Recent decades have witnessed a substantial growth in mega and major sporting events paralleled by an equally dramatic competition amongst countries, towns, cities and stages that eager to host the events (Bull & Lovell, 2007:229). According to Darkey and Horn (2009:77), the hosting of international mega or major sport events in particular and their related tourism activities, presents the host country and its region with a unique opportunity to boost economic growth and social development. South Africa has been the world’s stage in hosting major and mega sports events that drew the world’s attention to this developing country of Southern Africa. The legacy of the Rugby World Cup 1995, the first mega event after the democracy in South Africa in 1994, the Cricket World Cup in 2003, the FIFA Confederations Cup 2009 and the latest FIFA World Cup 2010 are few examples of the opportunities provided by major and mega events (Jago et al., 2010:221). This study was aimed at determining the local residents’ perceptions of the impacts of the Confederations Cup 2009 within the city of Tshwane, as a host city. The data collection took place two (2) months prior to the event in 2009 and it covered nine (9) areas within Tshwane. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA, and the findings indicated that in general the respondents had a neutral perception of the impacts of the Confederations Cup 2009. This study provides future event planners and managers with insight into the hosting of mega and major events in terms of local resident’s support and participation in the event.

The growing trend towards community based urban regeneration schemes has prompted a number of studies examining the participation of local residents within these initiatives. This thesis is one such study, but takes a different perspective from most others, in that it specifically examines the participation of women in urban regeneration. The research adopts a longitudinal, qualitative approach in order to examine the level and depth of participation over a twelve month period in two neighbourhoods of Sheffield, which are in receipt of regeneration funding through the Single Regeneration Budget Challenge Fund. The research has three main findings. First, participation is a complex concept, which may be experienced at a number of levels (non, token, active and activist) and it changes through time. Second, local residents do not appear to be empowered through the regeneration process. Third, there are a number of barriers faced by women considering participation in their neighbourhood. The findings are used to inform the dominant paradigm of urban governance: regime theory. Integrated regime theory is proposed as a more inclusive way of exploring the governance of urban regeneration. The research also contributes to the policy debate by confirming that there is a greater need for the participation of local residents and suggests further ways in which this can be promoted.

Det globala resandet har haft en kraftig positiv ökning de senaste åren och beräknas enligtinternationella bedömningar fortsätta öka med cirka tre procent per år fram till 2030.Turistnäringen växer med andra ord i snabb takt och har kommit att bli en stor inkomstkällaför många länder och i vissa av dem även den största arbetsgivaren. I Sverige omsatteturistnäringen 284,2 miljarder år 2013 och detta är en ökning med 3,9 procent i jämförelsemed föregående år. Som ett resultat av turismens centrala betydelse världen över, anser vi attdet ligger ett intresse i att undersöka hur lokalbefolkningen på en ort påverkas av dess turism.Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur individer bland en orts befolkning påverkas av ortensturism. Avsikten med studien är att skapa ny förståelse och utveckla kunskapen kring hurindivider med olika bakgrund så som sysselsättning, ålder och koppling till turismen uppleveroch påverkas av turism, och därmed bidra till den forskning som redan finns inom området.En kvalitativ metod har använts för att besvara följande forskningsfråga: Hur påverkasindivider på en destination av turism på den egna orten? En fallstudie har genomförts och istudien har Marstrand, beläget i Bohuslän Sverige, använts som medel för att ge svar påforskningsfrågan.Ett flertal positiva och negativa aspekter av turism har identifierats och därefter analyseratsmed hjälp av de teorier som presenterats. Bland annat har TALC-modellen använts för attutläsa i vilken fas Marstrand som destination befinner sig i. Detta då ortsbefolkningens syn påturism kan variera beroende på vilket steg destinationen befinner sig i, samt för att ta reda pådestinationens potentiella utvecklingsmöjligheter. Studien kommer fram till att Marstrandbefinner sig i stagnation fasen under högsäsong och development fasen under lågsäsong.De slutsatser som går att utläsa från studien är att olika individer lägger vikt vid olika aspekterav ortens turism beroende på hur deras livssituation ser ut och vilken koppling de själva hartill turismen i sig. Vidare går studiens resultat i linje med de teorier som presenteras i tidigareforskning, genomförd på andra platser i världen. Trots att studiens