The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between reserved seats for ethnic groups in national legislatures and corruption. In 2008, over 30 countries were reserving seats for ethnic groups in their national legislature. The share of seats that was reserved ranged from a 2 percent reserved seats arrangement for a small ethnic minority, to a 100 percent reserved seats power-sharing arrangement between two or more ethnic groups. By applying theories of informal power, this essay hypothesizes that reserving seats reduces corruption. In contrast to the theory, an initial bivariate regression shows that reserved seats are associated with higher levels of corruption. However, when controlling for conflict history, democracy, ethnic fractionalization, GDP/capita, fuel exports, newspaper circulation, and region, this association turns into a negative one, indicating that reserved seats might reduce corruption. The main finding of the study is that having less than 25 percent of the total amount of legislative seats reserved for ethnic groups reduces corruption more than having no reserved seats at all or more than 25 percent reserved seats. This suggests that certain types of reserved seats arrangements are useful for fighting corruption.

O propósito deste trabalho foi o de investigar a formação superior de professores indígenas em matemática no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Especificamente três aspectos dentro dessa formação: por que os estudantes indígenas escolhem o curso de licenciatura em matemática, quais são suas maiores dificuldades na 1ª série do curso e por que acabam desistindo dele. Utilizei a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, com a aplicação de questionários aos graduandos indígenas de diferentes instituições de ensino superior do estado; formei um grupo de estudos com graduandos da 1ª série do Curso de Licenciatura em Matemática da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul UEMS/Dourados e realizei entrevistas com alguns alunos desistentes desse curso. Essa Instituição oferece em seus vestibulares a possibilidade de acesso aos indígenas pelo regime de reserva de vagas cotas - nos vestibulares, mas não tem conseguido assegurar a conclusão desses cotistas no curso de matemática. Constatei, pelos questionários, que os estudantes indígenas escolhem a licenciatura em matemática porque é um curso que oferece possibilidade de trabalho nas escolas das aldeias e pela preocupação em, depois de formado, poder ensinar uma matemática mais contextualizada, dentre outros aspectos. No grupo de estudos foi possível verificar que os alunos têm muita dificuldade com o conteúdo específico, fato também aparente nas entrevistas com os desistentes. Alguns deles relataram que deixaram o curso por causa dessa dificuldade, aliada ao fato de o curso de matemática não ser a graduação que gostariam de fazer como primeira opção, mas por ser a mais oportuna, tendo em vista diversos fatores. Para a realização desta pesquisa procurei suporte teórico no Programa Etnomatemática que, no contexto da formação de professores, se coloca como possibilidade de interação, de respeito ao outro - etnicamente diferenciado - e como suporte intelectual para ações que possibilitem o diálogo intercultural. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the higher education of native Brazilian teachers in mathematics in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in particular three aspects of training: why these students choose to take degree in mathematics, what are the major difficulties in the 1st grade of the course and why do they end up leaving it. I used a qualitative approach, with questionnaires to indigenous students from different institutions of higher education in the state, formed a study group with students from the 1st grade of the Degree in Mathematics from Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS / Dourados and held interviews with some dropouts from this course. This institution offers in their SATs the possibility to gain access to the Indian people by a system of reserved places - quota - but has failed to ensure the completion of these quotistas in the course of mathematics. I found, in the questionnaires, the Indian students choose a degree in mathematics because it is a course that offers the possibility of working in the village schools and because of the concern of, after graduating, teaching a more contextualized mathematics, among other things. In the study group it was possible to verify that students have great difficulty with the specific content, which was also an apparent fact in the interviews with the dropouts. Some of them reported that they left the course because of this difficulty, attached with the fact that the math course wasnt what they would like to take as a first option, but they chose it for being the most convenient in many aspects. For this research I sought theoretical support in the Ethnomathematics Program which, in the context of teachers training, offers a chance to interact with respect one to another - ethnically different - and as intellectual support for For actions that enable intercultural dialogue

