Optical resonators such as silica micro-spheres and micro-toroids can support whispering gallery modes (WGMs), where light circulates near the resonator surface and is confined by the total internal reflection at the dielectric boundary. Such resonators can exhibit very high quality (Q) factors, since the resonator surface can maintain atomic level smoothness. The combination of high Q factors and small resonator volumes has led to a wide range of applications in sensing, optomechanics, nonlinear optics, and quantum optics. In this dissertation, we introduce a new type of whispering gallery resonators (WGRs) based on micro-droplets in an immiscible liquid-liquid system. Within such an all-liquid platform, it is possible to achieve highly nonlinear coupling between light and liquid that can potentially lead to single-photon level optical nonlinearity. Specifically, we experimentally characterize a droplet (D~500um) of index matching fluid submerged in the water as a high-Q optical resonator, where we use an optical fiber taper to couple light into the droplet through non-contact evanescent coupling. The highest Q-factor observed in the experiment is 2x10^7 which closely matches the upper limit of intrinsic Q-factor set by the material absorption. Given with such a high Q factor, the WGM can exert strong radiation pressure on the droplet interface, push it outward, increase the length of optical path, and produce a red-shift in WGM resonance. Our experimental results have found that the ratio of those resonance shifts and the optical power coupled into the resonator is approximately 60 fm/μW. The result closely matches to our steady-state estimation based on solving the coupled Maxwell-Navier-Stokes equation. To investigate the dynamic interplay of light and liquid, we develop a harmonic oscillator (HO) model to describe the time-domain behaviors of the coupled optofluidic system. We find a good agreement between theoretical predictions and our experimental data. The shift of WGM resonance can potentially be induced by thermal effects. To estimate the magnitude of thermal effects, we also investigate the thermally induced nonlinear behaviors of WGMs in a cylindrical fiber resonator (D~125um), where we change the mechanism of heat dissipation by changing the cladding material (e.g. air and water). For direct temperature measurements, we use a fiber optical resonator with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inscribed in the fiber core to observe temperature shifts induced by the high-Q WGMs. Our result shows that the temperature increase in the fiber resonator in the water is 0.13 C, whereas the fiber resonator in air shows ~4.5 C increase in temperature. Our results suggest that the relatively high thermal conductivity of water suppresses thermal nonlinearity by ~50 times, and that the red-shifts of WGMs can largely be attributed to radiation pressure effect. / Ph. D.

Yes / This study presents an original asymmetric stepped-impedance resonator filter combined with meander coupled-line structures and enabling the realisation of finite transmission zeros (TZs) and the implementation of multi-band bandpass filters. The meander coupled sections (MCSs) tune the TZs and resonant frequencies: with higher-order spurious frequencies cancelled by the TZs, a single wideband with wide stopband from 1.18 to 1.84 GHz is possible. Furthermore, by positioning the finite TZs between the high-order spurious frequencies and adjusting the coupling strength between resonators, a quint-wideband filter can be realised, with centre frequencies of 1.19, 4.29, 5.43, 6.97, 9.9 GHz and fractional bandwidths of 31.9, 15.4, 15.8, 4.3, 39.2%, respectively. More importantly, two filters with single/quad-wideband performance can be realised by tuning the parameters of the MCS, and therefore they can be designed separately by using only one original structure. The triple-wideband filter is realised with the help of the asymmetric parallel uncoupled microstrip section. These filter structures enjoy the advantage of single/multi-band versatility, structure reusability and simplicity. The good in-band and out-of-band performance, low loss and simple structure of the proposed single/tri/quint-wideband filters make them very promising for applications in future multi-standard wireless communication. / European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424.