omfattning inte ärtillräcklig för att dra några generella slutsatser skulle detta kunna tyda på att individer ur enlokalbefolkning har en liknande syn på turism, oberoende av geografisk plats och landetsutvecklingsgrad. / Global travel has had a strong positive growth in recent years and is forecasted to increase byabout three percent per year until 2030, according to international assessments. The tourismindustry is growing at a rapid pace and has become a major source of income for manycountries, in some the largest employer. In 2013 the Swedish tourism industry had a turnoverof 284,2 billion which is an increase by 3,9 percent compared to the previous year. Due to thecentral importance of tourism worldwide, we believe that there is an interest to investigatehow the local residents at a destination are affected by its tourism. The study aims to examinehow different individuals among the local population are affected by tourism. The purpose ofthe study is to create new understanding and to develop knowledge about how individualswith different backgrounds such as occupation, age and connection to tourism experience andare affected by tourism, and thereby contribute to previous research in the field. A qualitativeresearch method was used to answer the following research question: How are individuals ata destination affected by tourism in their own community? A case study has been completedand the study used Marstrand, situated in Bohuslän Sweden, to answer the research question.Several positive and negative aspects of tourism have been identified and then analysed byusing the theories presented. The TALC model was used to determine which phase Marstrandas a destination is in. This due to the fact that the local residents’ opinion may vary dependingon the phase the destination is in and also to find out the destination´s potential fordevelopment. The study concludes that Marstrand is in the stagnation stage during highseason and the development stage during low season.The result of the study indicates that different individuals put emphasis on different aspects oftourism depending on their life situation and the connection they have to tourism.Furthermore the study shows similar results as presented in recent research made in othercountries. Although the extent of the study is not sufficient enough to draw any generalconclusions, this may indicate that individuals from a local population has a similar view ontourism, regardless of geographic location and the country's level of development.

Little empirical research has been done on the opportunities presented to the event management profession by the significant growth in the size, scope, length and visibility of the tourism industry, as indicated by hallmark events such as numerous world fairs, festivals and sport events. The aim of this research was to determine the motivational factors that push and pull the local residents of Potchefstroom, South Africa, to attend and participate in the Aardklop National Arts Festival (Aardklop Festival), as well as the situational inhibitors that discourage them from participating in the festival. The specific festival activities they enjoyed most were also identified. The research for this dissertation was undertaken in Potchefstroom where the Aardklop Festival has been held annually since 1998. This is one of the largest arts festivals in South Africa and highly popular on the annual events calendar. The findings of the research are significant as they may promote the sustainability of the Aardklop Festival in South Africa's growing and competitive festival and events market by assisting the festival management to gain greater insight into strategies for profitable marketing and future communication. The research findings may assist event organisers not only to understand the importance of research, but also to consider and understand the needs of the local residents in the host community, since various authors have indicated that these residents play a pivotal role in the sustainability of a festival. Copyright / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Tourism Management / unrestricted

This study is an examination of the stadium fever prevailing in Sweden. It is built stadiums in Sweden as never before. The high cost of these constructions end up in the end at the Swedish taxpayers. The study examines through the hedonic pricing of real estate how local residents value the new stadiums. The result indicates that local residents put a positive value in the costly and sumptuous buildings. The study includes 44 stadium constructions in 37 municipalities and is the first of its kind in Sweden. / Denna studie är en granskning av den arenafeber som råder i Sverige. Det byggs idrottsarenor i Sverige som aldrig förr. De stora kostnaderna för dessa byggen hamnar i slutändan hos de svenska skattebetalarna. Studien undersöker genom hedonisk prissättning av fastighetsmarknaden hur kommuninvånarna värderar de nya arenorna. Resultatet indikerar att kommuninvånarna lägger ett positivt värde i de kostsamma och praktfulla byggena. Studien omfattar 44 arenabyggen i 37 kommuner och är den första i sitt slag i Sverige.

