O presente trabalho tem por objeto de estudo os usos do conceito de eleuthería na República de Platão. Tem-se por ponto de partida uma gama de conceitos relativos à noção de liberdade na antiguidade, propondo-se a analisar o diálogo segundo duas concepções antagônicas de eleuthería. A primeira delas é a mais comum na abordagem dos diálogos platônicos, trata-se da ideia de fazer o que se quer e esse sentido é encontrado, sobretudo, no exame da forma de governo democrática e do homem que corresponde a esse regime político. Para uma compreensão adequada desse sentido, propõe-se que se entenda o que está em jogo quando se tece uma crítica ao regime democrático. Esse sentido é tido como essencialmente negativo, pois traz consequências indesejáveis dentro do contexto em que é apresentado. Supõe-se que haja um outro sentido de eleuthería presente no diálogo, o qual não é tratado sistematicamente e que é apenas sugerido nas entrelinhas da mais bela cidade, a kallípolis. Diante da necessidade de mostrar que esse sentido pode integrar a economia da obra, parte-se de indícios textuais nos quais a liberdade não está associada à forma de governo democrática para mostrar que a caracterização de uma liberdade positiva parece ser possível. Esse sentido positivo estaria associado a um certo ideal de excelência. Por fim, sugere-se que de acordo com esse sentido positivo a expressão fazer o que se quer possa ser interpretada de uma forma completamente diversa da encontrada no contexto democrático. / The present work has as object of study the uses of the concept of eleuthería in Plato\'s Republic. As starting point we have a wide range of concepts related to the notion of freedom in antiquity, it is proposed the analysis of the dialogue according to two antagonical concepts of eleuthería. The first is the most common in Plato\'s dialogues, it is the idea of \"to do whatever one wants\" and this meaning is found, above all, when examining the democratic government and the corresponding man to this political regime. For an adequate comprehension of this meaning, it is proposed the understanding of what is at stake when a critique of the democratic regime is made. This meaning is held essentially as negative because it brings undesirable consequences in the context in which it is presented. It is supposed that there is other meaning of eleuthería present in the dialogue which is not sistematically addressed and is only suggested between the lines of the most beautiful city, the kallípolis. Facing the necessity of showing that this meaning can integrate the economy of the work, starting from textual indications in which freedom is not associated to the democratic way of government to show that the characterization of a positive freedom seems possible. This positive meaning could be associated to a certain ideal of excellency. In the end it is suggested that, according to this meaning the expression \"to do whatever one wants\" could be interpreted in a completely diverse way of the meaning found in the democratic context.

Thesis advisor: Devin Pendas / Ernst Juenger lived through almost the entire 20th century. This longevity has placed him at the center of many of the most defining moments of modern German history. It is not, however, simply his longevity but his attitudes that have caused such a controversy to grow up around him. A staunch nationalist and one might venture to say, war-monger, during the First World War and a virulent enemy of the Weimar Republic, many historians have classified him as a Nazi author. This thesis explores the relationsihp of Ernst Juenger to the National Socialists in the context of his writing and political leanings between the First World War and the end of the Second. Without understanding the integral differences between his ideology and that of the NSDAP (namely their divergence on the issues of racial purity, parliamentarianism, communism, the use of power, and the position of art)one cannot appreciate his place in history and his perspective on Germany. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2006. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Thesis advisor: M. Shawn Copeland / Thesis advisor: O. Ernesto Valiente / The title of this essay is deliberately provocative. It aims at drawing attention on the reality of Christian churches full everyday – not only on sundays – with people who everyday die from hunger. In the Congo-Zaire. Behind the image of crowded churches, I see the complex reality of Christianity, and behind the image of empty stomachs, I have in view the complex reality of poverty, oppression, violence and death. It is paradoxical that those two realities grow together. This essay explores the sources of that paradox, going back to the first encounter of the people of the old Kongo Kingdom, and later on Congo-Zaire, with Christianity. It analyzes the relationships between Christianity and the poor throughout the history of the Congo-Zaire. It examines the message of salvation brought by Christianity and how it is related to the people’s conditions of life. The conclusion is tough, but unavoidable. First, Christianity