INTRODUÇÃO: O adenocarcinoma gástrico precoce (AGP) atinge até a camada submucosa em profundidade, independentemente da presença de metástases linfonodais (MLF). Tumores mucosos, bem diferenciados, menores que 20 mm e sem ulceração são candidatos à ressecção endoscópica (RE) por mucosectomia com taxas de MLF praticamente nulas. Com o advento da técnica de dissecção endoscópica da submucosa (ESD) e após observar ausência de MLF em grande série de pacientes no Japão, foi sugerido que os critérios clássicos pudessem ser expandidos, evitando a gastrectomia em alguns pacientes. Em países ocidentais autores e sociedades têm visto com restrição a ESD para critérios expandidos devido à observação de MLF em alguns subgrupos. A análise crítica e validação dos critérios expandidos de RE para tratamento do AGP em coorte brasileira poderá indicar os pacientes com menor risco de metástases linfonodais nesta população, de modo a individualizar o tratamento com excelência e qualidade de vida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença MLF em produtos de gastrectomia com linfadenectomia de pacientes elegíveis à ressecção endoscópica seguindo os critérios clássicos e expandidos. MÉTODO: Inclusão de pacientes com AGP submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com dissecção linfonodal. Estadiamento linfonodal e avaliação de características clínicas, macroscópicas e histopatológicas segundo critérios de RE. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 389 espécimens cirúrgicos de gastrectomia, dentre os quais 135 cumpriam critérios para ressecção endoscópica. Nenhum dos 31 pacientes com critérios clássicos apresentou MLF (N = 31; 0% IC95% 0 - 13,4%). Dos 104 com critérios expandidos, 3 apresentaram MLF (N = 104; 2,9% IC95% 0,7 - 8,6%), todos pertencentes ao grupo de tumores indiferenciados sem ulceração e menores que 20 mm. Dos pacientes com indicação de tratamento cirúrgico houve 50 MLF positivos (N = 254; 19,7% IC95% 15,3 - 25,1%). CONCLUSÃO: Existe risco mínimo de metástases linfonodais quando adotados os critérios expandidos de RE. Este risco é praticamente nulo para os critérios clássicos e quando se exclui o tumor indiferenciado do critério expandido / INTRODUCTION: Early gastric cancer (EGC) is known to present low rate of lymph nodal metastasis (LNM). Gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy is usually curative for EGC. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a well-accepted treatment modality for lesions that meet the classic criteria, a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma measuring less than 20 mm size and without ulceration. Expanded criteria for ESD have been recently proposed, based on null LNM rate from large gastrectomies series coming from Japan. The expanded criteria for ESD are as follows: intramucosal non-ulcerative well-differentiated tumor > 20 mm, intramucosal ulc mo <= 30 mm, intramucosal non-ulcera mo <= 20 mm, or superficially submucosal ( m1) mo <= 30 mm. There is some resistance to adoption of the expanded criteria, since patients with positive LNM have already been reported in western centers. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate LNM staging in patients who met the expanded endoscopic treatment criteria for ESD. METHOD: Evaluation of gastrectomy specimens including LNM staging of patients submitted to gastrectomy for EGC in a 39-year retrospective cohort. A senior pathologist reviewed the histology slides. RESULTS: A total of 389 surgical specimens were included, of whose 135 met criteria for endoscopic resection. None of the 31 patients with classic criteria had LNM. Of the 104 patients with expanded criteria, 3 had LNM (n = 104, 2.9% CI 95% 0.7 - 8.6%), all of them with undifferentiated tumors without ulceration and less than 20 mm. In the patients with surgical criteria there were 50 LNM positive (n = 254; 19.7% CI 95% 15.3 - 25.1%). CONCLUSION: There is minimal risk of LNM in EGC when expanded criteria for ESD are met. This risk is practically nil for the classic criteria and when the undifferentiated tumor is excluded of the expanded criteria. Refinement of the expanded criteria for the risk of LNM may be desirable. Meanwhile the decision to complement the endoscopic treatment with LNM dissection or D2 gastrectomy will have to take into consideration the individual risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality

OBJETIVO: Determinar o impacto de fatores prognósticos na sobrevida de pacientes com metástases hepáticas ressecadas e originadas de câncer colorretal. CASUISTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os prontuários de 28 pacientes submetidos a ressecção hepática de metástases de câncer colorretal de Abril /1992 a Setembro /2001. Foram realizadas 38 ressecções (8 pacientes com mais de uma ressecção no mesmo tempo cirúrgico e 2 pacientes submetidos a re-ressecções). Todos haviam sido submetidos previamente à ressecção do tumor primário. Utilizou-se um protocolo de rastreamento de metástases hepáticas que incluiu revisões clinicas trimestrais, ecografia abdominal e dosagem de CEA até completarem-se 5 anos de seguimento e, após, semestralmente. Os fatores prognósticos estudados foram: estágio do tumor primário, tamanho das metástases > 5cm, intervalo entre ressecção do tumor primário e surgimento da metástase <1 ano, CEA>100ng/ml, margens cirúrgicas <1cm e doença metastática extra-hepática. O estudo foi retrospectivo e a análise estatística foi feita através da curva de Kaplan-Meier, do log rank e da regressão de Cox. RESULTADOS: A morbidade foi 39,3% e a mortalidade operatória foi 3,6%.A sobrevida em 5 anos foi de 35%. Os fatores prognósticos independentes adversos foram: intervalo <1 ano entre ressecção do tumor primário e surgimento da metástase (p=0,047 e RR 11,56) e doença metastática extra-hepática (p=0,004 e RR=57,28). CONCLUSÕES: A ressecção hepática de metástases de câncer colorretal é um procedimento seguro com sobrevida em 5 anos acima dos 30%. Foram fatores prognósticos independentes adversos: doença metastática extra-hepática e intervalo<1ano entre ressecção do tumor primário e surgimento da metástase. / Prognostic factors following liver resection for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. BACKGROUND: To determine the impact of prognostic factors on survival of patients with metastases from colorectal cancer that underwent liver resection. METHODS: The records of 28 patients that underwent liver resection for metastases from colorectal cancer between April /1992 and September/2001 were retrospectively analized. Thirty-eight resections were performed (more than one resection in eight patients and two patients underwent re-resections). The primary tumor was resected in all the patients. A screening protocol for liver metastases including clinical examinations every three months, abdominal ultrassonography and CEA level until five years of follow-up and after every six months, was applied. The prognostic factors analized regarding the impact on survival were: Dukes C stage of primary tumor, size of metastasis > 5cm, a disease-free interval from primary tumor to metastasis < 1 year, CEA level > 100ng/ml, resection margins < 1cm and extrahepatic disease. The Kaplan-Meier curves, log rank and Cox regression were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Perioperative morbidity and mortality were 39,3% and 3,6% respectively. The 5-year survival rate was 35%. The independent prognostic factors were: disease-free interval from primary tumor to metastasis < 1year (p=0,047; RR=11,56) and extrahepatic metastatic disease (p=0,004; RR=57,28). CONCLUSIONS: The liver resection for metastases from colorectal cancer is a safe procedure with more than 30% 5-year survival .Disease- free interval from primary tumor to metastasis < 1year and extrahepatic disease were independent prognostic factors.

A Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna (HPB) é a doença benigna mais freqüente na terceira idade. A Ressecção Transuretral (RTU) de próstata constitui-se na técnica operatória mais empregada atualmente para o tratamento da HPB. A anestesia para este procedimento possui características próprias, tornando-se um desafio para o anestesiologista o manejo de suas particularidades. Com o objetivo de avaliar a conduta anestésica, comparando técnicas empregadas, drogas e doses, eventuais complicações e respectivos tratamentos, revisou-se 300 prontuários de pacientes submetidos a RTU de próstata no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HC-FMRP-USP). Optou-se por dois períodos de quatro anos com intervalo de dez anos entre eles (1989-1992 (período 1) e 1999-2002 (período 2)) para tentar estabelecer uma suposta relação entre a evolução das técnicas anestésicas e a possível redução na incidência de complicações. Foram incluídos no estudo apenas os pacientes portadores de neoplasias benignas da próstata. Algumas características dos pacientes (média de idade e estado físico ASA) foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A média de peso foi superior no período 2. Foram pedidos menos exames pré-operatórios para os pacientes do período 1. Quanto ao tipo de anestesia houve um predomínio absoluto, nos dois períodos, da anestesia regional (sendo que o bloqueio raquidiano foi o mais utilizado). O anestésico local mais empregado foi a bupivacaína nos dois períodos. Observou-se uma maior incidência de falhas nos bloqueios realizados no período 1, com maior índice de conversão para anestesia geral. O fato pode em parte ser atribuído ao não uso de agentes opióides nas punções nessa época, que sabidamente melhoram a qualidade do bloqueio. A duração média do procedimento foi maior no período 2 (considerando 45 minutos como tempo padrão). A incidência de eventos adversos intra-operatórios, como como hipotensão, arritmias cardíacas e hipotermia foi semelhante entre os períodos. No entanto, houve um maior número de pacientes com diagnóstico de infarto agudo do miocárdio no pós-operatório de até 24 horas no período1. Provavelmente esse fato aconteceu pela falta de exames complementares e avaliação cardiológica prévia nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia nesse período. No tocante as transfusões sangüíneas, a proporção entre os períodos foi semelhante, embora fosse prática costumeira no período 1 que os pacientes realizassem autotransfusão prévia. A autotransfusão não se mostrou eficaz, na população estudada, como fator redutor do número de transfusões sangüíneas. Na sala de recuperação anestésica o tempo de permanência foi semelhante entre os períodos, no entanto, observou-se uma maior incidência de eventos adversos no período 1. A mortalidade foi maior no período 2 mas essa diferença não foi estatisticamente significante. Palavras- chave: 1. Anestesia 2. Hiperplasia Benigna da Próstata 3. Ressecção Transuretral de Próstata 4. Síndrome da Intoxicação Hídrica / Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common disease in the third ages. Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TRP) is the surgery technique most frequently used for the treatment of BPH. Anaesthesia for this procedure has its own features becoming a challenge for the anaesthesiologist to manage with its peculiarities. In order to evaluate the anaesthetic behavior, to compare the techniques used, drugs and doses, possible complications and their treatments, three hundreds of medical records of patients submitted to TRP in the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FM-USP). Two periods of four years were chosen (1989-1992 (period 1) and 1999-2002 (period 2)) in order to establish some evolution between the anaesthetics techniques used and possible reduction in the incidence of complications. Only patients who had benign prostatic hyperplasia were included in this study. Some patients characteristics were similar between the two groups (mean ages and physical status ASA). Mean weight were higher in the period 2. Less preoperative exams were applied in the period 1. In both periods, the regional anaesthesia was predominant (the spinal anaesthesia was the most used). Hyperbaric bupivacaine was the most commonly used agent for regional anaesthesia in both periods. More failed blocks were seen in the period 1 with an increased number of conversion to general anaesthesia. This fact may be attached with the lack of use of opioids agents in that period, which are known to complement and improve the quality of the block. Mean duration of the procedure were higher in period 2 (taking 45 minutes as standard time). The incidence of intra-operative adverse events like hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias and hypothermia were similar in both periods. However more patients had acute heart infarct in the 24 hours of postoperative period 1. Probably this happens because of the lack of preoperative exams and cardiology evaluation in patients submitted to surgery in this period. The proportion of blood transfusions were similar in two periods although it was usual to make an autotransfusion in the patients of the first period. Autotransfusion previous to the surgery were not an effective method to reduce the number of transfusions. In postanaesthesia care unit the length of stay was similar between the periods but the incidence of adverse events was higher in the period 1. The mortality was bigger in the period 2 but this difference were not significant. Key-words: 1. Anaesthesia 2. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 3. Transurethral Resection of the Prostate 4. The TURP Syndrome