休閒農業區係具備了豐富的農業生產與農村文化特色，以及在地獨特農業自然環境資源，開啟其自然、生態與景觀美學潛力，並帶動居民自我認同的理想型農業園區。然各地休閒農業區與鄰近都會型城市相距不遠，加上休憩機會密集下，勢必衝擊休閒農業區環境資源的保育。農業型生態旅遊之推動，亦兼顧農業生態保育及休閒觀光發展等雙重效益，惟如何在休閒農業區內提供更佳的旅遊方式，其先決條件在於地方居民對「生態旅遊」的認知與接受程度。因此，本研究擬針對此一問題加以探討。 　　本研究從居民面向切入，依據生態旅遊及認知與態度等理論之相關文獻探討，建立本研究居民之基本特性與生態旅遊認知與態度等變項間之架構，並以中壢市設籍居民為受訪對象，桃園縣中壢市大崙自然生態休閒農業區計劃案為研究範圍，探討地方居民對休閒農業區推動農業型生態旅遊之認知與態度，並分析不同屬性之居民對生態旅遊之認知與評價，以及其認知與態度間之差異與相關性，俾供政府於休閒農業區規劃政策中，注入生態旅遊活動模式之參考。本研究係採問卷調查方式進行，已回收有效問卷計300份。 　　經本研究實證分析結果發現： 　　休閒農業區亦適合發展成為農耕生態體驗與地方農業人文類之生態旅遊重地，並依受訪居民之問卷後瞭解，中壢居民對農業型生態旅遊之意涵與特性已有相當程度之認知，在接受態度上亦呈現正面與認同，故值得吾等儘早推廣與執行規劃。 　　基於不同基本資料與屬性之居民，對本研究生態旅遊意涵及特性之認知與反應態度間均有些許差異，經營與管理者實應針對不同屬性之中壢居民進行個別教育，並增加相關活動及資訊傳輸，籲請大眾於區內確實負起環境保育之重責大任來。 　　另外，中壢居民對於本研究之休閒農業區內推動生態旅遊之認知與接受態度各界面間是具有顯著相關性的，當認知面之效能愈高時，其反應評價之態度面亦呈現愈高，故印證兩者間具有正向預測作用，即居民透過宣導與教育亦愈能認同農業型生態旅遊涵義，必然能產生更積極與負責任之態度參與生態旅遊相關工作，進而共同努力提昇區內旅遊品質，朝永續性土地利用與精緻旅遊發展策略前進。 / Based on the trend of promoting ecotourism as well as the exploitation of an otherwise agricultural area, a study of the effects of converting an agricultural area into a recreational one and its conservation of environmental resources, along with the recognition and attitude of diversified residents in the area. 　　The subjects in this study were on those household-registered residents in Chung-li City of Tao-yung County. Residents in this area were involved in a questionnaire, being questioned about setting a recreational agricultural area in Da-lung Natural Ecosystem Resort Center of Chung-li City as a research field. This study collected opinions from diversified residents examines the recognition and attitude of local residents, analyzes their identification and evaluation about the ecotourism, and illustrates the correlation between recognition and attitude. From the findings, local residents recognize and identify with the ecosystem, accept the idea of pulling out the potential of the recreational arbitral area, and indicate positive attitude toward the utilization of the agricultural land as well. Nevertheless, the instillation of the significance of the ecotourism into the residents is necessary. By doing so, the significance of the conservation of environmental resources and the recognition of the exploitation of agricultural land will be highly accepted. 　　This study shows the value and feasibility of promoting and carrying out the ecotourism in Chung-li City. It also serves as a reference for the government to refine an ecotourism plan in transformational agricultural land and resources.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka värdet av en plats och hur det kan påverka lokalbefolkningens inställning till storskalig turismutveckling och nyetablering. För att besvara syftet har naturområdet Skutberget i Karlstad valts ut och etableringen av Muminvärlden utifrån frågeställningarna: Hur värderas naturområdet Skutberget som plats? samt Vad har invånarna för inställning till etableringen av en Muminvärld på Skutberget? I studien testades även fyra olika hypoteser där hypotes 1 och 2 ämnar besvara frågeställning 1 medan hypotes 3 och 4 kopplar an till frågeställning 2. Studien grundar sig på följande fyra teman: värdet av en plats, planeringsperspektiv, friluftsliv samt destinationsutveckling. Dessa teman utgör också studiens teoretiska ramverk. Studien har använt sig av en kvantitativ metod där en enkätstudie har varit det valda tillvägagångssättet för insamling av data och kritisk realism är studiens vetenskapsteoretiska förhållningssätt. Utifrån hypoteserna har enkäten strukturerats i verktyget Survey & Report och den insamlade data sedan har analyserats i SPSS för att komma fram till ett resultat. Resultatet visar tydligt på att Skutberget som plats har ett stort värde för Karlstads invånare och att det råder en skepticism mot etableringen av Muminvärlden. Detta diskuteras närmare i analyskapitlet som sedan övergår i en slutsats med förslag till framtida forskning. / The purpose of this essay is to study the value of a place and how it can affect the local residents’ attitudes towards a large-scale tourism development and a new establishment. To fulfill the purpose, the nature area Skutberget in Karlstad Sweden, has been selected and the establishment of the Moomin inspired theme park. The questions for this study to answer is: How is the nature area Skutberget valued as a place? and What are the local residents’ attitude towards establishing a Moomin inspired theme park at Skutberget? The study also tested four different hypotheses in which hypothesis 1 and 2 intend to answer question 1, while hypothesis 3 and 4 relate to question 2. The study is structured with topics as: the value of a place, the planning perspective, outdoor life and destination development. These themes also form this study’s theoretical framework. The study has used a quantitative method where a questionnaire was chosen as a method for data collection and the study is based on the notion of critical realism. The survey has been constructed in Survey & Report and the collected data has been analyzed in SPSS to compile the results. The results clearly show that Skutberget has a great value for the local residents’ and that there is a skepticism towards the establishment of the Moomin inspired theme park. This is discussed in more details in the analysis chapter, and to conclude the study discusses conclusions with suggestions for further research.