during colonial times – which I call missionary Christianity – in the Congo-Zaire did not side with the poor. It served the interests of the powerful, to safeguard its own interests. It despised the way of life of the autochthonous and destroyed their identity. Second, Christianity today in the Congo-Zaire – which I call postindependence Christianity – struggles with the heritage of the colonial past, but it basically continues to function following the same model. We still live in the colonial settings. Therefore, this for me is the key to resolving the paradox. Following the insights of postcolonial theories, turn the page of colonial Christianity, move towards what I call a “postcolonial Christianity.” That postcolonial Christianity should be informed by the African way of life (hence re-appropriating the values of the autochthonous) and rooted in the preferential option for the poor, which is the main principle at the heart of liberation theology. There lies a great challenge: how to actualize that postcolonial Christianity in the Congo-Zaire? / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

Thesis advisor: Andrea Vicini / Thesis advisor: Kristin E. Heyer / It might be unusual to identify the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as a country where expulsions put at flagrant risk thousands of small farmers to make way for economic projects or natural resources extraction, as is the case in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, India, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. The lack of documentation and data greatly contributes to silencing the victims of dislocations in Eastern Congo. This research, therefore, voices six critical claims by raising the ethical question: how can Christian ethics—in the only African country with the greatest proportion (43.2 million) of baptized Catholics—humanize involuntary displacement and resettlement of communities? While the “resource curse theory” has revealed the challenges of a country riddled with economic constraints, political instability, and mining-induced conflicts, this research proposes the “protological ethics of land” as one approach to dislocations in the era of extractive industries. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

A tese é uma análise interpretativa do trecho conhecido como símile do Sol na obra República de Platão (508b-509b). Esta análise tem por base dois vieses: i) aquele das questões de relação entre autor e seus personagens, e das questões da relação dos personagens com o próprio drama vigente no diálogo; e ii) aquele das questões relativas à argumentação metafísica apresentada nesta parte do debate, seja quanto aos seus conteúdos, seja quanto aos métodos nela empregados. Estas duas perspectivas de abordagem do símile são atravessadas tendo como fio condutor da exegese o elemento dramático que o próprio autor Platão fez questão que se seguisse à exposição de Sócrates da analogia solar: a reação do personagem Glauco, sobretudo a seguinte passagem: E Glauco muito humorosamente falou: Ah, Apolo, mas que exagero extraordinário! (República VI 509c1-2). O símile do Sol assim é analisado segundo os seus possíveis aspectos de autoria, drama, comicidade e religiosidade, de um lado, e, do outro, segundo os aspectos de sua relação com alguns pontos filosóficos apresentados pelo próprio personagem Sócrates platônico no diálogo e alhures, como a assim chamada Teoria das Ideias, o chamado caminho mais longo, e alguns aludidos métodos de investigação. A partir disso, o presente estudo pretende discutir com, e lançar dúvidas sobre, algumas posições que a tradição da filosofia ocidental construiu nos séculos XX e XXI a respeito da Ideia de Bem dentro do texto da República. / This thesis is an interpretative analysis of the analogy known as simile of the Sun in Plato\'s Republic(508b-509b). The analysis is based on two perspectives: i) that of issues about relationship between author and his characters, and about relationship between the characters and own living drama in the dialogue; and ii) that of issues related to metaphysical argumentation presented in this part of work, whether about its contents or about its methods. In both these approach perspectives of the simile the exegesis\' leitmotiv is the dramatic element that author Plato himself decided put after Socrates\' exposition of analogy of sun: the reaction of character Glaucon, mainly this passage: And Glaucon very comically said: Oh, Apollo, what an extraordinary exaggeration! (RepublicVI 509c1-2). Therefore simile of Sun is analyzed according to its possible features of authorship, drama, comicality and religiosity, on one hand, and, on the other, according to its features about relationship between it and some points made by character Socrates himself in the dialogue and elsewhere, as so called Theory of Ideas, so called longer way, and some alluded to methods of inquiry. With these bases, this study intends discuss with, and cast doubts on, some positions developed at XX and XXI centuries by Western Philosophy tradition about Idea of Good within Republic\'s text.

