abstract: This phenomenological qualitative study examines the experiences of volunteer tourism on host communities using social representations theory. The experiences of three stakeholder-groups (community residents, volunteers, and nongovernmental organizations) are considered. Overall objectives of this project are to investigate the following questions: a) what are the effects of volunteer tourism on a community as perceived by different stakeholders; b) what effects do volunteer tourists have on the community compared to other forms of tourism as perceived by different stakeholders; c) how do the various stakeholders perceive the different forms of tourism in communities in which they live or work; and d) why and how do nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) use volunteer tourism as a strategy for their projects. This study attempts to describe and interpret these meanings with a high degree of depth and richness using interviews, observation, and document analysis. Each chapter is written as a stand-alone paper to be published in a journal and describes the perspectives of the three groups interviewed with the final chapter a summary and comparison from all three groups. Findings show that there are both positive and negative impacts of volunteer tourism in favela communities, with the majority of the three groups expressing its positives and its importance to the community. All groups mentioned similar positive and negative elements of volunteer tourism with some elements that were unique to each group. This study also attempted to compare and contrast the differences between volunteer tourism and favela tours. The findings show that volunteer tourism helps recreate the social representations of the favela thereby improving self-esteem in the community, helps breakdown preconceptions, and helps create community pride. The community feels as equals with the volunteers and describes the interactions as friendships, sharing cultural experiences, and exchanging of knowledge. Conversely, all three groups described favela tours as dehumanizing using words like `safari tour' or `zoo tour' and felt that their community was being sold as a commodity. However, the interviews showed that all three groups, although had strong opinions about the ethical implications of favela tours, still felt conflicted when comparing it with some of the potential social and economic benefits that it may bring. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Community Resources and Development 2013

A partir do desencantamento do mundo natural, no século XVI, ocorrem alterações na relação ambiente e sociedade, possibilitando a poluição e depredação do meio para o acumulo de capital. E desde então, o modelo de desenvolvimento, amplamente difundido nas áreas rurais, vem promovendo a degradação ambiental e fragmentação florestal. Esta, por sua vez, está diretamente relacionada com a tomada de decisão dos moradores das áreas rurais, em suas práticas, sendo esta condicionada ao sistema cultural vigente. A hipótese testada foi de que quanto maior é a relação dos moradores das propriedades rurais com o mercado e a vida urbana, menor é a conservação dos fragmentos florestais e o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação existente entre as práticas dos moradores rurais do município de Jacareí e a presença dos fragmentos. Pretendeu-se também identificar quais práticas seriam compatíveis com os pressupostos de sustentabilidade, em suas diferentes dimensões, numa realidade concreta, de tal modo que tal análise pudesse contribuir como subsídios para propostas de políticas públicas voltadas para esse enfoque. Realizou-se um estudo de caso da área rural de Jacareí onde foram selecionadas 6 propriedades rurais localizadas em 10 estradas principais do município, totalizando uma amostra de 60 unidades. A escolha das propriedades foi aleatória, sendo realizada entrevista semi-estruturada e observação in loco dos fragmentos e quintais florestais. Identificou-se que existem práticas que podem contribuir para a não conservação e ou/preença dos fragmentos florestais, principalmente naquelas propriedades relacionadas com o mercado, com monocultivo e também aquelas de lazer. Observou-se também que existem também diferentes culturas e práticas que contribuem com a conservação dos atributos naturais e dos fragmentos florestais, como os policultivos e os sistemas agroflorestais, alem da agricultura familiar, que estão inseridas em uma perspectiva ambiental da sustentabilidade. Foi possível estabelecer que as estratégias para alcançá-la implicam na ampliação e valorização da agricultura familiar e dos sistemas agroflorestais ali existentes. Estas estratégias constituem-se o ponto de partida para o planejamento de políticas públicas voltadas ao meio rural sendo necessário também considerar os aspectos que privilegiam as outras dimensões da sustentabilidade, além da ecológica. / From the disenchantment of the natural world in the sixteenth century, changes in the environment and society relationship occurred, allowing pollution and depredation of the environment for the accumulation of capital. And since then, the development model, widespread in rural areas, has been promoting environmental degradation and forest fragmentation. This, in turn, is directly related to the decision making