Attenuation of low frequency turbofan engine noise has been a challenging task in an industry that requires low weight and tightly-packed solutions. Without innovative advancements, the technology currently used will not be able to keep up with the increasingly stringent requirements on aircraft noise reduction. A need exists for novel technologies that will pave the way for the future of quiet aircraft. This thesis investigates acoustic metamaterials and their ability to achieve superior transmission loss characteristics not found in traditional honeycomb liners. The acoustic metamaterials investigated are an array of Helmholtz resonators with and without coupled cavities periodically-spaced along a duct wall. Analytical, numerical, and experimental developments of these acoustic metamaterial systems are used herein to study the effects of this technology on the transmission loss. Particularly focusing on analytical modeling will aid in understanding the underlying physics that governs their interesting transmission loss behavior. A deeper understanding of the physics will be used to aid in future acoustic metamaterial liner design. A parameter study is performed to understand the effects of the geometry, spacing, and number of resonators, as well as resonator cavity coupling on performance. Increased broadband transmission loss, particularly in low frequencies, is achieved through intelligent manipulation of these parameters. Acoustic metamaterials are shown to have appealing noise cancellation characteristics that prove to be effective for aircraft engine liner applications. / Master of Science / Aircraft noise reduction is an ongoing challenge for the aerospace industry. Without innovative advancements, the next generation of aircraft will not be able to keep up with increasingly stringent noise regulations; novel acoustic technology is needed to pave the way for a future of quieter aircraft. This thesis investigates acoustic metamaterials and their ability to achieve superior noise reduction over traditional methods. Modeling techniques were developed, and experimental tests were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of a new acoustic metamaterial system. The acoustic metamaterial design explored herein was proven to reduce noise effectively and shows promise for a world of quieter aircraft.

Optical microcavities (OMs) are receiving increasing attention owing to their potential applications ranging from cavity quantum electrodynamics, optical detection to photonic devices. Recently, rolled-up structures have been demonstrated as OMs which have gained considerable attention owing to their excellent customizability. To fully exploit this customizability, asymmetric and topological rolled-up OMs are proposed and investigated in addition to conventional rolled-up OMs in this thesis. By doing so, novel phenomena and applications are demonstrated in OMs. The fabrication of conventional rolled-up OMs is presented in details. Then, dynamic mode tuning by a near-field probe is performed on a conventional rolled-up OM. Next, mode splitting in rolled-up OMs is investigated. The effect of single nanoparticles on mode splitting in a rolled-up OM is studied. Because of a non-synchronized oscillating shift for different azimuthal split modes induced by a single nanoparticle at different positions, the position of the nanoparticle can be determined on the rolled-up OM. Moreover, asymmetric rolled-up OMs are fabricated for the purpose of introducing coupling between spin and orbital angular momenta (SOC) of light into OMs. Elliptically polarized modes are observed due to the SOC of light. Modes with an elliptical polarization can also be modeled as coupling between the linearly polarized TE and TM mode in asymmetric rolled-up OMs. Furthermore, by adding a helical geometry to rolled-up structures, Berry phase of light is introduced into OMs. A -π Berry phase is generated for light in topological rolled-up OMs so that modes have a half-integer number of wavelengths. In order to obtain a deeper understanding for existing rolled-up OMs and to develop the new type of rolled-up OMs, complete theoretical models are also presented in this thesis.

The light-matter interaction in the near-field of high-Q resonators in SOI and SiN platforms is studied. The interactions of high-Q traveling-wave resonators with both resonant and non-resonant nanoparticles are studied and different applications based on this enhanced interactions in near-field such as high-resolution imaging of mode profile of high-Q resonators, label-free sensing, optical trapping, and SERS sensing are investigated. A near-field imaging system for the investigation of the near-field phenomena in the near-field of high-Q resonators is realized. A new technique for high-resolution imaging of the optical modes in high-Q resonators based on the near-field perturbation is developed that enables to achieve a very high resolution (< 10 nm) near-field image. The prospect of the high Q resonators on SOI platform for highly multiplexed label-free sensing and the effect of different phenomena such as the analyte drift and diffusion and the binding kinetics are studied. Also, the possibility of enhancing nanoparticle binding to the sensor surface using optical trapping is investigated and the dynamic of a nanoparticle in the high-Q resonator optical trap is studied. Furthermore, the interaction between a resonant nanoparticle with a high-Q microdisk resonator and its application for SERS sensing is studied. A model for interaction of resonant nanoparticles with high-Q resonators is developed and the optimal parameters for the design of coupled microdisk resonator and a plasmonic nanoparticle are calculated. The possible of resonant plasmonic nanoparticle trapping and alignment in an SiN microdisk resonator optical trap is also shown.