O propósito deste trabalho foi o de investigar a formação superior de professores indígenas em matemática no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Especificamente três aspectos dentro dessa formação: por que os estudantes indígenas escolhem o curso de licenciatura em matemática, quais são suas maiores dificuldades na 1ª série do curso e por que acabam desistindo dele. Utilizei a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, com a aplicação de questionários aos graduandos indígenas de diferentes instituições de ensino superior do estado; formei um grupo de estudos com graduandos da 1ª série do Curso de Licenciatura em Matemática da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul UEMS/Dourados e realizei entrevistas com alguns alunos desistentes desse curso. Essa Instituição oferece em seus vestibulares a possibilidade de acesso aos indígenas pelo regime de reserva de vagas cotas - nos vestibulares, mas não tem conseguido assegurar a conclusão desses cotistas no curso de matemática. Constatei, pelos questionários, que os estudantes indígenas escolhem a licenciatura em matemática porque é um curso que oferece possibilidade de trabalho nas escolas das aldeias e pela preocupação em, depois de formado, poder ensinar uma matemática mais contextualizada, dentre outros aspectos. No grupo de estudos foi possível verificar que os alunos têm muita dificuldade com o conteúdo específico, fato também aparente nas entrevistas com os desistentes. Alguns deles relataram que deixaram o curso por causa dessa dificuldade, aliada ao fato de o curso de matemática não ser a graduação que gostariam de fazer como primeira opção, mas por ser a mais oportuna, tendo em vista diversos fatores. Para a realização desta pesquisa procurei suporte teórico no Programa Etnomatemática que, no contexto da formação de professores, se coloca como possibilidade de interação, de respeito ao outro - etnicamente diferenciado - e como suporte intelectual para ações que possibilitem o diálogo intercultural. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the higher education of native Brazilian teachers in mathematics in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in particular three aspects of training: why these students choose to take degree in mathematics, what are the major difficulties in the 1st grade of the course and why do they end up leaving it. I used a qualitative approach, with questionnaires to indigenous students from different institutions of higher education in the state, formed a study group with students from the 1st grade of the Degree in Mathematics from Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS / Dourados and held interviews with some dropouts from this course. This institution offers in their SATs the possibility to gain access to the Indian people by a system of reserved places - quota - but has failed to ensure the completion of these quotistas in the course of mathematics. I found, in the questionnaires, the Indian students choose a degree in mathematics because it is a course that offers the possibility of working in the village schools and because of the concern of, after graduating, teaching a more contextualized mathematics, among other things. In the study group it was possible to verify that students have great difficulty with the specific content, which was also an apparent fact in the interviews with the dropouts. Some of them reported that they left the course because of this difficulty, attached with the fact that the math course wasnt what they would like to take as a first option, but they chose it for being the most convenient in many aspects. For this research I sought theoretical support in the Ethnomathematics Program which, in the context of teachers training, offers a chance to interact with respect one to another - ethnically different - and as intellectual support for For actions that enable intercultural dialogue

In early 1971, a year before he abandoned the art world, the American art dealer and independent curator Seth Siegelaub (1941-2013) published The Artist’s Reserved Rights Transfer and Sale Agreement (ARRTSA) in New York. Its stated aim was to change the power relations on the art market more in favor of the artists. This study departs from the observation that despite being a seemingly ideal way to assert artist’s rights, ARRTSA has only been used by a few artists. While the reason for this reluctance has not been sufficiently researched, my study also shows that there is a lack of academic work that considers this area of research in art history. In order to shed light on this field I am using Fairclough’s theory and by applying his dialectical method of Critical Discourse Analysis, I examine the discourses in which ARRTSA is included as a particular discourse and event. The analysis of Siegelaub’s practice and position in combination with a close linguistic analysis of his introductory text highlights aspects and dimensions that have been previously occluded or under- acknowledged. The result of the analysis shows that the discourse stresses solidarity, insistence and consistency for artists and makes a moral appeal to collectors, but the text also reproduces the idiosyncratic energy and ambiguities that was surrounding his driven persona. I argue that despite all the purported benefits of ARRTSA, artists are instilled with a sense of uncertainty and risk, because it becomes apparent how informal and unregulated the art world is and how the art market-logic yields more power than the artist. Hence, the idea of pursuing artist’s rights through the use of written agreements remains largely unexplored.

The aim of this thesis is to define fast fashion as a trend in the contemporary retailing with a deeper focus on the Czech market. It provides an analysis and further comparison of marketing strategies and business activities of five chosen retailers (C&A, H&M, Marks&Spencer, Reserved and ZARA) who are mutual competitors on both, domestic and foreign markets. The empirical part presents information about Czech consumers and their perception of the marketing strategies that particular companies apply in the Czech Republic.