of the residents of rural areas in their practice, which is subject to prevailing cultural system. The hypothesis tested was that the greater the ratio of residents of rural properties with the market and urban life, lower conservation of forest fragments and objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between practices of rural residents of the municipality of Jacarei and conservation of fragments. Also, to identify which practices would be consistent with the assumptions of sustainability in its various dimensions, in reality, so that this analysis could contribute as grants for proposals for public policies that focus. We conducted a case study of the rural area where Jacarei 6 were selected farms located in 10 major roads of the city, in a sample of 60 units. The choice of properties was random, semi-structured interviews and on-site observation of forest fragments and backyards being held. It was identified that there are practices that do not promote the conservation of forest fragments, especially those properties related to the market, and also those with monoculture leisure. It was also observed that there are different cultures and practices that promote the conservation of natural attributes and forest fragments, as polycultures and agroforestry systems beyond the family farm, that are inserted into an environmental sustainability perspective. It was possible to establish that the strategies to achieve it imply the expansion and enhancement of family agriculture and agroforestry therein. These strategies constitute the starting point for planning aimed at rural public policy is also necessary to consider the aspects that favor the other dimensions of sustainability, ecological beyond.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-06T12:28:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Revisada Marcos Allan para CD-ROM.pdf: 4270543 bytes, checksum: 968c2d6b80b30592e132cbf7d03ec8e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T12:28:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Revisada Marcos Allan para CD-ROM.pdf: 4270543 bytes, checksum: 968c2d6b80b30592e132cbf7d03ec8e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / CNPq / O bairro enquanto lócus de acumulação histórico social é promotor de diversas nuances na cidade e dentro dessas pode-se destacar as condições de paisagem e de lugar, ambas caracterizadas e vivenciadas pelas ações dos sujeitos, esses aqui sendo considerados promotores de diversidades no espaço geográfico. Neste contexto acima introduzido e buscando meandros da interpretação do bairro do Socorro em Juazeiro do Norte - Ceará, observa-se que esta pesquisa tem como base contribuições da Geografia Cultural, tentando principalmente fazer um debate acerca dos aspectos da paisagem no recorte do bairro e dentro disso tentando entender como os sujeitos presentes neste contexto se dispõem e conduzem suas ações. Este trabalho busca uma construção que permeia um contexto de diversidades presentes na cidade de Juazeiro e no bairro Socorro, dentre as características desses entes é importante observar que as duas realidades são dinamizadas por aspectos de religiosidade popular, que delineia a maior parte das deliberações presentes tanto na paisagem do bairro quanto da cidade. No decorrer do texto é feito primeiramente um apanhado das condições da paisagem expressas no bairro, a posteriori realiza-se uma inserção com um intuito de entender as intersecções entre a condição de paisagem e a de lugar buscando compreender o papel que os sujeitos romeiros e moradores têm dentro dessa realidade. Ainda buscamos entendimentos que versam sobre as condições dispostas por agentes na promoção de ações públicas na criação e destruição de espaços geossimbólicos do bairro do Socorro. Esse aporte é construído através de pesquisa participante com idas a campo, construção de entrevistas e revisões iconográficas assim como pela construção de novas iconografias que subsidiam a pesquisa. Investigar e Identificar maneiras de interpretar as condições paisagísticas e de lugar de um bairro se consolida como um ato complexo numa realidade humanizada historicamente como o bairro do Socorro. Assim dentro das considerações é importante evidenciar as diferentes condições paisagísticas: de paisagem volatilizada, paisagem viva e paisagem de sazonalidade, ambas se constituindo em unicidade e ao mesmo tempo se construindo em complementariedades, amplamente configuradas de imaginários e materialidades, ambas se dando tanto nos discursos comuns como nos oficiais do estado ou de entes institucionais como igreja. Assim, o bairro do Socorro é animado e dotado de significados tanto pelos sujeitos que o vivenciam como pelos atores sociais que dinamizam essa realidade em nome do estado ou de instituições. / The neighborhood as a locus of social history accumulation is promoter of various nuances in the city and within them we can highlight the conditions of landscape and place both qualified and experienced for the actions of the subjects who are considered here as diversities promoters in geographic space. In this context introduced above and seeking intricacies of interpretation of Socorro neighborhood in Juazeiro do Norte – Ceará, it is observed that this research is based on contributions from the Cultural Geography, mainly trying to have a debate