L’Europe de la Renaissance et de l’Âge classique a été le terrain d’une quête protéiforme de la langue universelle (recherches sur la langue d’Adam, encyclopédies de tous les idiomes de la terre, langues créées ex nihilo…). Afin de percevoir les conditions sociales de production de ce savoir linguistique, cette étude se propose d’élaborer une histoire, moins de la langue universelle elle-même que de ses concepteurs ; une histoire sociale et culturelle de ces pratiques intellectuelles, dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire et à l’échelle européenne. Les acteurs sociaux impliqués dans cette quête s’inscrivent dans des réseaux particuliers, liés à des institutions qui participent pleinement de la transformation du monde moderne (Royal Society, ordre jésuite…). Ils sont souvent des figures de la République des Lettres et en forment, par leurs travaux linguistiques et les correspondances fournies qu’ils suscitent, une province particulière : la « République des Langues ». S’y joue rien moins que le choix, non pas de la langue du bon usage – celle des grammairiens – mais de la langue de la science et de la vérité, la langue de la République des Lettres elle-même. Comment des savants européens contribuent-ils par cet espace social virtuel à faire exister leurs utopies linguistiques ? Discutés dans le cadre de ces réseaux européens transnationaux, les projets apparaissent comme des technologies littéraires et sociales, maîtrisées seulement par un petit nombre d’individus ; ces langues pour tous sont donc indissociablement des langues à l’usage du « moins grand nombre », des langues de distinction / During the Early Modern Age, Europe was the field of a protean quest for the universal language (researches on Adam’s language were carried out, encyclopedias of all the idioms spoken on earth were written, languages were created ex nihilo…). In order to understand the social conditions presiding over the production of that linguistic knowledge, the aim of this study is to retrace the history of the universal language planners rather than that of the language itself. It means to elaborate a social and cultural history of these intellectual practices on a European scale, in a multidisciplinary perspective. The social actors involved in that quest for the universal language were members of specific networks and connected with institutions which actively participated in the transformation of the modern world (the Royal Society, the Jesuits…). They were often prominent figures of the Republic of Letters within which, through their linguistic works and the numerous correspondences these gave rise to, they formed a specific province – the “Republic of Languages”. What was at stake was nothing less than choosing, not the language defining correct usage – that of the grammarians – but the language of sciences and truth, that of the Republic of Letters itself. How did Europeans scholars give life to their linguistic utopias through that virtual social space? Discussed within the framework of these transnational European networks, thelinguistic proects appeared like literary and social technologies, only mastered by a small group of individuals. Therefore these languages intended to be “for all” paradoxically turned out to be languages for “the happy few”, languages of distinction

No início da República, a cidade de Santos transformou-se do ponto de vista administrativo, organizando-se como Intendências, em substituição ao antigo modelo de Câmaras Municipais do período Imperial. O primeiro grupo de Intendentes eleitos em Santos, em 1892, promulgou uma Constituição Municipal (1894). Nesse período houve a criação de diversas instituições educacionais na cidade, que contaram com a participação de diferentes estratos da população santista. O objetivo desta dissertação é identificar, conhecer e analisar as iniciativas educacionais públicas, privadas e particulares promovidas na cidade de Santos, no Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1889 a 1908. Foi realizada pesquisa histórico-documental, com a análise da Constituição Municipal de Santos e especialmente das atas do Conselho de Intendência e da legislação do período, bem como relatórios dos Intendentes Municipais e dos Inspetores Literários, jornais e periódicos, procurando identificar as diferentes iniciativas educacionais defendidas. O recorte temporal privilegiado será de 1889 a 1908, período em que vigorou o sistema de Intendências. Este trabalho está estruturado em três capítulos. No primeiro, tem-se como objetivo identificar as iniciativas de escolarização promovidas por iniciativa particulares, como escolas de organizadas por imigrantes, associações de auxílio mútuo e por instituições confessionais, bem como mapear as estratégias de escolarização no âmbito estadual e municipal na cidade de Santos. No segundo capítulo, procurou-se verificar como foi a implementação da intendência municipal em Santos analisando a Constituição elaborada pelo grupo que estava à frente neste processo. Além disso, tentou-se compreender qual era o projeto educacional que estava sendo projetado. Por fim, no terceiro capítulo, pretendeu-se, a partir da discussão, criação e implementação de dos grupos Escolares Cesário Bastos\" e o Barnabé, demonstrar as disputas, conflitos, tensões, principalmente, entre os dois primeiros grupos, que representam republicanos com divergências. / In the early Republic, Santos city became from the administrative point of view organizing as intendancies, replacing the old model of Municipalities of the Imperial period. The first group of Stewards elected in Santos, in 1892, enacted a Municipal Constitution (1894). During this period there was the creation of various educational institutions in the city, which included the participation of different strata of the population of Santos. The objective of this dissertation is to identify, understand and analyze the public, private and private educational initiatives promoted in the city of Santos, in São Paulo, in the period 1889-1908. Historical and documentary research was conducted by analyzing the Municipal Constitution Santos and especially the minutes of the Board of Stewardship and legislation of the period, as well as reports of the Superintendents and Inspectors Municipal Literary, newspapers and journals, trying to identify the various educational initiatives advocated. The preferred time frame is 1889-1908, a period that lasted intendancies system. This work is structured in three chapters. At first we tried to identify the initiatives promoted by private schooling initiative, as schools organized by immigrants, mutual-aid associations, and religious institutions, as well as map out strategies for education at the state and municipal level, the city of Santos. In the second chapter as it was sought to verify the implementation of municipal stewardship in Santos analyzing constitution drawn up by the group that was ahead in this process. Also, try to understand what was the educational project that was being designed. Finally, the third chapter is intended from the discussion, creation and implementation of the School groups Cesar Bastes and Barnaby demonstrate disputes, conflicts, tensions, especially between the first two groups, representing Republicans with differences.

