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An investigation was made of the market and economic conditions surrounding th American Brewery complex Baltimore, Maryland. The purpose was to analyze the socioeconomic forces which will have a direct impact on the feasibility of rehabilitating the historic buildings on the site. Research was directed toward three areas: 1) analysis of demographic data, 2) evaluation of potential design alternatives, and 3) validation of an industrial use proposal. The market analysis defined the demographic characteristics of the area surrounding the Brewery site in terms of population, households, employment, and income. The pros and cons of the industrial, commercial, residential, and public-use development alternatives were outlined and each was ranked according to their compatibility with project objectives. The final part of the market study was targeted toward industrial options for the project. The attributes of the Brewery complexes were matched with possible industry groups which could feasibly locate their activities at the site. / Master of Architecture

RATIONNEL : La fibrillation auriculaire (FA) est la forme d’arythmie la plus commune rencontrée en clinique. De nombreux facteurs ou comorbidités comme l’insuffisance cardiaque, l’hypertension, l’âge ou le diabète peuvent provoquer et/ou aggraver la FA. La maladie du coeur droit (MCD) fait également partie de ces facteurs de risque. HYPOTHESE : L’inflammation induite par la MCD pourrait être un facteur d’initiation, de maintien et d’aggravation de la FA via la mise en place d’un substrat pro -arythmogène. METHODES : Une ligature du tronc artériel pulmonaire (LTP) a été effectuée sur des rats Wistar pesant 225-275g pour provoquer une MCD marquée par une hypertrophie et une dilatation ventriculaire droite. Les animaux témoins, n’ont pas subi de ligature. Au 21e jour après la chirurgie, des études électrophysiologiques et des échocardiographies ont été réalisés in vivo. De plus, nous avons effectué de la cartographie optique ex vivo sur coeur perfusé et des mesures de contractilité sur des cardiomyocytes (CM) isolés d’oreillette droite (OD), d’oreillette gauche (OG) et de ventricule droit (VD). La fibrose cardiaque et les niveaux de Connexine-43 (Cx-43) ont été quantifiés par analyses histologiques. L’expression des gènes et les niveaux des protéines associées ont été évalués par qPCR et immuno-buvardage. RESULTATS : Les échocardiographies ont révélé une hypertrophie et dilatation de l’oreillette droite. Les rats LTP ont montré significativement plus de susceptibilité à la FA que les témoins. L’activité contractile des CM atriaux était augmentée chez les LTP comparés aux témoins. Les coupes histologiques et les analyses par qPCR et d’immunobuvardage ont démontré une augmentation significative de la fibrose et des marqueurs inflammatoires dans les CM, comme l’interleukine-6, l’interleukine 1β ou encore l’inflammasome NLRP3, suggérant leur implication dans l’élaboration du profil inflammatoire arythmogène. CONCLUSION : Cette étude nous a permis de caractériser le modèle LTP au niveau des CM atriaux et de mettre en évidence un remodelage physiologique, électrophysiologique et inflammatoire, ainsi qu’une augmentation de la susceptibilité à la FA chez les animaux LTP. / RATIONAL: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia encountered clinically. Several risk factors such as heart failure, hypertension, age or diabetes can lead to or/worsen AF. Right heart disease (RHD) has also been described among AF risk factors. The mechanisms linking RHD, inflammation and AF are still rarely described in the literature. The main objective of the project is to characterize the proarrhythmogenic cardiomyocyte (CM) remodeling and CM inflammation profile in rat atria affected by RHD. HYPOTHESIS: RHD-induced inflammation could be a factor for AF initiation, sustainability, and aggravation through development of pro-arrhythmogenic substrate. METHODS: Pulmonary artery banding (PAB) is surgically performed on Wistar rats weighing 225- 275g to induce RHD. Sham animals did not receive the PAB surgery. Cardiac echography and electrophysiological studies are performed in vivo on all animals before sacrifice, 21 days postsurgery. Optical mapping was performed ex vivo on Langendorff-perfused hearts. Freshly isolated right ventricular (RV), as well as right and left atrial (RA and LA) CM, underwent contractility recording in vitro. Histological analyses were performed to assess myocardial fibrosis and Connexin-43 levels. Genes and protein levels were obtained by qPCR and Western-blot analyses respectively. RESULTS: Compared to sham, PAB rats developed severe right-sided myocardial hypertrophy accompanied by RA and RV dilation as assessed by echocardiography. PAB rats had a significantly increased AF susceptibility and AF episode duration. CM contractility was enhanced in PAB rats compared to sham. Histology and qPCR analyses revealed increased fibrosis and inflammation in RA. CONCLUSION: This study allowed us to characterize the PAB model in atrial CM and has highlighted physiological, electrophysiological, and inflammatory remodeling, as well as increased AF susceptibility in PAB animals.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Chan Siu Hin. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2006-2007, design report." / "Museum in youth hostel, youth hostel in museum"--Dissertation t.p. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 101). / Chapter Part 1 - --- Study of MARK I Design / HISTORY / MARK I / THE FORMAL PRINCIPLES / GENERAL CHANGES OF MARK I / STRUCTURE / SPECIFIC CHANGES OF MARK I - VARIATIONS & TYPE SOCIAL DETAILS / Chapter Part 2 - --- Programme Study / HOUSING AUTHORITY EXHIBITION CENTRE STUDY / PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME / Chapter Part 3 - --- Exploration of the Trasformation / "MEI HO HOUSE - PLAN, SECTION, ELEVATION" / PRELIMINARY IDEA FOR TRANSFORMATION

