Bakgrund: I samband med att samhället strävar efter en mer fossilfri ekonomi och lagstiftare upprättar allt fler direktiv för vad en hållbarhetsrapport skall innehålla blir kraven på företag allt större. Banker har som investering- och finansieringsinstitut en miljöpåverkan genom de investeringar de hanterar. Att investera i exempelvis fossil energi skapar en indirekt klimatpåverkan, men ofta är denna påverkan mer svår att identifiera och inte alltid tydlig för banken själv. Bankers direkta utsläpp kan vara små jämfört med andra industrier vilket kan leda till att analytiker utelämnar banker i deras rapporter. Omställningsarbetet som sker från både EU-nivå och nationell nivå sätter banker i fokus vilket förändrar det externa trycket på dess verksamhet, bankerna måste anpassa sig till de nya normer och värderingar som uppstår i och med detta. Syfte: Studien har som mål att granska och skapa förståelse för hur några av de större svenska bankerna använder legitimeringsstrategier för att befästa sin trovärdighet när de upprättar hållbarhetsrapporter och hur detta har förändrats över tid när nytt externt tryck uppkommer. Metod: Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och dokumentanalys av fyra svenska bankers hållbarhetsrapporter. Data samlades in genom bankernas hållbarhetsrapporter för att sedan granskas och analyseras genom argumentationsanalys och genom att granska innehållet i hållbarhetsrapporterna. Analys: Analysen av hållbarhetsrapporterna visar att kommunikationen av indirekt klimatpåverkan i bankernas hållbarhetsrapporter utökas över tid. Däremot väljer bankerna att inte redovisa detaljerade data kring deras indirekta klimatpåverkan, trots att det finns intresseorganisationer som skapar ramverk för att detta ska vara möjligt. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att kommunikationen för indirekt klimatpåverkan har utvecklats och expanderats under tio år. Opinionsbildat externt tryck är själv inte är tillräckligt för att få bankerna att ändra på kommunikationen kring indirekt klimatpåverkan även om vissa banker redovisare mer än de andra även utan lagstiftande externt tryck. Efter granskning av hållbarhetsrapporterna är det tydligt att den indirekta klimatpåverkan är den största klimatpåverkan som sker på grund av bankernas verksamhet. Detta kan tyda på att bankerna valt att inte redovisa denna data innan för att kunna bibehålla deras legitimitet i samhället vars normer och värderingar skiftar mot mer hållbart / Background: As society strives for a more fossil-free economy and legislators establish increasing directives on what a sustainability report should contain, the demands on companies are growing. Banks, as investment and financing institutions, have an environmental impact through the investments they manage. Investing in fossil energy, for example, creates an indirect climate impact, but often this impact is more difficult to identify and not always clear to the bank itself. Banks' direct emissions may be small compared to other industries, which can lead analysts to omit banks in their reports. The transition efforts taking place at both the EU and national levels are putting banks in focus, which changes the external pressure on their operations. Banks must adapt to the new norms and values that emerge as a result. Purpose: The study aims to examine and understand how some of the major Swedish banks employ legitimation strategies to strengthen their credibility when preparing sustainability reports, and how this has evolved over time in response to emerging external pressures. Method: The study is based on a qualitative research method and document analysis of sustainability reports from four Swedish banks. Data was collected from the banks' sustainability reports and then examined and analyzed through argumentation analysis and by reviewing the content of the sustainability reports. Analysis: The analysis of the sustainability reports shows that the communication of indirect climate impact in the banks' reports is increasing over time. However, the banks choose not to disclose detailed data on their indirect climate impact, even though there are interest organizations that create frameworks for making this possible. Result: The study's findings indicate that the communication of indirect climate impact has evolved and expanded over a period of ten years. External pressure from stakeholders alone is not sufficient to prompt banks to change their communication regarding indirect climate impact, even though some banks disclose more than others, even without legislative external pressure. After examining the sustainability reports, it becomes evident that indirect climate5impact is the most significant impact resulting from the banks' operations. This suggests that banks may have chosen not to disclose this data in order to maintain their legitimacy in a society where norms and values are shifting towards greater sustainability.