Syfte: Mot bakgrund kring en ökad turism i europeiska storstäder (Statista, u.å.) har syftet med studien varit att studera Barcelona som exempel för att bidra med en djupare förståelse kring hur turister och lokalbefolkning uppfattar varandra i stadsmiljöer med högt turistantal. Samt undersöka hur turismen har förändrat stadens stadskärna och miljö (Duran, 2005). Metod: I studien har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt applicerats i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer och insamling av vetenskapliga artiklar till empirin. Tolv personer som har intervjuats som har koppling till Barcelona och det sammanfattas i empirin, tillsammans med de vetenskapliga artiklarna. Slutsatser: Den här studie har undersökt Barcelona som exempel för att belysa massturism som är ett omfattande problem som även går att finna i andra europeiska storstäder. Genom de insamlade intervjuerna och de vetenskapliga artiklar påvisades det att Barcelona har fått både positiva och negativa effekter av den massiva turism som finns i staden. Utifrån de insamlade intervjusvaren kunde slutsatsen dras att den sociala aspekten har störst negativ inverkan på lokalbefolkningen i staden. / Purpose: Against the background of increased tourism in European metropolitan areas (Statista, u.o.), the purpose of the study has been to study Barcelona as an example to contribute a deeper understanding of how tourists and locals perceive each other in urban environments with a high tourist number. As well as investigating how tourism has changed the city's city center and environment (Duran, 2005). Methodology: In this study, a qualitative approach has been applied in the form of semi-structured interviews and the gathering of scientific articles of empirical data. Twelve people interviewed who are connected to Barcelona and this is summarized in empirical section, along with the scientific articles. Conclusions: This study has explored Barcelona as an example to illustrate mass tourism, which is a major problem that can be found in other European cities. Through the collected interviews and the scientific articles, it was demonstrated that Barcelona has had both positive and negative effects of the massive tourism that exists in the city. Based on the collected interview answers, it could be concluded that the social aspect has the most negative impact on local people in the city.

Abstract The construction of human-controlled watercourses to meet the need for hydroelectric power has substantially changed freshwater ecosystems, as well as the cultural dynamics of local communities along the Kemi River. At the moment there are 21 hydropower plants in the Kemi River basin, and further building is still topical. The construction of hydropower plants gave benefits but it also caused damages to the people living along the Kemi River. It was a deathblow to salmon migration. The alteration of the river has radically changed the water environment, the landscape and the usage of the river environment. The processed conflicts and paid compensations are always connected to economic losses, but the river has also many other aspects and meanings from the viewpoint of a riverman. The planning and building of hydroelectric plants took place at the same time with other significant events in northern Finland. The rise of the forestry industry, the Second World War, post-war reconstruction and structural changes in society framed the electrification of northern rivers. The transformation from an agrarian society to a service and information society happened unusually fast in Finland. It involved every aspect of local people’s lives, as the physical environment, local culture, social relations, means of income and the surrounding society changed in a short period of time. In my research I examine the changes caused by the electrification of the Kemi River in their temporal and spatial context. The focus is on the perspectives of local people and their personal relationships with the environment, but on the other hand also on the power relations within various actor groups. From my interview data I have identified four different adaptation strategies: compliant builders, those in denial, resigned bystanders and opposing resisters. These strategies may be found overlapping in the stories of the interviewees. Local residents have had an opportunity to realign themselves with various available subject positions, as well as decline or remould them. Remoulding takes place in various situations, and local people broadmindedly understand