externalities: first, by the flows created by these activities, then by the facilities supporting it (infrastructures, equipment, buildings, etc.). To attract logistics activities, while reducing negative externalities, local public authorities use a certain number of regulatory tools. To that extent, a public policy is mostly used, pushed forward by modal report necessity linked with sustainable development: the logistics center, which is an area equipped in order to host logistics activities.This thesis focuses on the articulation between planning policies and regional economic development. The first part brings to light different roles played by logistics centers: two external roles, direct and indirect, and one internal. By using original methods and data, the second part of this thesis aims to test the validity of these different roles. The major result of this work is that by nature of logistics activities – which take part in enlarged chains and networks – the wider economic impacts of logistics centers are low

The dissertation explores the financial ramifications of US military base closure on local community real estate property values. The dissertation examines an area that has not received sufficient research. Previous works on military base closure by Bradshaw, Kroll, Corley, Kirshenbaum and Harlan (1995); Dardia, McCarty, Malkin, and Vernez, (1996); Hooker and Knetter (2001) and Krizan (1998) examine more generalized economic factors such as employment and macroeconomic activity. More recent published dissertation work by authors Hall (1998) and Poppert (2002) have provided interesting explanatory hypotheses to assist municipal and state leaders in crafting working plans to assist communities where base closure occurs. This dissertation intends to look into the effects on real estate property values in the wake of military base closures. The dissertation expands the study of base closure effects into a relatively new area on the fluctuation of real estate property values. An enhanced understanding of how military base closures affect real estate values will have implications for real estate investors, developers, city and county government planners, and budget directors from local school districts to state government.

With the increasing importance of service trade in the economy, the development of service trade among China, Japan and South Korea, as the three largest economies in East Asia, cannot be ignored. This paper mainly analyzes the competitiveness and complementary relationship of service trade between China, Japan and South Korea through RCA and TC index. The degrees of competition between China, Japan and South Korea is not intense since their complementarity is high and stable. With the signing of RCEP, the future liberalization of service market in China, Japan and South Korea will be improved, and China should make full use of the complementarity of service trade with Japan and South Korea to strengthen the exchange and cooperation with Japanese and Korean service enterprises in several industries to promote the development of service trade between China, Japan and South Korea. Keywords ： Services Trade, Complementarity, Competitiveness, China, Japan, South Korea, Regional Economic Cooperation

Der voranschreitende Ausbau von erneuerbaren Energien (EE) Technologien bringt eine zunehmend dezentralisierte Energieproduktion mit sich. Hieraus ergeben sich unterschiedliche regionalwirtschaftliche Effekte und Wertschöpfungspotenziale für den ländlichen und den urbanen Raum. Ziel dieser Studie ist die Quantifizierung der Wertschöpfung im Kontext von Solarstromerzeugung durch Photovoltaik (PV)-Anlagen. Hierzu wird eine allgemeine Methodik zur Bestimmung der direkten, indirekten und induzierten Wertschöpfungseffekte erstellt, die aktuelle Entwicklungen berücksichtigt und zunächst auf das Praxisbeispiel der Stadt Leipzig im Jahr 2019 angewandt. Die Ergebnisse können Kommunen bei der Frage unterstützen, ob und inwiefern es sich im Hinblick auf veränderte regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen auch in Zukunft lohnt, den PV-Ausbau vor Ort voranzutreiben und geeignete Ansatzpunkte hierfür zu identifizieren. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Wertschöpfungseffekte für verschiedene Anlagengrößen variieren. Während kleinere Anlagen eine höhere Wertschöpfung pro Kilowattpeak (kWp) generieren, zeigen große Dach- und Freiflächenanlagen durch ihre Skalierung einen größeren Effekt auf die Wertschöpfung in absoluten Werten. Gleichzeitig fließt ein erheblicher Anteil der generierten Wertschöpfung aus der Standortkommune ab. Insgesamt beziffert sich die kommunal verbleibende Wertschöpfung aus dem PV-Betrieb in der Stadt Leipzig 2019 auf rund 4,5 Mio. Euro.