Through continued innovation and growth, traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs) remains the microwave power amplifiers of choice in a wide range of high power microwave and millimeter-wave applications specifically for aerospace applications with the volume, weight, bandwidth and power constraints. These advances can be credited to device innovation, improved modeling and design and development of advanced materials and construction techniques. This thesis aims at advancing the present technology of TWTs with coupled resonator slow-wave structures (SWSs) by a combination of device innovation, development of enhanced analytical and field analysis codes and understanding gained through improved modeling, simulation and experimentation. In a TWT, the SWS that slows the RF wave velocity down to near the electron beam velocity for interaction with the electron beam primarily determines the microwave performances of the tube. As compared to helix SWS, the coupled resonator SWS is capable of handling high peak and average powers with higher efficiency and TWTs based on these SWS are well suited for air-borne or space-borne radar systems and the major focus of this thesis is on the analysis and design of coupled resonator SWSs. As a part of this thesis, improved analytical codes based on quasi-TEM analysis and equivalent circuit analysis have been developed. The technical formulation is explained and the improvements made for enhanced accuracy and for incorporation of different types of coupled resonator SWSs detailed. Using these models new variants of coupled resonator SWSs have been investigated. The SWSs proposed are the ladder-core inverted slot mode SWS and the inductively loaded inter digital SWS (ILID-SWS). The possibility of achieving both coalesced mode design that gives wide bandwidth and multi beam design that improves the peak power and gain using rectangular ILID-SWS is presented. The properties of these proposed SWSs have been compared with the existing SWSs and found to give superior performance. Also an improved modeling and simulation technique using 3-D electromagnetic codes has been proposed and the conventional cold test measurement procedure has been modified for more accurate results. Numerous illustrative examples are presented throughout the thesis highlighting the analytical model and simulation code validation with experimental results. The experimentations have been carried out on the real SWS model that have been fabricated and assembled. Further, the contribution of the thesis is towards the development of a field analysis model for analysis of a corrugated waveguide SWS, based on the coupled integral equation technique (CIET), which is a combination of mode matching technique (MMT) and method of moments. The technical formulation and computational methodology employed in the model are explained and some of the most important aspects of implementation like the handling of singularities and choice of parameters controlling the accuracy is discussed. The accuracy and speed of the code is demonstrated by comparing CIET with MMT and 3-D electro magnetic simulators based on finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and finite element method (FEM). The CIET code developed is quite faster than the existing numerical methods and helps in solving the convergence problem associated with the MMT.

Realising Si-based electrically driven light emitters in a process technology compatible with mainstream microelectronics CMOS technology is key requirement for the implementation of low-cost Si-based optoelectronics and thus one of the big challenges of semiconductor technology. This work has focused on the development of microcavity enhanced silicon LEDs (MCLEDs), including their design, fabrication, and experimental as well as theoretical analysis. As a light emitting layer the abrupt pn-junction of a Si diode was used, which was fabricated by ion implantation of boron into n-type silicon. Such forward biased pn-junctions exhibit room-temperature EL at a wavelength of 1138 nm with a reasonably high power efficiency of 0.1%. Two MCLEDs emitting light at the resonant wavelength about 1150 nm were demonstrated: a) 1-lambda MCLED with the resonator formed by 90 nm thin metallic CoSi2 mirror at the bottom and semitransparent distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) on the top; b) 5.5-lambda MCLED with the resonator formed by high reflecting DBR at the bottom and semitransparent top DBR. Using the appoach of the 5.5-lambda MCLED with two DBRs the extraction efficiency is enhanced by about 65% compared to the silicon bulk pn-junction diode.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Devido ao rÃpido progresso no desenvolvimento de sistemas de comunicaÃÃo em microondas, as cerÃmicas dielÃtricas e magnÃticas (ferritas) se tornaram atrativas para o uso em dispositivos. Embora as ferritas do tipo espinel terem sido os primeiros materiais utilizados para microondas, as granadas possuem menores perdas dielÃtricas e, portanto, sÃo preferidas em muitas aplicaÃÃes. As elevadas exigÃncias que as aplicaÃÃes elÃtricas modernas requerem dos materiais magnÃticos fazem com que novas tÃcnicas e produtos estejam permanentemente sendo pesquisados, com o conseqÃente aparecimento de novas soluÃÃes para uma ampla sÃrie de aplicaÃÃes. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa sobre compÃsitos à empregada para a busca de novos materiais. Este trabalho apresenta a obtenÃÃo do compÃsito ferrimagnÃtico, constituÃdo pelas fases Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) e Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG), atravÃs da rota sintÃtica no estado sÃlido com a utilizaÃÃo de moagem mecÃnica de alta energia. A DifraÃÃo de Raios-X, a Espectroscopia Raman, Infravermelho e MÃssbauer foram essenciais para caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos compÃsitos. As peculiaridades da morfologia das amostras foram elucidadas pela Microscopia EletrÃnica de Varredura e Microdureza de Vickers. Adicionalmente, foram realizados experimentos para se avaliar o comportamento elÃtrico e magnÃtico dos compÃsitos na faixa de radio freqÃÃncia e de microondas para depois sugerir uma aplicaÃÃo tecnolÃgica cabÃvel. Os compÃsitos comportaram-se adequadamente como antenas ressoadoras de ferritas (FRAs) e de microlinha (filmes espessos depositados sobre a superfÃcie metalizada de um substrato de alumina, pela tÃcnica âscreen printingâ), na faixa de operaÃÃo das microondas. Os experimentos com os FRAs se mostraram satisfatÃrios devido ao controle das caracterÃsticas de radiaÃÃo das antenas e a sua sintonizaÃÃo pela aplicaÃÃo de um campo magnÃtico externo. As mesmas tiveram a caracterÃstica de antenas de banda larga. Os ressoadores provenientes dos compÃsitos projetados neste trabalho podem ser importantes para desenvolver uma antena de banda larga de terceira geraÃÃo (3G) para telefones celulares e outros produtos para redes sem fio. / Devido ao rÃpido progresso no desenvolvimento de sistemas de comunicaÃÃo em microondas, as cerÃmicas dielÃtricas e magnÃticas (ferritas) se tornaram atrativas para o uso em dispositivos. Embora as ferritas do tipo espinel terem sido os primeiros materiais utilizados para microondas, as granadas possuem menores perdas dielÃtricas e, portanto, sÃo preferidas em muitas aplicaÃÃes. As elevadas exigÃncias que as aplicaÃÃes elÃtricas modernas requerem dos materiais magnÃticos fazem com que novas tÃcnicas e produtos estejam permanentemente sendo pesquisados, com o conseqÃente aparecimento de novas soluÃÃes para uma ampla sÃrie de aplicaÃÃes. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa sobre compÃsitos à empregada para a busca de novos materiais. Este trabalho apresenta a obtenÃÃo do compÃsito ferrimagnÃtico, constituÃdo pelas fases Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) e Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG), atravÃs da rota sintÃtica no estado sÃlido com a utilizaÃÃo de moagem mecÃnica de alta energia. A DifraÃÃo de Raios-X, a Espectroscopia Raman, Infravermelho e MÃssbauer foram essenciais para caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos compÃsitos. As peculiaridades da morfologia das amostras foram elucidadas pela Microscopia EletrÃnica de Varredura e Microdureza de Vickers. Adicionalmente, foram realizados experimentos para se avaliar o comportamento elÃtrico e magnÃtico dos compÃsitos na faixa de radio freqÃÃncia e de microondas para depois sugerir uma aplicaÃÃo tecnolÃgica cabÃvel. Os compÃsitos comportaram-se adequadamente como antenas ressoadoras de ferritas (FRAs) e de microlinha (filmes espessos depositados sobre a superfÃcie metalizada de um substrato de alumina, pela tÃcnica âscreen printingâ), na faixa de operaÃÃo das microondas. Os experimentos com os FRAs se mostraram satisfatÃrios devido ao controle das caracterÃsticas de radiaÃÃo das antenas e a sua sintonizaÃÃo pela aplicaÃÃo de um campo magnÃtico externo. As mesmas tiveram a caracterÃstica de antenas de banda larga. Os ressoadores provenientes dos compÃsitos projetados neste trabalho podem ser importantes para desenvolver uma antena de banda larga de terceira geraÃÃo (3G) para telefones celulares e outros produtos para redes sem fio. / Due to a fast progress in the development of communication systems, the dielectric and magnetic ceramics (ferrites) have become attractive to be used in devices. Although the ferrites of the spinel type were the first material used in the microwave range, garnets have smaller dielectric losses and, therefore, are chosen for many applications. High demands for modern electric applications in magnetic materials results in new techniques and products being permanently studied and researched, with a consequent appearance of new solutions for a wide applications series. In this sense, the research in composites is employed to reach new materials. This work presents the study of the ferrimagnetic composite, constituted by Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) and Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG) phases, through solid state synthetic route and submitted to high-energy mechanical milling. The X-Ray Diffraction and the Raman, Infrared and MÃssbauer Spectroscopy were essential for the structural characterization of the composites. The peculiarities in the morphology of the samples were elucidated by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Vickers Microhardness. Additionally, experiments were made in order to evaluate the electric and magnetic behavior of the composites at radio frequency and microwave range and then later suggest an adequate technological application. The composites were efficient as ferrite resonator antennas (FRAs) and microstrip antennas (thick films deposited on metalized surface alumina substrate by screen-printing technique), in the microwave frequency range. The experiments with FRAs showed satisfactory due to the control of the antennas radiation characteristics and their tuning by the use of an external magnetic