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Diversas evidências comprovam que a obesidade está associada a alterações estruturais e funcionais do coração em modelos humanos e animais. Outros estudos recentes também demonstram que a obesidade humana está associada com alterações na função e na estrutura vascular, especialmente em grandes e médias artérias. Estudos epidemiológicos têm confirmado que a obesidade é um fator de risco significativo para o aparecimento de proteinúria e de doença renal terminal em uma população normal. Com o objetivo de determinar as alterações morfológicas relacionadas ao remodelamento cardíaco, vascular e renal em um modelo experimental de obesidade induzida pelo glutamato monossódico (MSG) e os efeitos da metformina sobre estes achados, foram estudados 25 ratos divididos em cinco grupos: controle com 16 e 22 semanas (CON-16 e CON-22); obeso com 16 e 22 semanas (MSG-16 e MSG-22) e obeso + metformina (MET-22) 300mg/Kg/dia por via oral. A caracterização da resistência à insulina foi feita através da medida da insulina plasmática e cálculo do índice de HOMA-IR. As análises morfológicas e quantificação do colágeno miocárdico foram feitos pelo sistema de imagem Image Pro Plus analysis. A pressão arterial sistólica foi levemente maior no grupo MSG-22, adquirindo significância estatística quando comparada com o grupo MSG-16 (1222 vs 1082 mmHg, p<0,05). Por outro lado, o grupo MET-22 mostrou níveis mais baixos de pressão arterial (1181 mmHg), sem alcançar diferença significativa. No grupo de animais obesos, foi observado aumento na relação média-lumen com 16 semanas (39,93,7 vs 30,22,0 %, p<0,05) e com 22 semanas (39,81,3 vs 29,51,2%, p<0,05), que foi reduzida com o uso da metformina (31,50,9%). O depósito de colágeno na área perivascular no ventrículo esquerdo foi significativamente maior no grupo MSG-22 (1,390,06 vs 0,830,06 % no CON-22, p<0,01), sendo atenuado pela metformina (1,020,04%). No rim, a área seccional transversa das arteríolas intrarrenais foi semelhante entre os grupos (18,52,2 no CON-16; 19,93,7 no MSG-16; 18,93,1 no CON-22; 21,81,5 no MSG-22; 20,21,4 no MET-22). Foi observado aumento da área glomerular no grupo MSG-22 (141,34,5 vs 129,50,5 m2), mas sem significância estatística. Em conclusão, nos ratos com obesidade induzida pelo MSG, com resistência à insulina, as alterações cardíacas foram mais proeminentes do que as alterações renais. No coração foram observados sinais de remodelamento vascular hipertrófico nas pequenas artérias intramiocárdicas e evidências de fibrose miocárdica mais proeminente na área perivascular, alterações que foram, pelo menos parcialmente, atenuadas com o uso de metformina durante seis semanas, mostrando que esta droga pode ser benéfica na prevenção de complicações cardíacas, vasculares e renais associadas com a obesidade. / Many evidences show that obesity is associated to structural and functional changes in the heart of human and animal models. Recent studies also show that human obesity is associated with vascular structural and functional modifications, specially at large and medium-sized arteries. Epidemiological studies have confirmed that obesity is a significant risk factor for the development of proteinuria and end-stage renal disease in a normal population. With the objective to determinate morphological changes related to cardiac, vascular and renal remodeling in an experimental model of monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity and the effect of metformin at this finding. Twenty five rats were studied and divided into five groups: control with 16 e 22 weeks (CON-16 and CON-22); obese with 16 and 22 weeks (MSG-16 e MSG-22), and obese + metformin (MET-22) 300mg/Kg/day per oral. The characterization of insulin resistance was done through measurement of plasma insulin and calculation of HOMA-IR index. The morphological analysis and the quantification of myocardial collagen were carried out by Image Pro Plus analysis system. The systolic blood pressure was slightly higher in MSG-22 group, reaching statistical significance when compared to MSG-16 group (1222 vs 1082 mmHg, p<0.05). On the other hand, the MET-22 group demonstrated lower blood pressure levels (1181 mmHg), without reaching statistical difference. The obese animals presented increase in media-to-lumen ratio with 16 weeks (39.93.7 vs 30.22.0 %, p<0.05) and with 22 weeks (39.81.3 vs 29.51.2%, p<0.05), which was reduced with use of metformin (31.50.9%). The collagen deposition in perivascular area of left ventricle was significantly greater in MSG-22 group (1.390.06 vs 0.830.06 % in CON-22, p<0.01), and attenuated by metformin (1.020.04%). In the kidney, the media cross-sectional area of intrarenal arterioles was similar among the groups (18.52.2 in CON-16; 19.93.7 in MSG-16; 18.93.1 in CON-22; 21.81.5 in MSG-22; 20.21.4 in MET-22). An increase of glomerular area was observed in MSG-22 group (141.34.5 vs 129.50.5 m2), but without statistical significance. In conclusion, rats with MSG-induced obesity and insulin resistance presented more pronounced cardiac changes than renal alterations. In the heart, there were evidences of hypertrophic vascular remodeling were observed in intramyocardial small arteries and perivascular fibrosis. These findings were, at least partially, attenuated by metformin for six weeks, suggesting that this drug may be beneficial for prevention of cardiac, vascular and renal complications associated with obesity.