The Diploma thesis in theoretical part deals with description of possibilities of accumulations of electricity energy focusing on electrochemical accumulators. Next chapter of theory also describes possible applications of battery storages focusing on costumer. In practical part diploma thesis deals with suggestion of simulation model for battery application peak-shaving. Output of the suggestion represents two case studies based on real data of commercial building consumption. Furthermore, practical part also deals with suggestion of control logic for application peak-shaving which was used for verification of simulation model.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21801号 / 農博第2314号 / 新制||農||1065(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H31||N5173(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 神﨑 護, 教授 北島 薫, 教授 大澤 晃 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

原住民族長期生活於山村地區，有著特殊民族文化維繫個人或團體間長期的互動，惟日本時期沿襲迄今的保留地制度，無論是空間區位的選擇或增劃編地點的決定，原住民族毫無參與的餘地，導致無法妥善勘選區位適當的土地作為原住民保留地使用，進而使文化傳承、經濟生活所依賴的母土逐漸流失；近年來受國外原住民保留地經營管理成功案例的激勵及民族意識的興起下，原住民發起三次還我土地運動，而政府部門在增劃編的回應中，也認真的思索保留地興革的建議，遂在學者專家及原住民族菁英的討論過程，凝聚回復傳統產權共有舊制的共識。 　　憲法增修條文第十條第十二項對原住民族基本權的規範，含有「制度保障」之意涵，因此原住民族土地管理法規，是有提昇為法律位階之必要性，爰由內政部研定「原住民族土地開發管理條例」草案，刻正依法定程序送請立法院審議中。按該條例草案異於前之管理辦法者，在於增加了「原住民族保留區」的制度設計，新制在原住民族社會已有共識，惟尚缺乏個案研究的實證分析，因此難以辨別制度可能引發的後遺症，爰有本研究就桃源鄉進行個案分析驗證。 　　本研究以國外學者Elinor Ostrom在制度經濟學對共用資源共管機制的制度設計原則，來檢驗分析個案在保留區新制實施過程中，可能衍生的問題，以實地問卷訪談的方式進行調查；嗣經得知劃設原住民族保留區可以解決桃源鄉現存的保留地問題，而劃設地點以該鄉梅山村及寶山村最適宜，惟應建立一套劃設指標據以實施且應有相關配套措施，最後根據當地原住民的意見反應，證明集體決策理論觀點，適合運用在劃設原住民族保留區的決策過程。 　　此外，在後續研究的部分，本研究亦建議：桃源鄉小規模群體自主治理的資源利用方式，可否全面運用到保留區新制，有待與其他個案比較分析及探討，而欲達此政策目的，必須選定實驗區域，進行試驗及檢討，方得確保制度設計成為法律後，能夠彌補現行保留地措施肇致政府失靈與市場失靈的缺失。 / Taiwan indigenous people have lived in mountainous area for centuries. The interactions between their individuals and groups are regulated by specific cultures. However, the Reserved Land Institution began with Japan Colonist Era does not allow indigenous people to chose the place they live in by themselves. It made improper zoning. urthermore, it led to the land, which had supported their cultural and economic life lapsed gradually. In past twenty years, encouraged by the international indigenous movements and domestic ideology wakening, Taiwan indigenous people had held the Return My Land Demonstrations for three times. Government began to deliberate the reform of Indigenous Reserved Land Institution, and acquired conclusions after long-term discussion between government, scholars and indigenous elites. One of the conclusions is to revert to the traditional land tenure co-owning institution. 　　According to the Added Article of the Constitution (article 10, item 12) , this country has obligation to protect the basic rights of indigenous people with formal institutions. It means the Indigenous Reserved Land Developing and Managing Regulation needs to be promoted to a formal law. At this moment, The Legislative Yuan is deliberating the Indigenous Reserved Land Developing and Managing Law drafted by the Exclusive Yuan. A new designing named Reserved Area was made in it. This new designing was agreed by most of indigenous people. However, there is no empirical analysis to it and its side effect so far. Therefore, this research examined the Reserved Area Institution by case study in Taoyuan Township of Kaohsiung County. 　　The theoretical basis of this research is the institution designing principles of common pool resources self-governance, which addressed by Elinor Ostrom. Meanwhile, the investigation was processed by questionnaires. After the analysis, this research pointed that Indigenous Reserved Area Institution can solve the problems of Reserved land in Taoyuan Township now. The most proper locations of Indigenous Reserved Area are May-Shan and Pao-Shan villages. In farther step, it needs relative supporting measures and concrete area setting index. Beside, base on the responses of local residences, the research proved that Collective Action Theory is proper to be applied in the decision making process of setting the Indigenous Reserved Area. 　　In the end, the research suggested: the way people in Taoyuan Township governing their resource is not definitely proper to other indigenous groups. The precondition of implementing the new designing is to make more case tudies, compares and analysis. It is necessary to have small-scale experiments in advance. In the way, it can just correct the market failure and government failure caused by on going regulation when the new designing becomes a formal new law.