Rectal cancer is a common malignancy treated with surgical resection and curative intent in the majority of cases. One treatment option is low anterior resection (LAR) with preserved bowel continuity, often involving the formation of a temporary defunctioning stoma (DS). The general aim of this thesis was to improve understanding of the role of DS in rectal cancer surgery with regard to timing of stoma reversal and development of anastomotic leakage (AL), impact on long-term anorectal function (AF), as well as aspects of cost-effectiveness. Study I addressed the timing of stoma reversal following LAR. We found that 19% of reversed patients were reversed within 4 months of LAR, while 81% of reversals were delayed. In 58% of delayed reversals the delay was due to low priority on surgical waiting lists. Studies II-IV were based on 234 patients randomized to receive a DS or no DS following LAR. Study II compared patients with AL following LAR diagnosed during the initial hospital stay (early leakage, EL) with patients diagnosed after hospital discharge (late leakage, LL). LL was more common in females, and originated more frequently from the transverse stapler line. EL was more common in males, and originated more frequently from the circular stapler line. Study III assessed AF 5 years after LAR with regard to whether patients initially had a DS or no DS. We found no difference in AF between the two randomized groups. When comparing with a 1-year follow-up in the same patient cohort, there were no further changes in AF over time. Study III assessed necessary healthcare resources and cost within 5 years of LAR, depending on whether patients initially had a DS or no DS. The overall cost analysis revealed a higher cost for patients randomized to DS, regardless of the cost-savings associated with a reduced frequency of anastomotic leakage.

Purpose: One relevant aspect for anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery is blood perfusion of both ends of the anastomosis. The clinical evaluation of this issue is limited, but new methods like fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green or non-invasive and contactless hyperspectral imaging have evolved as objective parameters for perfusion evaluation. Methods: In this prospective, non-randomized, open-label and two-arm study, fluorescence angiography and hyperspectral imaging were compared in 32 consecutive patients with each other and with the clinical assessment by the surgeon. After preparation of the bowel and determination of the surgical resection line, the tissue was evaluated with hyperspectral imaging for 5 minutes before and after cutting the marginal artery and assessed by 6 hyperspectral pictures followed by fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green. Results: In 30 of 32 patients the image data could be evaluated and compared. Both methods provided a comparable borderline between well perfused and poorly perfused tissue (p = 0.704). In 15 cases, the surgical resection line was shifted to the central position due to the imaging. The border zone was sharper in fluorescence angiography and was best assessed 31sec after injection. With hyperspectral imaging, the border zone was visualized wider and with more differences between proximal and distal border. Conclusion: Hyperspectral imaging and fluorencence angiography provide similar results in determining the perfusion border. Both methods allow a good and safe visualization of the blood perfusion at the central resection margin to create a well-perfused anastomosis.:Abbildungsverzeichnis II Abkürzungsverzeichnis III 1. Einleitung 1 1.1 Anastomoseninsuffizienz 1 1.2 Hyperspektralbildgebung 2 Methodik und technische Daten 2 1.3 Fluoreszenzangiographie mit Indocyaningrün 4 Methodik und technische Daten 4 Anwendungsgebiet 6 1.4 Chirurgische Technik 6 1.5 Studiendesign und intraoperative Bildgebung 7 1.6 Bisherige Ergebnisse 10 2. Publikation 12 3. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 21 4. Literaturverzeichnis IV 5. Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags VIII 6. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit IX 7. Danksagung X