the benefits and disadvantages of hydropower, in spite of their own attitude. The alteration of the Kemi River has been a cultural trauma for the people living along the river, and the ones who experienced the change maintain a constant negotiation with the matter. / Tiivistelmä Kemijoen ensimmäinen voimalaitos valmistui vuonna 1949 sodanjälkeisen voimakkaan sähköntarpeen sanelemana. Kemijoen valuma-alueella on nyt yhteensä 21 voimalaitosta, ja jatkorakentaminen on yhä ajankohtainen asia. Vesivoimarakentaminen aiheutti hyötyjen lisäksi myös vahinkoa jokivarren asukkaille. Joen rakentaminen esti vaelluskalojen nousun jokiin ja muutti vesiympäristöä, maisemaa ja joen käyttöä voimakkaasti. Kemijoen kalakorvauskiista lienee tunnetuin rakentamisen aiheuttama konflikti, mutta myös muita ristiriitoja, pettymyksiä ja vahinkoja on paljon. Käsitellyt ristiriidat liittyvät aina taloudellisiin menetyksiin. Joella on sen rannalla asujalle kuitenkin myös muita kuin taloudellisia merkityksiä. Samanaikaisesti voimalaitostöiden kanssa käynnistyi yhteiskunnallinen rakennemuutos, joka tapahtui Suomessa poikkeuksellisen myöhään ja nopeasti. Muutos löi läpi koko elämänalan, kun fyysinen ympäristö, paikalliskulttuuri, sosiaaliset suhteet, toimeentulo ja yhteiskunta muuttuivat lyhyessä ajassa. Vesivoimarakentaminen vauhditti jokivarsien modernisaatiota entisestään, eikä nopea muutos tarjonnut asukkaille yhtä pitkää sopeutumisaikaa kuin muualla. Käsittelen tutkimuksessani vesivoimarakentamisen aiheuttamia muutoksia Kemijoen vesistöalueella. Tarkastelen muutosta paikallisten asukkaiden näkökulmasta sekä sidottuna rakentamisajan historialliseen ja tilalliseen kontekstiin. Tutkimuksen keskiössä on paikallisen asukkaan henkilökohtainen ympäristösuhde mutta toisaalta myös eri toimijaryhmien väliset ja sisäiset valtasuhteet. Jaan aineistosta esille tulleet jokivarren asukkaiden sopeutumisstrategiat neljään kategoriaan: rakentajiin, selänkääntäjiin, alistujiin ja vastustajiin. Tilanteesta riippuen suhtautumistapoja saattoi ilmetä limittäisesti, ja ne saattoivat olla keskenään myös ristiriidassa. Jokivarren asukkailla on ollut mahdollisuus omaksua tai torjua erilaisia tarjolla olleita toimija-asemia tai muokata niitä erilaisiksi. Muokkausta tapahtuu tilanteesta riippuen, ja jokivarren asukkaat ymmärtävät hyvin joen rakentamisen sekä hyvät että huonot puolet, vastustuksesta, puolustamisesta tai vetäytymisestä riippumatta. Joen muutos on ollut paikallisille asukkaille kulttuurinen trauma, ja muutoksen kokeneet ovat sen kanssa jatkuvassa neuvottelusuhteessa.

The project elaborates design opportunities for a future practice that could promotealternative sustainable lifestyles on waste handling through up-cycling activities. It doesthis on a small scale through engagement in the local communities of the Hildaneighborhood and Segepark students’ accommodations in Sweden. To thesecommunities, creative-up-cycling is explored which it introduced here as an approachwhere neighbors can participate in making new things from leftover materials. Throughthis work creative-up-cycling is a proposed recommendation for a possible service systemon how to share the leftover materials in the local resident’s communities, as well as, howto remake the items no longer needed.The empirical studies explore maker culture lifestyles and include how to find leftovermaterials, tools, space, and skills in order to guide people in creative-up-cyclingalternatives. These creative activities also build social relationship via the integration ofmultidisciplinary citizens who are living in the same community and explorations weredone on how could we elicit the skill sets from those people? What is a useful skill set inthis area today? Values like mutual physical experience, reciprocity, and ownership couldalso be found along the empirical workshops in this project. Additionally, this reportshows some interesting findings pointing towards the design process and the suggestionsof design elements; ‘Co-storage’, ‘Mix and Match furniture shop’, and ‘Renovation andup-cycling’ concept elements.Participatory design (designing with people) has been the core approach in this project.Additionally, I have been influenced by user-centered design, as well as service designapproaches in order to comprehend the services, system and activities of recycling andup-cycling in cities like: SYSAV, STPLN, Cykelköket, Återskapa, Toolpool. The findingpresented here are examples of practices that could make up the composition of recyclingand up-cycling activities in future local communities.