field. They present a wideband antenna profile. The composite resonators studied in this work can be important to the development of a third generation (3G) wideband antennas to cell phones and other wireless products. / Due to a fast progress in the development of communication systems, the dielectric and magnetic ceramics (ferrites) have become attractive to be used in devices. Although the ferrites of the spinel type were the first material used in the microwave range, garnets have smaller dielectric losses and, therefore, are chosen for many applications. High demands for modern electric applications in magnetic materials results in new techniques and products being permanently studied and researched, with a consequent appearance of new solutions for a wide applications series. In this sense, the research in composites is employed to reach new materials. This work presents the study of the ferrimagnetic composite, constituted by Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) and Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG) phases, through solid state synthetic route and submitted to high-energy mechanical milling. The X-Ray Diffraction and the Raman, Infrared and MÃssbauer Spectroscopy were essential for the structural characterization of the composites. The peculiarities in the morphology of the samples were elucidated by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Vickers Microhardness. Additionally, experiments were made in order to evaluate the electric and magnetic behavior of the composites at radio frequency and microwave range and then later suggest an adequate technological application. The composites were efficient as ferrite resonator antennas (FRAs) and microstrip antennas (thick films deposited on metalized surface alumina substrate by screenprinting technique), in the microwave frequency range. The experiments with FRAs showed satisfactory due to the control of the antennas radiation characteristics and their tuning by the use of an external magnetic field. They present a wideband antenna profile. The composite resonators studied in this work can be important to the development of a third generation (3G) wideband antennas to cell phones and other wireless products.

Photonic bandgap structures have provided promising platform for miniaturization of modern integrated optical devices. In this thesis, a photonic crystal based ring resonator (PCRR) is proposed and optimized to exhibit high quality factor. Also, force sensing application of the optimized PC ring resonator and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) application of the PCRR are discussed. Finally fabrication and characterization of the PCRR is presented. A photonic crystal ring resonator is designed in a hexagonal lattice of air holes on a silicon slab. A novel approach is used to optimize PCRR to achieve high quality factor. The numerical analysis of the optimized photonic crystal ring resonator is presented in detail. For all electromagnetic computations Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is used. The improvement in Q factor is explained by using the physical phenomenon, multipole cancellation of the radiation held of the PCRR cavity. The corresponding mathematical frame work has been included. The forced cancellation of lower order radiation components are verified by plotting far held radiation pattern of the PCRR cavity. Then, the force sensing application of the optimized PCRR is presented. A high sensitive force sensor based on photonic crystal ring resonator integrated with silicon micro cantilever is presented. The design and modelling of the device, including the mechanics of the cantilever, FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis of the cantilever beam with PC and without PC integrated on it. The force sensing characteristics are presented for forces in the range of 0 to 1 N. For forces which are in the range of few tens of N, a force sensor with bilayer cantilever is considered. PC ring resonator on the bilayer of 220nm thick silicon and 600nm thick SiO2 plays the role of sensing element. Force sensing characteristics of the bilayer cantilever for forces in the range of 0 to 10 N are presented. Fabrication and characterization of PCRR is also carried out. This experimental work is done mainly to understand practical issues in study of photonic crystal ring resonators. It is proved that Q factor of PCRR can be signi cantly improved by varying the PCRR parameters by the proposed method. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) application of PC ring resonator is included. A novel 4-channel PC based demultiplexer is proposed and optimized in order to tolerate the fabrication errors and exhibit optimal cross talk, coupling efficiency between resonator and various channels of the device. Since the intention of this design is, to achieve the device performance that is independent of the unavoidable fabrication errors, the tolerance studies are made on the performance of the device towards the fabrication errors in the dimension of various related parameters. In conclusion we summarize major results, applications including computations and practical measurements of this work and suggest future work that may be carried out later.

The thesis deals with basic principles of metamaterials, which exhibit unusual properties in microwave applications (e.g., negative permittivity and permeability). Different type of metamaterial antennas and parameters of such antennas are described in the thesis.