Both the transdiagnostic risk associated with depression and the eating disorder-specific risk associated with expectancies for reinforcement from thinness have been identified as risk factors for the development of weight restricting behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine if these risk factors transact to further predict risk in youth. Depression, thinness expectancies, and weight restriction were assessed in 1,907 adolescents three times during the transitional period between middle school and high school. We compared three different possible transactional processes. Mediation tests demonstrated that depression in 8th grade predicted an increase in the number of weight restricting behaviors endorsed in 10th grade through its predictive influence on thinness expectancies in 9th grade. However, our results were not consistent with a mediational process in which thinness expectancies predicted depression to further predict weight restriction. The two risk factors interacted to predict subsequent weight restriction, such that at higher levels of depression, the association between thinness expectancies and weight restriction was stronger. It appears that transdiagnostic and disorder-specific risk factors transact to increase risk. These findings contribute to the understanding of the developmental risk process for weight restricting behavior in youth.

Eating disorder expectancy theory proposes a causal role for expectancies for reinforcement from thinness. The authors conducted an experimental test of that hypothesis. Undergraduate college women (N = 154) were randomized to either a psychoeducational control of proven effectiveness or an experimental manipulation of thinness and restricting expectancies. Participants in each condition attended three experimental sessions and one, follow-up session, each one week apart. For both groups, body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, purging frequency, and binge eating frequency declined over the course of the study. In addition, the thinness expectancy manipulation produced greater declines in thinness expectancies, body dissatisfaction, and purging behavior than the psychoeducational manipulation. These results provide further support for the role of expectancies in the etiology of eating disordered behaviors.

Restricting the effects of a patent These theses are focused on issues of the legal options on the exceptions and limitations to patent rights. At first there is clarified fundamental terminology, especially relation between terms patent and innovation, patentable solution and also effects of the patent. Next chapters relate to the limitation on the patent effects that is the experimental use exception and also so- called Bolar exception; using the invention for non-commercial purposes; institute of compulsory licences; limitation to extemporaneous preparation of medicines in pharmacy, use of patent law articles on foreign vessels, aircrafts, land vehicles not permanently accessing from foreign countries and institute of prior user rights. The author discusses non-commercial use of the invention, which is closely related to the experimental use exception in some countries or the legal institute of compulsory licenses, contemplating negative and positive impacts and moral aspects of that decision. Regarding the scope of the experimental use exception, the author argues that the exception in need is rather narrow rather than broader. In case of compulsory licences, the author is emphasising on fair balance between the interest of patent owner rights and the concerns of nation and also comes with...

Este estudo tem por escopo explorar o instituto da reserva de jurisdição, analisando suas origens, motivações e conseqüências. Outrossim, visa estabelecer os critérios para se eleger as situações que devem ser submetidas a ela quando não houver previsão expressa no ordenamento jurídico, além de aplicá-lo ao âmbito do Processo Penal, avaliando a necessidade de sua aplicação nos meios de prova e nos meios de obtenção de prova. A reserva de jurisdição consiste no impedimento de outros órgãos exercerem atividades pertencentes ao núcleo essencial da função jurisdicional, sendo corolário do princípio da separação dos poderes, um dos pilares do Estado Democrático de Direito. Embora se admita uma interpenetração entre as funções estatais, existe uma parcela de cada uma delas que só permite a intervenção do órgão mais adequado e aparelhado para desenvolvê-la. No caso da função jurisdicional, isso ocorre quando o conflito de interesses a ser resolvido de forma definitiva envolve um bem constitucionalmente protegido ou um direito fundamental e só pode ser solucionado pelo Poder Judiciário. Não obstante, pretende-se aplicar as conclusões extraídas acerca da reserva de jurisdição a uma situação prática que se costuma se apresentar problemática, a investigação perpetrada por meio das Comissões Parlamentares de Inquérito. O objetivo é dar ao §3º do artigo 58 da Constituição Federal, que confere aos membros das CPIs poderes investigatórios próprios de autoridades judiciais, interpretação mais consoante com a tese desenvolvida, ou seja, defender que apenas os magistrados podem autorizar a efetivação de medidas restritivas de direitos fundamentais necessárias no bojo de um inquérito parlamentar, ainda que não haja expressa previsão no ordenamento jurídico. / This work aims to explore the scope of the institute Judicial Reserve, analyzing its origins, motivations and consequences. It also seeks to establish the criteria to choose the situations that should be subjected to it when there is no express provision in the legal system, and apply it to the scope of Criminal Proceeding, evaluating the need of its implementation in the evidence and in the means of obtaining evidence. Judicial Reserve is the prevention of other agencies carry out activities belonging to the core of the judicial function, which is a corollary of the principle of separation of powers, one of the pillars of the Democratic State. Although it is accepted interpenetration between the state functions, there is a portion of each that only allows the intervention by the most suitable and equipped agency to develop it. In case of the judicial function, this occurs when the conflict of interests to be resolved definitively involves a constitutionally protected good or a fundamental right, and can only be resolved by the Judiciary. Nevertheless, we intend to apply the conclusions drawn about the Judicial Reserve to a practical situation that used to present problems, the investigation conducted by the Parliamentary Committees of Inquiry. The goal is to give the § 3 of article 58 of the Constitution, which gives members of CPI investigative powers similar to the judicial powers, interpretation more consonant with the thesis developed, ie, defending that only judges can authorize the execution of measures restricting fundamental rights on an parliamentary inquiry, although there is no express provision in the law.