In this article the author develops a jurisprudential analysis of the right to negative freedom of association, as an essential part of the right to freedom of association, and how certain agreements, concluded within the framework of collective bargaining, contain provisions that go against the principle non-discrimination. Such agreements are declared null and void, and sometimes are admitted and incorporated into the constitutionality and legality. Based on typical cases will be discussed in which situations the agreements concluded by unions violate the right to negative freedom of association of the unaffiliated and become a discriminatory act and an unjustified pressure to join a union. / En el presente artículo se desarrolla un análisis jurisprudencial del derecho a la libertad sindical negativa, como parte esencial del derecho a la libertad sindical, y cómo ciertos acuerdos, concluidos en el marco de la negociación colectiva, contienen disposiciones que van en contra del principio de no discriminación. Dichos acuerdos son declarados nulos y sin efectos, y en otras ocasiones son admitidas e incardinados dentro de la constitucionalidad y legalidad. Sobre la base de casos paradigmáticos se expondrá en qué situaciones los acuerdos celebrados por los sindicatos atentan contra el derecho de libertad sindical negativa de los no afiliados y devienen en un acto discriminatorio y una presión injustificada a afiliarse a un sindicato.

Le syndrome métabolique (SM) est associé avec une augmentation du risque de survenue d’évènements cardiovasculaires et plus particulièrement d’insuffisance cardiaque à fraction d’éjection préservée (ICFEp). L’ICFEp représente environ 50% des IC totales, cependant, à ce jour, aucun traitement n’a permis de diminuer significativement la mortalité. L’ICFEp associée au SM, bien que d’origine multifactorielle, est caractérisée par une activation du système endothélinergique, une surexpression du récepteur minéralocorticoïde ainsi qu’une dysfonction mitochondriale participant à l’établissement et au maintien de la pathologie. Nous avons évalué dans trois études distinctes les effets à court-terme (1 semaine) et long-terme (3 mois) de trois médicaments ciblant ces systèmes biologiques, sur les dysfonctions cardiovasculaires observées dans un modèle d’ICFEp associée au SM, le rat Zucker fa/fa. Ainsi nous avons utilisé un antagoniste des récepteurs de l’endothéline, le macitentan, un antagoniste du récepteur minéralocorticoide, la finérénone, ainsi que d’une molécule diminuant la dysfonction mitochondriale, l’iméglimine. Dans les trois études à court-terme nous avons retrouvé une amélioration de la dysfonction diastolique, une augmentation de la perfusion cardiaque ainsi qu’une restauration de la relaxation coronaire endothélium dépendante. Ces améliorations étaient associées à une diminution de la production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène au niveau du ventricule gauche. Dans les trois études à long-terme nous avons obtenus les mêmes résultats sur les fonctions vasculaire et cardiaque avec au niveau structurel une diminution du collagène interstitiel cardiaque. La production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène était également diminuée avec les trois traitements Cette étude montre que, dans un modèle d’ICFEp associée au SM, le blocage des récepteurs de l’endothéline ou du récepteur minéralocorticoide, ou la prévention de la dysfonction mitochondriale permettent d’améliorer les dysfonctions cardiaque et vasculaire probablement via une diminution du stress oxydant / Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular adverse events and specifically with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HFpEF represents up to 50% of HF however, no treatment effective on mortality has been yet identified. MS related-HFpEF is a multifactorial syndrome in which an increase in endothelin signaling, in mineralocorticoid receptor activation as well as mitochondria dysfunction is found and participate to the pathology. The present goal of the thesis was to evaluate in three different projects the effects of short- (1 week) and long-term (3 months) treatments, each targeting one of these biological systems, on cardiovascular dysfunction observed in a rat model of MS associated HFpEF. We have chosen the endothelin receptors antagonist macitentan, the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone and the new glucose-lowering agent imeglimin. Our results clearly show after the short-term studies an improvement in diastolic dysfunction, an increase in myocardial perfusion as well as restoration of endothelium-dependent coronary relaxation with the 3 treatments. All these improvements were associated with a decrease in left ventricular (LV) reactive oxygen species production (ROS). We obtained the same results after the long-term studies with a decrease in LV interstitial collagen deposition. ROS production was also decreased with the 3 components. This study clearly shows that in a rat model of MS related-HFpEF, blocking endothelin receptors or mineralocorticoid receptors as well as preventing mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with an improvement in cardiac and vascular dysfunctions. These improvements probably involve, among other mechanisms, a decrease in oxidative stress.