Background: Metastases to the pancreas are rare, accounting for less then 2 % of all pancreatic malignancies. However, both the benefit of extended tumor resection and the ideal oncological approach have not been established for such cases; therefore, we evaluated patients with metastasis to the pancreas who underwent pancreatic resection. Methods: Between 1994 and 2012, 676 patients underwent pancreatic surgery in our institution. We retrospectively reviewed patients’ medical records according to survival, and surgical and non-surgical complications. Student’s t-test and the log-rank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Eighteen patients (2.7 %) received resection for pancreatic metastases (12 multivisceral resections and 6 standard resections). The pancreatic metastases originated from renal cell carcinoma (n = 10), malignant melanoma (n = 2), neuroendocrine tumor of the ileum (n = 1), sarcoma (n = 1), colon cancer (n = 1), gallbladder cancer (n = 1), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (n = 1), and non-small cell lung cancer (n = 1). The median time between primary malignancy resection to metastasectomy was 83 months (range, 0–228 months). Minor surgical complications (Grade I-IIIa) occurred in six patients (33.3 %) whereas major surgical complications (Grade IIIb-V) occurred in three patients (16.6 %). No patients died during hospitalization. The median follow-up was 76 months (range, 10–165 months). One-year, 3-year and 5-year survival for standard resection versus multivisceral resection was 83, 50, and 56 % versus 83, 66, and 50, respectively. Twelve patients died after a median of 26 months (range, 5–55 months). Conclusions: A surgical approach with curative intent is justified in select patients suffering from metastases to the pancreas and offers good long-term survival. The resection of pancreatic metastases of different tumor types was associated with favorable morbidity and mortality when compared with resection of the primary pancreatic malignancies. Our findings also demonstrated that multivisceral resection was feasible, with acceptable long term outcomes, even though morbidity rates tended to be higher after multivisceral resection than after standard resection.

Background: The value of liver-directed therapy (LDT) in patients with metastasic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) is still an active field of research, particularly in the era of tyrosinkinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Methods: The records of 35 patients with MRCC undergoing LDT of metastasic liver lesions between 1992 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Immediate postoperative TKI was given in a subgroup of patients after LDT for metastasic lesions. Uni- and multivariate models were applied to assess overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Results: Following primary tumor (renal cell cancer) resection and LDT, respectively, median OS was better for a total of 16 patients (41 %) receiving immediate postoperative TKI with 151 and 98 months, when compared to patients without TKI therapy with 61 (p = 0.003) and 40 months (p = 0.032). Immediate postoperative TKI was associated with better median PFS (47 months versus 19 months; p = 0.023), whereas in DFS only a trend was observed (51 months versus 19 months; p = 0.110). Conclusions: LDT should be considered as a suitable additive tool in the era of TKI therapy of MRCC to the liver. In this context, postoperative TKI therapy seems to be associated with better OS and PFS, but not DFS.

In Zeiten einer wachsenden Zahl jährlich inserierter dentaler Implantate rückt der Erhalt von Zähnen mit unsicherer Prognose oftmals in den Hintergrund. Dies betrifft u. a. furkationsbefallene Zähne, im Speziellen, wenn der Befall fortgeschritten ist und/oder Molaren des Oberkiefers betrifft. Die in der Vergangenheit angewandte Therapie dieser Zähne mittels Entfernung einer oder mehrerer Wurzeln mitsamt des koronalen Anteils, der Hemisektion bzw. Trisektion, wird seltener genutzt. Nicht nur gegenüber der Extraktion und der darauffolgenden implantatbasierten prothetischen Versorgung hat sie ihren Wert eingebüßt, auch jüngere Behandlungsformen, wie z. B. die Guided Tissue Regeneration, konkurrieren mit ihr. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Frage, welche Stellung die Hemisektion/Trisektion gegenüber Implantaten auf Grund der heutigen Datenlage einnimmt. Daneben werden weitere mögliche Behandlungsoptionen analysiert und der Hemisektion/Trisektion gegenübergestellt. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beinhaltet die Anleitung zur Hemisektion/Trisektion und ihre Anwendung in einem dokumentierten Patientenfall. Schlüsselartikel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Veröffentlichung von Fugazotto (2001). Um zusätzliche Informationen zu beschaffen, wurden verschiedene Institutionen und Fachgesellschaften konsultiert. Hierunter fielen u. a. die Kassenzahnärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KZBV 2018), die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde e. V. (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zahn- Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (DGZMK) 2005) und das Statistische Bundesamt (Destatis) in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) (GBE des Bundes 2020). Der theoretische Part des zweitens Teils basiert maßgeblich auf Yuodelis Erkenntnissen, publiziert in dem Lehrbuch „Periodontal Disease“ (Schluger et al. op. 1977).