Este estudo tem por escopo explorar o instituto da reserva de jurisdição, analisando suas origens, motivações e conseqüências. Outrossim, visa estabelecer os critérios para se eleger as situações que devem ser submetidas a ela quando não houver previsão expressa no ordenamento jurídico, além de aplicá-lo ao âmbito do Processo Penal, avaliando a necessidade de sua aplicação nos meios de prova e nos meios de obtenção de prova. A reserva de jurisdição consiste no impedimento de outros órgãos exercerem atividades pertencentes ao núcleo essencial da função jurisdicional, sendo corolário do princípio da separação dos poderes, um dos pilares do Estado Democrático de Direito. Embora se admita uma interpenetração entre as funções estatais, existe uma parcela de cada uma delas que só permite a intervenção do órgão mais adequado e aparelhado para desenvolvê-la. No caso da função jurisdicional, isso ocorre quando o conflito de interesses a ser resolvido de forma definitiva envolve um bem constitucionalmente protegido ou um direito fundamental e só pode ser solucionado pelo Poder Judiciário. Não obstante, pretende-se aplicar as conclusões extraídas acerca da reserva de jurisdição a uma situação prática que se costuma se apresentar problemática, a investigação perpetrada por meio das Comissões Parlamentares de Inquérito. O objetivo é dar ao §3º do artigo 58 da Constituição Federal, que confere aos membros das CPIs poderes investigatórios próprios de autoridades judiciais, interpretação mais consoante com a tese desenvolvida, ou seja, defender que apenas os magistrados podem autorizar a efetivação de medidas restritivas de direitos fundamentais necessárias no bojo de um inquérito parlamentar, ainda que não haja expressa previsão no ordenamento jurídico. / This work aims to explore the scope of the institute Judicial Reserve, analyzing its origins, motivations and consequences. It also seeks to establish the criteria to choose the situations that should be subjected to it when there is no express provision in the legal system, and apply it to the scope of Criminal Proceeding, evaluating the need of its implementation in the evidence and in the means of obtaining evidence. Judicial Reserve is the prevention of other agencies carry out activities belonging to the core of the judicial function, which is a corollary of the principle of separation of powers, one of the pillars of the Democratic State. Although it is accepted interpenetration between the state functions, there is a portion of each that only allows the intervention by the most suitable and equipped agency to develop it. In case of the judicial function, this occurs when the conflict of interests to be resolved definitively involves a constitutionally protected good or a fundamental right, and can only be resolved by the Judiciary. Nevertheless, we intend to apply the conclusions drawn about the Judicial Reserve to a practical situation that used to present problems, the investigation conducted by the Parliamentary Committees of Inquiry. The goal is to give the § 3 of article 58 of the Constitution, which gives members of CPI investigative powers similar to the judicial powers, interpretation more consonant with the thesis developed, ie, defending that only judges can authorize the execution of measures restricting fundamental rights on an parliamentary inquiry, although there is no express provision in the law.

Chinese Antimonopoly Law in the Light of Competition Law of the European Union: Comparative Perspective. The subject of the thesis is the comparative analysis of Chinese antimonopoly law and competition law of the EU. The thesis aims to identify the traces of the competition law of the EU in Chinese antimonopoly law as well as analyze transplanted legal concepts, in order to determine, whether these concepts are endowed with the same normative reach. The first part of the thesis provides brief introduction into the history of antimonopoly law in PRC. Following chapters analyze relevant parts of AML and implementing regulation, which are after short description of the corresponding arrangement in European law compared with the latter. General principles and definitions, which are applicable in all pillars of competition law, are dealt with in the first place. Further the analysis of the agreements restricting competition, abuse of dominance, as well as mergers of undertakings follows. With regard to the importance of effective application of antimonopoly law in practice, a short chapter is also devoted to the role of courts in implementation of antimonopoly law in PRC. The closing part sums up the pillars of competition law, which have been built on the model of the competition law of the EU and...