O objetivo dessa tese é analisar a corrupção republicana em Maquiavel, particularmente nos primeiros dezoito capítulos do livro I dos Discursos sobre a primeira década de Tito Lívio (também conhecido como o \"Pequeno tratado sobre as repúblicas\"), procurando conhecer sua natureza, características, o processo pela qual é engendrada e qual o desfecho possível para a república \"corrompidíssima\". A corrupção republicana, exposta nos capítulos de XVI a XVIII, é precedida por uma exposição sobre os fundamentos políticos republicanos, alvos dessa corrupção política. A conclusão a que se chega é que, nesses capítulos, a corrupção pode atingir um grau máximo obrigando a uma mudança de regime, cuja melhor solução é o governo \"quase régio\", representado pelo principado civil descrito no Príncipe, por manter e conservar a dinâmica dos conflitos políticos, motor para as mudanças e responsável pela conservação dos ordenamentos políticos que garantem as liberdades políticas. / This work intends to investigate the corruption of the republic in Machiavelli, focusing the first eighteenth chapters of the first book of Discourse concerning the First Decade of Titus Livius, looking for its nature, most relevant characteristics, the process it comes to be, and the end of corrupted republic. Along the chapters XVI to XVIII, the notion of corruption is preceded by an exposition on the political principles of the republic. Also, inside this small group of chapter, Machiavelli states that the corruption can achieve the highest level, demanding an alteration of the regime. In such a case, the best solution is a virtually regal government, represented by the civil principate, as described in the Prince. That occur because such civil principate is the best way to keep the dynamics of the political conflicts, the cause of change or conservation of political order and political freedom.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Assuncao Fernandes Leite.pdf: 902031 bytes, checksum: 6ce1a66ee12ef8cbba8c18cb7e9dc5bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / One of the criticisms that have been made to the Book I of the Republic is the fact that it is disconnected from the remaining of the work, since there is an aporia at the end of the dialogue, a characteristic of dialogues from Plato s youth, also known as Socratic for dealing with questions deemed as ethical. The model of dialogue written by Plato in his youth, and its similarities with the Book I have lead some commentators to believe that this book may precede the others, and even be out of the context of the work. Being aware of the complexity of this piece of work from Plato, we proceeded to verify whether in fact this first book does not belong with the others. To this end it was necessary to choose a proper approach, since depending on one s purpose different paths can be followed in the Republic. We collected the theses of the characters from Book I and II to check whether or not the aforementioned philosopher will abandon the ideas presented by Cephalus, Polemarchus, Thrasymachus, Glaucus and Adeimantus. Given their theses, we noticed firstly the methodological differences in the dialogues between the characters. Secondly, we detected a relationship between the three theses and the three sectors, and between the three powers of the soul and the myth of the races in the Book III. Finally, given the just city and its fundaments, we studied the relationship between the character s theses and the constitution models regarded as decadent in the Book VIII, analysing whether such theses are present or not, partially or integrally. In this process of analysing the constitutions, we also paid attention to the education adopted in each one of the pólis models. Our reflection in the present work consisted in demonstrating that the Book I of the Republic is not disconnected from the remaining of the work, since the earlier theses reappear in some form in the Book VIII / Uma das críticas feitas ao Livro I de A República é o fato de ele ser um livro desvinculado do restante da obra por apresentar uma aporia no final, característica dos diálogos considerados da juventude de Platão, conhecidos também como socráticos por lidarem com questões compreendidas como éticas. Esse modelo de diálogo produzido por Platão na juventude e suas semelhanças com o Livro I eferido levam alguns comentadores a acreditarem que ele seja anterior aos demais e até descontextualizado da obra. Sabemos da complexidade dessa obra e, por isso, fomos verificar se realmente esse primeiro livro é ou não desvinculado do restante. Para tanto, tivemos que escolher um caminho, já que, dependendo do objetivo, A República se pode trilhar por percursos distintos. Nesse caso, recolhemos as teses dos personagens do Livro I e II para verificarmos se Platão abandona ou não o que é apresentado por Céfalo, Polemarco, Trasímaco, Glauco e Adimanto. Dadas essas teses, constatamos, logo ao início, as diferenças metodológicas nos diálogos entre os personagens. Em seguida, detectamos uma relação entre as três primeiras teses do Livro I com os estamentos, as três potências da alma e o mito das raças. Por fim, dada a cidade justa e seus fundamentos, fomos verificar a relação das teses dos primeiros personagens com os modelos de constituições consideradas decadentes no Livro VIII, se estão ou não presentes quer na totalidade, quer parcialmente. Nesse processo de observação das constituições, verificamos a educação adotada em cada um dos modelos das poleis. Nossa reflexão, no presente trabalho, foi a de demonstrar que o Livro I de A República se encontra vinculado ao restante dos outros livros, tanto que as primeiras teses reaparecem de algum modo no Livro VIII