about the landscape aspects into a snip of the neighborhood and within that, trying to understand how the subjects presented in this context are willing and how they conduct their actions. This work seeks a construction that permeates a context of diversity present in the city of Juazeiro and Socorro neighborhood, among the characteristics of these beings is important to note that the two realities are streamlined by aspects of popular religiosity, which outlines most of these deliberations, both in the landscape of the neighborhood as the city. Throughout the text is first made an overview of the landscape conditions expressed in the neighborhood, subsequently we carried out an insert with the intention to understand the intersections between landscape and place conditions trying to understand the role that the subjects pilgrims and locals residents have within that reality. We also seek understandings that deal with conditions laid out by agents in promoting public actions in the creation and destruction of geosimbolical spaces of Socorro neighborhood. This contribution is built through participatory research with field trips, construction of interviews and iconographic reviews, and the construction of new iconography that subsidize research as well. To understand and seek ways of interpreting the landscape and place condition of a neighborhood is consolidated as a complex act in a historically humanized reality as the Socorro neighborhood. Thus, in the final considerations contexts is important to highlight the different landscape conditions: of volatilized landscape, living landscape and seasonal landscape, both constituting in uniqueness and at the same time building on complementarities, widely set of imaginary and materiality, both are giving in the usual discourses as the official state or institutional entities like the church. Thus, the Socorro neighborhood is lively and endowed with meanings both by the subjects who experience it as the social actors that streamline this reality in the name of the state or institutions.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T15:33:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruno Air Machado da Silva - 2017.pdf: 1638694 bytes, checksum: 6608b9d204c056e2c7c1f256a6e6ae14 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T15:33:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruno Air Machado da Silva - 2017.pdf: 1638694 bytes, checksum: 6608b9d204c056e2c7c1f256a6e6ae14 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-08T15:33:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruno Air Machado da Silva - 2017.pdf: 1638694 bytes, checksum: 6608b9d204c056e2c7c1f256a6e6ae14 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Introduction: The ability to perform physical exam is essential in clinical practice in any medicine field. Observation, teaching and performing the physical examination is often poorly emphasized during the residency of Orthopedics and Traumatology. In order to promote staff’s observation American Boar of Internal Medicine proposed the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (mini-CEX). Our goal is assess Orthopaedic and Traumatology’s resident, using min-CEx, focusing on physical exam performance. Methods: It is study quantitative, transversal, descriptive and exploratory. The data were obtained using questionnaire and mini-Cex from March to June 2016, in four meetings. 21 residents were evaluated, totalizing 84 assessments. The evolution of the residents (R1, R2 and R3) evaluated by the Mini Cex was performed based on the Friedman test, followed by the analysis of multiple PosHoc comparisons. The comparative analysis of the assessments according to the resident's year at each meeting was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the analysis of multiple PosHoc comparisons. Results: Through the Beran questionnaire, 81% of residents reported never / rarely or occasionally having been observed and criticized when performing the clinical examination. It was found that the residents presented a satisfactory result in the assessment of their clinical competences, in a scale ranging from 1 to 9. The scores obtained in the physical examination in mean ± standard deviation were 4,00 ± 1.89 for R1 (first year resident), 5.00 ± 1.82 for R2 (second year resident) and 5.09 ± 1.84 for R3 (third year resident). In the clinical history the scores were; 3.96 ± 2.08 for R1, 5.29 ± 1.63 for R2 and 5.56 ± 1.78 for R3. In the clinical reasoning we had 4.82 ± 1.63 for the R1, 6,13 ± 1,48 for the R2 and 6,31 ± 1,47 for the R3. It was observed a high satisfaction of the evaluated residents (R1 - 8.79 ± 0.63, R2 - 8.71 ± 0.46 and R3 - 8.78 ± 0.49), staffs were also satisfied (R1 - 8,15 ± 0,99; R2 - 8,21 ± 0,98; R3 - 8,38 ± 0,75). Despite satisfactory performance, there were some gaps in physical examination learning. In 75% of the evaluations performed, the residents had trouble in special orthopedic tests, 65.5% were not able to identify specific signs of physical examination that could assist in the diagnosis, and 91.7% did not follow a logical and effective order. Conclusion: The evaluation of the resident of Orthopedics and Traumatology through the mini-CEX was satisfactory, however learning gaps were identified especially in the physical examination. Educational intervention is suggested / Introdução: A habilidade em realizar o exame físico é essencial na prática clínica em qualquer campo da medicina. O ensino, a realização e observação do exame físico, frequentemente, são pouco enfatizados durante a residência de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. No intuito de encorajar a observação a ser realizada pelo preceptor, a comissão americana de medicina interna propôs o “Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise” (mini-CEX). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as habilidades clínicas dos residentes da Ortopedia e Traumatologia, usando o método mini-CEX. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, logitudinal, descritivo e exploratório. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do questionário de Beran e da aplicação do instrumento mini-CEX no período de março a junho de 2016, em quatro encontros realizados uma vez por mês. Foi avaliado um total de 21 residentes, totalizando 84 avaliações. A evolução dos residentes (R1, R2 e R3) avaliada pelo mini-CEX foi realizada com base no teste de Friedman, seguido da análise de múltiplas comparações PosHoc. A análise comparativa das avaliações de acordo com o ano do residente em cada encontro foi realizada utilizando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido da análise de múltiplas comparações PosHoc. Resultados: Por meio do questionário de Beran e cols., 81% dos residentes relataram nunca/raramente ou ocasionalmente terem sidos observados e aconselhados quando realizam o exame clínico. Foi constatado que os residentes apresentaram resultado satisfatório na avaliação de suas competências clínicas, em uma escala variando de 1 a 9. As notas obtidas no exame físico em média ± desvio padrão foi de 4,00 ± 1,89 para os R1; 5,00 ± 1,82 para os R2 e 5,09 ± 1,84 para os R3. Já na história clínica as notas foram: 3,96 ± 2,08 para os R1; 5,29 ± 1,63 para os R2 e 5,56 ± 1,78 para os R3. No raciocínio clínico tivemos 4,82 ± 1,63 para os R1; 6,13 ± 1,48 para os R2 e 6,31 ± 1,47 para os R3. Foi constatado uma alta satisfação dos residentes avaliados com o instrumento (R1 - 8,79 ± 0,63; R2 - 8,71 ± 0,46 e R3 - 8,78 ± 0,49), assim como dos preceptores (R1 - 8,15 ± 0,99; R2 - 8,21 ± 0,98; R3 - 8,38 ± 0,75) . Apesar de um desempenho satisfatório, foram constatadas algumas lacunas no aprendizado do exame físico. Em 75% das avalições realizadas, os residentes apresentaram deficiências nos testes ortopédicos especiais, 65,5% não foram capazes de identificar sinais específicos que do exame físico que pudessem auxiliar no diagnóstico e 91,7% não seguiriam uma ordem lógica e efetiva. Conclusão: A avaliação do residente de Ortopedia e Traumatologia por meio do mini-CEX mostrou-se satisfatória, todavia lacunas de aprendizado foram identificados em especial na realização do exame físico. Sugere-se intervenção educacional.

Abstract Nature-based tourism has increased considerably during recent years, which has raised questions about the tolerance of ecosystems experiencing growing visitor numbers. The present thesis focuses on the ecological and social sustainability of nature-based tourism in protected areas and their surroundings. The objective of the ecological studies was to determine the effects of tourism on vegetation, soils and risk of introduction of alien plant species. The social survey investigated whether opinions concerning nature conservation and tourism by local people are dependent on socio-economic and demographic factors. The studies were carried out in Oulanka and Pallas-Ounastunturi National Parks, and in the Ruka and Syöte regions, in northern Finland. This research demonstrated that nature-based tourism (hiking, horse-riding and skiing) affected boreal forests, altering vegetation, soils and trail networks. The major effects were; reduction in vegetation cover, including of different life-forms, changes in plant species composition, soil chemistry and soil erosion. Trampling decreased plant cover more on slopes compared to flat terrain. Moreover, downward trampling reduced the plant cover more than did upward trampling. In addition, horse riding resulted in the introduction and establishment of a range of alien plant species. In general, ecological changes due to nature-based tourism were inevitable even when there were limited numbers of visitors. Respondents to the survey were classified into three groups according to their opinions concerning nature conservation and tourism development: (i) supporters of nature conservation, (ii) critical to nature conservation and (iii) critical to tourism development. The majority of respondents were supporters of nature conservation. However, opinions were strongly dependent on the socio-demographic background of the respondents, such as residential area, age, level of education and indigenousness. Since the impacts of tourism were dependent on the characteristics of plants and habitats and the quality of activities, case-specific planning, monitoring and rapid responses are the most efficient methods in avoiding irreversible environmental damages. Furthermore, close co-operation between different stakeholders and detailed scientific information about the ecological, economic and social elements of sustainability are needed to promote a sustainable development of nature-based tourism.