I samband med Covid-19-pandemin tilldelades Tillväxtverket uppdraget att ansvara för fördelningen av ekonomiskt stöd för korttidsarbete. Korttidsarbete (även kallat korttidspermittering) kan användas när företag drabbas av tillfälliga ekonomiska problem till följd av att något oväntat händer. Syftet med undersökningen har varit att utforska hur den extraordinära kontexten som Tillväxtverkets upprättade organisation verkat i har påverkat respondenternas ledarskapsförväntningar. En kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer och tematisk analys tillämpades som metodologiskt angreppssätt för studien. Undersökningen består av totalt tolv deltagare, varav hälften gruppchefer (se; ledare) och hälften handläggare (se; följare). Den tematiska analysen genererade tre teman, komplexitet, ledarstilar och den organisatoriska strukturen. Faktorer ur den extraordinära kontexten som identifierats påverkat respondenternas förväntningar gällande komplexitet var resursbrister avseende personal och systemstöd, och osäkerhet kring uppdragets uppskattade tidsomfång. Även externa beslutsfattare såsom riksdag och regering samt det stora inflödet av nyutexaminerade anställda utan tidigare relevant arbetserfarenhet har illustrerats i temat. Det andra urskilda temat var ledarstilar, varav fokus på behovsmallar och att etablera en personlig relation mellan ledare och följare igenkänts. Likaså engagemang för att skapa en stark sammanhållning för att säkra en god arbetsmiljö samt uppföljning och feedback utmärker sig ha påverkat respondenternas förväntningar. Det tredje och sista temat berör den organisatoriska strukturen, såsom beslutsfattande i en top-down modell och den interna kommunikationen. Den arbetsrelaterade förståelsen inom organisationen gällande lägesbilder och informationsdelgivning identifierades dito, och avslutningsvis urskiljs förtroendeskifte med ökad tillit till följarna. / During the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth had responsibility for the distribution of financial support for short-term work allowance, a support being provided to enable employers to retain their personnel during the pending crisis and to be able to quickly get back to full speed again when the situation improves. The purpose of this study has been to explore how the extraordinary context in which the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth's established organization has operated, and how it has affected the leader expectations within the organization. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis has been applied as methodological approach. The survey consists of a total of twelve participants, of which half are group leaders (see; leaders) and half are case officers (see; followers). The thematic analysis generated in three themes, of which complexity was the first identified. Factors from the extraordinary context that were identified affected the surveyed individuals' expectations regarding complexity were lack of resources regarding staff and system support and uncertainty about the assignment's estimated time range. External decision-makers such as the government, as well as the large influx of newly graduated employees without previous relevant work experience, have also been illustrated in the theme. The second distinct theme was leadership styles, of which the focus on needs templates and establishing a personal relationship between leader and follower is recognized. Likewise, the commitment to create a strong cohesion to ensure a good working environment and feedback stand out to have affected the expectations of the individuals surveyed. The third and final theme concerns the organizational structure, such as decision-making in a top-down model and internal communication. The work-related understanding within the organization regarding common operating pictures and information sharing was identified accordingly, and finally, a change of increased trust in the followers.

Dentro de las penas de libertad se han distinguido tradicionalmente aquéllas que privan de ella en su mayor parte de aquéllas que sólo intervienen la facultad locomotiva o ambulatoria, con frecuencia referidas científica o legislativamente a la libertad de residencia, pero de concepto en realidad mucho más amplio, por prohibir la permanencia y aun el mero acceso al territorio vedado. En España, con atención tanto a los textos legales como a los proyectos legislativos, cabe reconocer ese componente restrictivo de la libertad ambulatoria en las penas de deportación o relegación, de extrañamiento, de confinamiento y de destierro; otra figura penal, la sujeción a la vigilancia de la autoridad, ha sido inicialmente medio punitivo y después medida de seguridad; por fin, la expulsión de extranjeros, que apenas ha tenido consideración de pena, completa el cuadro de consecuencias jurídicas del delito encuadrables en esta categoría. / Within the ambit of the penalisation of liberty there have traditionally been those penalties that remove liberty almost entirely and those that only restrict freedom of movement. These latter are frequently referred to, technically or legally, as concerning right of residence, but which are in fact of far greater compass, since they prohibit the possibility of staying in, or even entry to, the proscribed territory. In Spain, in both legal texts and in proposed legislation, one may notice this component of restriction of movement in the penalties of deportation, banishments and exile. Another penal measure, that of subjection to surveillance by the authorities, was initially a punitive measure and then became a matter of security. Finally, the expulsion of foreigners, which has scarcely been regarded as a punishment, completes the stock of legal measures used against the offences brought together in this category.