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Цель исследования – разработка методологии исследования нарративов в средствах массовой информации. Объект исследования – информационное поле средств массовой информации. Предмет исследования – нарративы и методологии их исследования. Научная новизна заключается в разработке нового подхода к анализу и интерпретации материалов, используемых в СМИ, использованию современных инструментов и технологий в целях более эффективного исследования и классификации нарративов в больших объемах информации. Апробация разработанной методологии включает тестирование методологии на большой выборке материалов из различных СМИ, а также участие в научных конференциях в ходе разработки методологии. Результаты работы – практическим результатом работы стала разработка методологии исследования нарративов СМИ и рекомендации по возможному использованию и улучшению результатов. / The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for studying narratives in the media. The object of research is the information field of the media. The subject of the study is narratives and methodologies for their research. Scientific novelty lies in the development of a new approach to the analysis and interpretation of materials used in the media, the use of modern tools and technologies in order to more effectively study and classify narratives in large volumes of information. Approbation of the developed methodology includes testing the methodology on a large sample of materials from various media, as well as participation in scientific conferences during the development of the methodology. Results of the work - the practical result of the work was the development of a methodology for studying media narratives and recommendations for possible use and improvement of the results.

[pt] A sustentabilidade corporativa é identificada na interseção de um conjunto de práticas ambientais, sociais e econômicas integradas. Inúmeras práticas sustentáveis são empregadas pelas organizações, resultando em diversos benefícios de curto e longo prazo. A mensuração do desempenho por meio de indicadores de sustentabilidade com objetivo de acompanhar os resultados e os impactos gerados na natureza e na sociedade por essas práticas tem sido empregada e reportada em forma de relatórios de sustentabilidade por inúmeras empresas ao redor do mundo. No contexto brasileiro, percebe-se a falta de estudos que abordem esse tema. Por tanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as principais práticas sustentáveis e indicadores de desempenho reportadas em relatórios de sustentabilidade utilizadas por empresas de diferentes setores da economia brasileira pertencentes ao ISE da bolsa de valores de São Paulo. A primeira etapa dessa dissertação consistiu em realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura a fim de apresentar o estado da arte sobre medição de desempenho em relatórios de sustentabilidade. A segunda parte consistiu em identificar as práticas sustentáveis e indicadores relatados nos relatórios de sustentabilidade por meio de uma análise de conteúdo. Por fim, realizou-se uma análise estatística dos indicadores de desempenho obtidos. Após a realização da pesquisa, conclui-se que i) A maioria das empresas está focando nos aspectos da sustentabilidade e estão no caminho certo para o desenvolvimento sustentável. ii) As empresas estão buscando soluções para suas demandas, levando em consideração aspectos como gerenciamento de água, eficiência energética, redução do consumo de insumos, diminuição de desperdícios, novas composições de materiais e formas de produção. iii) Os relatórios de sustentabilidade servem como ferramenta de transparência, uma vez que apresenta de forma concisa dados e informações de como as empresas utilizam todos os seus recursos para criar valor no curto, médio e longo prazo. / [en] Corporate sustainability is identified at the intersection of a set of integrated environmental, social and economic practices. Numerous sustainable practices are employed by organizations, resulting in several short and long term benefits. Performance measurement through sustainability indicators to monitor the results and impacts generated in nature and society by these practices has been employed and reported in the form of sustainability reports by countless companies around the world. In the Brazilian context, there is a lack of studies that address this theme. Therefore, this dissertation aimed Identify the main sustainable practices and performance indicators reported in sustainability reports used by companies from different sectors of the Brazilian economy belonging to the ISE of the São Paulo Stock Exchange. The first step of this dissertation was to conduct a systematic literature review to present the state of the art on performance measurement in sustainability reports. The second part was to identify sustainable practices and indicators reported in sustainability reports through content analysis. Finally, a statistical analysis of the obtained performance indicators was performed. After conducting the research, it is concluded that i) Most companies are focusing on sustainability aspects and they are on the right track for sustainable development. ii) The companies are looking for solutions to their demands, taking into account aspects such as water management, energy efficiency, reduction of input consumption, waste reduction, new material compositions and production methods. iii) Sustainability reporting serves as a transparency tool as it concisely presents data and information on how companies use all their resources to create value in the short, medium and long term.