Background: The goal of the study was to evaluate the masticatory efficacy in patients who had been provided with resection prostheses after tumor removal in the maxillary/ mandibular region. These patients complained of impairment of masticatory function. Patients and Methods: 3 groups of patients were compared under clinical-experimental conditions. A uniform chewing material was masticated by the participants under standardized conditions. A sieving procedure was used to evaluate the masticatory efficacy. Analysis of the particle sizes and particle masses obtained was performed with the aid of computers. Results: The results showed that the masticatory efficacy of the patients with resection prostheses was the lowest of the 3 groups compared. The number of existing supporting zones and the location of the defect were found to be important influencing factors. Recording of the dietary habits of all patients was performed using a standardized dietary questionnaire. These data were analyzed using the corresponding software of the German Nutrition Society. With regard to the patients with resection prostheses, it was revealed that they often switched to food that did not require mastication. Conclusions: A nutritional guideline for patients with resection prostheses was developed, which is available for downloading free of charge on the Internet. / Hintergrund: Ziel der Untersuchung war die Prüfung der Kaueffektivität bei Patienten, die mit Resektionsprothesen nach Tumorentfernung im Kieferbereich versorgt worden waren. Diese Patienten klagten über eine Einschränkung der mastikatorischen Funktion. Patienten und Methoden: Unter klinisch xperimentellen Bedingungen erfolgte der Vergleich von 3 Patientengruppen. Unter standardisierten Bedingungen zerkleinerten die Patienten einheitliches Kaugut. Zur Bewertung der Kaueffektivität wurde ein Siebverfahren eingesetzt. Die Auswertung der ermittelten Partikelgrößen und Partikelmassen erfolgte computergestützt. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass im Vergleich der 3 Gruppen die Kaueffektivität der Patienten mit Resektionsprothesen am geringsten war. Die Zahl der vorhandenen Stützzonen des Restgebisses und die Defektlokalisation wurden als bedeutsame Einflussfaktoren ermittelt. Die Erfassung der Ernährungsgewohnheiten aller Patienten erfolgte mittels eines standardisierten Ernährungsfragebogens. Diese Daten wurden mit der zugehörigen Software der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährung ausgewertet. Bei den Patienten mit Resektionsprothesen zeigte sich, dass diese auf Nahrungsmittel ausweichen, die kein Kauen erfordern. Schlussfolgerungen: Es wurde eine Ernährungsrichtlinie für Patienten mit Resektionsprothesen abgeleitet, die zum kostenfreien Herunterladen im Internet zur Verfügung steht. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Background: Pancreatic métastases from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are clinically rare but highly resectable. The aim of this article is to identify patients who profit from pancreatic resection of RCC despite the invasiveness of the surgery. Methods: Between January 1996 and December 2007, data from 744 patients were collected in a prospective pancreatic surgery database, and patients with metastasis into the pancreas from RCC were identified. Results: Resective surgery was performed in 14 patients with metastasis to the pancreas from RCC. Most patients were clinically asymptomatic. The median interval between primary treatment of RCC and occurrence of pancreatic metastasis was 94 months (range 32–158). The morbidity rate was 42.8%. Patients with a metastasis size <2.5 cm had a much better survival after resection (100 months) than those with a metastasis size >2.5 cm (44 months). Moreover, the number of métastases predicts the survival after resection. Conclusions: In patients with pancreatic métastases from RCC who have only limited disease, complete resection of all lesions can be successfully performed with a low rate of complications. Thus, patients with a history of RCC should be monitored for more than 10 years after nephrectomy to detect recurrence. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.