The study highlights the significance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to the Southern African Development Community (SADC) economies. The first objective focuses on analysing the SADC investment policies pertaining to FDI. FDI instruments available at the regional and national levels are analysed. The study takes an in-depth look at the various activities by Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) currently existing for SADC member states (MS). The existing policy instruments are key in attracting FDI and the policy architecture will largely determine the extent to which FDI will flow to different countries. The second objective focuses on reconciling the evidence on the determinants and impact of FDI in the SADC region. Through a systematic literature review, various literature reports pertaining to FDI have been analysed. Journal articles were collected from the UNISA library by means of a standard database search criterion through Scopus, Web of Science and EconLit search engines ranging from 1960 to 2019. The database was built based on known published and unpublished empirical papers for FDI in SADC. Out of the 554 journals investigated, 346 were found to be relevant to the study, with 114 journal articles contributing to the qualitative study. Through its quality assessment, descriptive statistics and qualitative synthesis provided a summary of the samples and measures utilized in a study through the measures of central tendency (mean and median) and dispersion - how spread out the data is (standard deviation). The results showed a higher mean value for general case studies reporting 0.53 with a standard deviation of 0.23. The standard deviations of variables indicated less spread or variability in the data collected over the years of the estimation period 1990 to 2019, indicating the results being more reliable. In conclusion, the study highlights the need to address the investment environment by addressing challenges such as political instability and wide differences in tax incentives. / Economics / M.. Com. (Economics)

The emergence of the African Union (AU) is seen as an effort to reposition Africa for the challenges of contemporary global realpolitik and, in particular, it provides a road map towards the attainment of a political union. The institutional architecture of the AU, modelled after the European Union (EU), indicates an intention on the part of the architects of the AU to endow the organisation with supranational attributes. However, none of its institutions has as yet started to exercise supranational powers. It is against this background that this thesis explores the feasibility of transforming the AU from a mere intergovernmental organisation into a supranational entity. In the course of the investigation, it was found that a major obstacle to realising this is the absence of shared democratic norms and standards, a consequence of the unconditional membership ideology of the AU. This thesis argues that the starting point of closer integration in Africa should be the cultivation and adoption of shared norms and values. To address this, the study proposes that the AU design an institutional mechanism for regulating its membership. Using the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) as a case study, this study shows that it is possible to establish a regulatory regime based on strict adherence to shared fundamental norms and values. A major recommendation is the transformation of the APRM into a legally binding instrument for setting continental democratic standards, assessing whether member states fulfil these standards and ultimately determining which member states are qualified, based on objective standards, to be part of a democratic AU. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Public Law / unrestricted

In Indonesia, the various mining commodities and the amount of resources and reserves are promising, as evidence there are numerous large-scale mining companies and small-scale mines in operation. In 2014 there were 41 companies that held the CoW (mineral contract of work) and 13 companies active in production; and 76 CCoW (coal contract of work) holders, and 57 companies active in production. As well as this, there are more than a thousand small-scale mining companies active for mining commodities. However, mining commodities provide a resource that is not renewable. This will potentially lead to prolonged problems when mining companies do not adhere to good mining practices, particularly in the closing stages of the mine. Mine closure is the final stage in the process of mining activity. In certain circumstances, closure activities can take a long time and of course can have huge costs. In fact, at this stage, the company is no longer making profit, only incurring costs for the project closure. To prevent problems that may arise after the mine is closed, such as abandoned post-mining land, and the bankruptcy of the company at the end of mining operations, etc., then through specific rules, ie rules of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 18 of 2008, the mining company in Indonesia must provide a certain amount of money as a financial guarantee to finance the planned closure project; it must be approved by the government before entering this phase. However, problems are encountered in practice. The government may become overloaded because they have to quickly make a decision on the closure plan submitted by the company. So a tool is needed that can be used to assess the feasibility as soon as the mine closure plan is proposed by a company, these tools can provide an overview and a variety of options for decision making. In this dissertation methodology was developed to create a systems dynamic model of mine closure. The model developed can be applied to a variety of mining methods and for various mining commodities. The model can be used to determine the closure costs, to choose the closure project-financing scenario, and up to micro and macro economic analysis of mining activities in the region. In the case studies conducted in this dissertation, the best scenario of the mine closure planning is to include the everlasting fund in the form of time deposits, and convert the post-mining land for agriculture. The amount of deposit money is about USD 358,986,500 should be spare at the end of mine production, and the total of mine closure cost to be approximately USD 440,757,384. Agriculture, the economic sector as a substitute for the mining sector, the added value to the GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) is about 0.25 % / a for the province, and 1.68 % for the regency, but the contribution of the mining sector to GRDP was 30% / a at province scale, and 90% / a at regency scale. So that the substitution value is less significant to GRDP growth. However, this scenario is the best scenario among others, due to consideration is the certainty of ecological and economic sustainability. it is the best goal of corporate social responsibility to the environment in the post- mining land.