In the development of large telecommunications systems, it is imperative to identify, report, analyze and, thereafter, resolve both software and hardware faults. This resolution process often relies on written trouble reports (TRs), that contain information about the observed fault and, after analysis, information about why the fault occurred and the decision to resolve the fault. Due to the scale and number of TRs, it is possible that a newly written fault is very similar to previously written faults, e.g., a duplicate fault. In this scenario, it can be beneficial to retrieve similar TRs that have been previously created to aid the resolution process. Previous work at Ericsson [1], introduced a multi-stage BERT-based approach to retrieve similar TRs given a newly written fault observation. This approach significantly outperformed simpler models like BM25, but suffered from two major challenges: 1) it did not leverage the vast non-task-specific telecommunications data at Ericsson, something that had seen success in other work [2], and 2) the model did not generalize effectively to TRs outside of the telecommunications domain it was trained on. In this thesis, we 1) investigate three different transfer learning strategies to attain stronger performance on a downstream TR duplicate retrieval task, notably focusing on effectively integrating existing telecommunicationsspecific language data into the model fine-tuning process, 2) investigate the efficacy of catastrophic forgetting mitigation strategies when fine-tuning the BERT models, and 3) identify how well the models perform on out-of-domain TR data. We find that integrating existing telecommunications knowledge through the form of a pretrained telecommunications-specific language model into our fine-tuning strategies allows us to outperform a domain adaptation fine-tuning strategy. In addition to this, we find that Elastic Weight Consolidation (EWC) is an effective strategy for mitigating catastrophic forgetting and attaining strong downstream performance on the duplicate TR retrieval task. Finally, we find that the generalizability of models is strong enough to perform reasonably effectively on out-of-domain TR data, indicating that the approaches may be eligible in a real-world deployment. / Vid utvecklingen av stora telekommunikationssystem är det absolut nödvändigt att identifiera, rapportera, analysera och därefter lösa både mjukvaru och hårdvarufel. Denna lösningsprocess bygger ofta på noggrant skrivna felrapporter (TRs), som innehåller information om det observerade felet och, efter analys, information om varför felet uppstod och beslutet att åtgärda felet. På grund av skalan och antalet TR:er är det möjligt att ett nyskrivet fel är mycket likt tidigare skrivna fel, t.ex. ett duplikatfel. I det här scenariot kan det vara mycket fördelaktigt att hämta tidigare skapade, liknande TR:er för att underlätta upplösningsprocessen. Tidigare arbete på Ericsson [1], introducerade en flerstegs BERT-baserad metod för att hämta liknande TRs givet en nyskriven felobservation. Detta tillvägagångssätt överträffade betydligt enklare modeller som BM-25, men led av två stora utmaningar: 1) det utnyttjade inte den stora icke-uppgiftsspecifika telekommunikationsdatan hos Ericsson, något som hade sett framgång i annat arbete [2], och 2) modellen generaliserades inte effektivt till TR:er utanför den telekommunikationsdomän som den bildades på. I den här masteruppsatsen undersöker vi 1) tre olika strategier för överföringsinlärning för att uppnå starkare prestanda på en nedströms TR dubbletthämtningsuppgift, varav några fokuserar på att effektivt integrera fintliga telekommunikationsspecifika språkdata i modellfinjusteringsprocessen, 2) undersöker effektiviteten av katastrofala missglömningsreducerande strategier vid finjustering av BERT-modellerna, och 3) identifiera hur väl modellerna presterar på TR-data utanför domänen. Resultatet är genom att integrera befintlig telekommunikationskunskap i form av en förtränad telekommunikationsspecifik språkmodell i våra finjusteringsstrategier kan vi överträffa en finjusteringsstrategi för domänanpassning. Utöver detta har vi fåt fram att EWC är en effektiv strategi för att mildra katastrofal glömska och uppnå stark nedströmsprestanda på dubbla TR hämtningsuppgiften. Slutligen finner vi att generaliserbarheten av modeller är tillräckligt stark för att prestera någorlunda effektivt på TR-data utanför domänen, vilket indikerar att tillvägagångssätten som beskrivs i denna avhandling kan vara kvalificerade i en verklig implementering.