As a result of globalisation there are endless business opportunities out there in the business world. South African tax residents may purchase shares in a foreign company as an investment which can lead to that company being effectively controlled in South Africa for South African tax purposes. When a controlled foreign company ceases to be a controlled by South African tax residents it is deemed to have disposed of its assets the day immediately before this event and certain exit tax charges should considered. Sound tax policies are crucial to ensure stability in any tax system. Tax legislation may be amended from time to time in order to ensure this stability in the South African tax system. No research has been done on the practical implication of current amendments to legislation affecting a controlled foreign company when it ceases to be controlled in South Africa as a direct result of the issuing of new equity shares by the controlled foreign company to foreign investors. The aim of this study was to discuss the current amendments to tax legislation affecting controlled foreign companies as well as the practical issues experienced by controlled foreign companies and South African tax residents. Furthermore, the study aims to demonstrate whether South Africa’s tax legislation is in line with the international norm by comparing the literature reviewed, the results of case study and information gathered through interviews to the United Kingdom’s tax legislation. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / hb2014 / Taxation / unrestricted

There has been a significant increase in the number of internet business and e-commerce transactions being entered into over the last couple of years. More recently, the development of virtual worlds on the internet has become a more important feature of the environment businesses operate in. Although the tax consequences of income earned in virtual worlds have been researched in the United States of America before, no research of this kind exists within South Africa. This study extends prior research by performing a critical analysis of the tax treatment from a South African tax perspective. The study’s specific aim was to determine whether income earned by South African residents from structured and unstructured virtual worlds respectively, would qualify as gross income according to the South African Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. The study builds on previous international research performed, but provides a new perspective from a South African point of view. From a theoretical perspective, the study will make a valuable contribution to the application of basic principles of gross income but on a brand new concept which did not exist when the principles were laid down. The study was limited to determine whether the income earned in virtual worlds by South African residents who are taxed on their world wide income, will be included in gross income as defined by the South African Income Tax Act. Capital gains tax consequences were not considered for any transaction where the income was classified to be of a capital nature. The study did not consider which deductions might be available to taxpayers in terms of the income being included in gross income and no detailed discussion were included to determine when a taxpayer would only be considered to engage in virtual worlds as a hobby versus when the taxpayer’s action would constitute a business. Future research can be extended to this very area. This research concluded that most transactions in virtual worlds resulting in income will qualify as gross income under the South African Income Tax Act. At this stage the only possible disqualification in terms of the South African gross income definition appears to be the qualification of income received as, “of a capital nature”. Copyright / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Taxation / unrestricted

Little empirical research has been done on the opportunities presented to the event management profession by the significant growth in the size, scope, length and visibility of the tourism industry, as indicated by hallmark events such as numerous world fairs, festivals and sport events. The aim of this research was to determine the motivational factors that push and pull the local residents of Potchefstroom, South Africa, to attend and participate in the Aardklop National Arts Festival (Aardklop Festival), as well as the situational inhibitors that discourage them from participating in the festival. The specific festival activities they enjoyed most were also identified. The research for this dissertation was undertaken in Potchefstroom where the Aardklop Festival has been held annually since 1998. This is one of the largest arts festivals in South Africa and highly popular on the annual events calendar. The findings of the research are significant as they may promote the sustainability of the Aardklop Festival in South Africa's growing and competitive festival and events market by assisting the festival management to gain greater insight into strategies for profitable marketing and future communication. The research findings may assist event organisers not only to understand the importance of research, but also to consider and understand the needs of the local residents in the host community, since various authors have indicated that these residents play a pivotal role in the sustainability of a festival. Copyright / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Tourism Management / unrestricted

The thesis deals with research of influence of increasing number of residents on municipality's economy situation. Text itself concerns with analysis of municipality's law framework, way of its financing and specification of power, that have agents of every single municipality. Real financial budgets for the period 2001 -- 2011 are checked by using these theoretical information. The goal of the thesis is to find out the financial statement's changes, which relates to increase of residents.

Thesis (M.A. (Sociology)) --University of Limpopo, 2017. / The study sought to investigate the problem of dissatisfaction by residents of Malamulele in Thulamela Local Municipality (LM) with service delivery. The dissatisfaction of the residents manifested in violent protests in Malamulele and surrounding communities where citizens demanded to have their own municipality separate from Thulamela LM. Residents alleged that the Thulamela LM gives preference to Thohoyandou area and surrounding communities on issues of governance and service delivery while neglecting Malamulele. The problem under study was viewed from a social exclusion and relative deprivation points of view, which elucidate possible causes of dissatisfaction and resultant protests. The study adopted a qualitative research design where data was collected through interviews with sampled residents that were purposively selected took into consideration the manner in which the sample would assist in providing data towards achieving the aim and objectives of the study. Data was analysed using the thematic method of analysis where themes and categories emerged to assist in interpreting the data. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made. Some of the key findings were that Malamulele residents were dissatisfied with poor service delivery and poor governance by Thulamela LM, the violent protests were due to poor service delivery and tribalism and poor service delivery, Malamulele residents needed their own municipality, and that the relationship between the Venda-speaking people and Tsonga-speaking people is bad. Some of the key recommendations are leaders should engage communities to manage their hopes and expectations from government, exercising Constitutional rights should not result in devastating government property and violence, and citizens should be consulted in policy-making and other government activities that involve them. It is believed that these recommendations will go a long way to address similar problems and to enhance literature on the ongoing debate on governance and service delivery issues.