<p>Cohabiting with a partner, rather than living in a legal marriage, has been documented as a significant risk factor for intimate partner homicide. This study used national U.S. homicide data from 1990-2005 to examine changes in risk patterns. The results showed that both male and female cohabiting victims experienced a steep decline in intimate partner homicide rates. Such was the strength of this decline that by 2005 cohabiting couples were no longer at higher risk than married couples. A similar, though weaker, trend was found in Canada between 1991 and 2006. It was hypothesised that this convergence of cohabiting and married homicide rates was due to cohabiting and married populations becoming more similar in terms of socio-demographic variables. Contrary to expectation, over time, the U.S. and Canadian cohabiting populations remained younger, poorer, less educated, and less conventional, than their married counterparts. This suggests that demographic changes were not responsible for the decline in cohabiting homicide rates. Further research is required to determine whether changes in union characteristics may have driven the decline in cohabiting homicide risk.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Intresset för hållbarhet växer sig allt starkare och i takt med det har intressenternas krav på företag ökat. Företag kan använda hållbarhetsrapportering för att skapa legitimitet och förtroende. Genom att vara transparent kan de bemöta intressenternas behov. Välgjorda hållbarhetsrapporter som håller en hög kvalitet är därmed mer efterfrågade än rapporter av låg kvalitet. Studier om huruvida framtagandet av högkvalitativa rapporter är resurskrävande och/eller ger konkurrensfördelar genom ökad lönsamhet har visat varierade slutsatser. Denna studie genomfördes för att komplettera tidigare studier genom att analysera ifall branschtillhörighet, kvinnors inflytande, storlek på företag, rykte och image samt exponering i media påverkar lönsamheten via hållbarhetsrapporters kvalitet. Regressionsanalys, mediatoranalys och stiganalys framställdes för att testa studiens hypoteser. Resultaten indikerar att lönsamhet kan påverkas av hur och på vilket sätt företag hållbarhetsrapporterar. Studien visar ett positivt samband mellan andel kvinnor i styrelsen och hållbarhetsrapporters kvalitet samt mellan storlek på företag och lönsamhet, genom hållbarhetsrapporters kvalitet. Studien fann även ett positivt samband mellan rykte och image och lönsamhet, genom hållbarhetsrapporters kvalitet. Övriga sju hypoteser förkastades. / The interest in sustainability is growing and therefore the stakeholders’ demands on companies have increased. Companies can use sustainability reporting in order to sustain both legitimacy and trust. By being transparent, companies can fulfill the stakeholders’ needs. Sustainability reports of high quality are therefore more requested than reports of low quality. The issue of whether the use of high quality reports is expensive and/or generates a competitive advantage through increased profitability have shown varying results. This study was conducted to complement previous studies by analyzing whether industry, women on board, company size, reputation and image as well as media exposure affect profitability through the quality of sustainability reports. Regression analysis, mediation analysis and path analysis were created in order to test the study’s hypotheses. The results indicate that profitability can be affected by how and in what way companies report sustainability. The study shows a positive relationship between women on board and the sustainability reports’ quality and between company size and profitability, mediated through the sustainability reports’ quality. The study also found a positive relationship between reputation and image and profitability, mediated through the sustainability reports’ quality. The remaining seven hypotheses were rejected.

The objectives of this research were to: (1) augment existing research regarding the impact of information retention resulting from the application of redundant color codes; and (2) determine whether the application of color in hard-copy documents has a positive influence in business reports by non-color deficient subjects. This research was an extension of work done by Lamberski and Dwyer (1983) and Moore and Dwyer (1991). Both studies were hard copy based and focused on the impact of information retention resulting from the application of redundant color codes.