Spécificité légale, introduite dans notre droit positif par la loi du 24 juillet 1867, la variabilité du capital social demeure encore de nos jours trop méconnue et devrait, de fait, être érigée au rang des curiosités juridiques. On ne saurait objecter pareil constat en ce que le législateur lui-même ne semble pas lui porter un incommensurable intérêt. En effet, en ce que la variabilité du capital ne résulte que de l’adoption, par une forme sociale de droit commun, d’une simple clause statutaire, ce dernier n’a semble-t-il pas jugé indispensable d’édicter un régime juridique précis et autonome en sa faveur. Aussi, devrait-on y voir ici une renonciation certaine du législateur à la création d’une nouvelle forme sociale ne faisant, en conséquence, que renforcer la singularité dont elle fait l’objet. Toujours est-il que s’arrêter à une telle acception serait réducteur en ce que cette approche desservirait inexorablement la spécificité prévue aux articles L. 231-1 à L. 231-8 du Code de commerce et notamment quant aux nombreuses possibilités qu’elle octroie tant à la société se dotant de la spécificité légale qu’aux associés la composant / Legal specificity, introduced into our substantive law in July 24th, 1867, the variability of the share capital is still too unknown even today and should in fact be raised to the ranks of legal curiosities. We could not object such report in the fact that the legislator does not seem himself to carry him immense one interest. Indeed, the fact that the variability of the capital only results from the adoption, by a social form of common law, of a simple statutory clause, the latter does not see it necessary to enact a specific and independent legal regime in its favour. Also, should the legislator object to the creation of a new social form, it will consequently only reinforce the peculiarity of such objection. The fact remains that to stop such acceptance would be reducing in the fact that this approach would serve inexorably the specificity outlined in articles L. 231-1 in L. 231-8 of the commercial law in particular as for the numerous possibilities that she grants as long to the company being equipped with the legal specificity that to the partners making up her

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Artistas and Atalaia beaches, located in Aracaju, Sergipe, are subject to coastal processes (waves, currents and winds) and Sergipe river mouth dynamics. At these beaches, from 2007 to 2008, severe erosive events resulted in the destruction of several anthropogenic structures (Praça de Eventos, bars/restaurants, etc.). These erosive events motivated the elaboration of this dissertation, whose the aim was to analyze these beaches morphology and its Sergipe river mouth coastline dynamics, in Aracaju. The methodology consisted of: (i) beach profile and sediments volume analysis (2008-2015); (ii) high tide shoreline (HTS) multi-temporal analysis (2009-2015) using satellite images; (iii) HTS change rate calculation; (iv) setbacks determination; and (v) textural and compositional sediments analysis. The beaches had great morphological variability, alternating between erosive and depositional processes, especially erosion on the Artistas’ beach and deposition on the Atalaia’s beach. The HTS in all profiles also varied significantly; it did not follow a linear trend of advance and/or retreat. In the investigated period (2008-2015), erosion prevailed in the 1, 2, 3 and 6 profiles (-320, -150, -3.5 and -130 m³/m, respectively) and HTS retreated, while in the 4 and 5 profiles prevailed depositional processes (+162 and +485 m³/m, respectively) and the HTS advanced. The HTS retreat rate , ranging from 0.5 to 13 m/year, allowed the establishment of two setbacks: 360 m for “lightweight” construction and 730 m for “heavy” constructions. Moreover, the investigated beaches sediments are mainly medium sand-sized particles, moderately sorted, and composed of quartz. The content of heavy minerals in sediments is low and represented mainly of ilmenite, zircon and rutile. These beaches and sediments characteristics are critical on beaches recovery projects of artificial feeding. Thus, this work offers subsidies for urban and environmental planning of the study area. / As praias dos Artistas e da Atalaia, localizadas no município de Aracaju, Sergipe, estão sujeitas à atuação dos agentes costeiros (ondas, correntes e ventos) e da dinâmica da desembocadura do rio Sergipe. Nessas praias, no período de 2007 a 2008, ocorreram eventos erosivos severos que acarretaram na destruição de diversas estruturas antrópicas (praça de eventos, bares/restaurantes, etc.). Esses eventos erosivos motivaram a realização dessa dissertação de mestrado, cujo objetivo foi analisar a dinâmica das praias e da linha de costa contíguas à margem direita da desembocadura rio Sergipe em Aracaju. A metodologia consistiu em: (i) análise de perfis de praia e da variação no volume de sedimentos (2008 a 2015); (ii) análise multitemporal (2009 a 2015) da linha de preamar máxima (LPM) através de imagens de satélite; (iii) cálculo da taxa de variação da LPM; (iv) determinação de faixas de proteção à costa (setback); e (v) caracterização granulométrica e composicional dos sedimentos. As praias mostraram grande variabilidade morfológica, com alternância entre processos erosivos e deposicionais, com predominância de erosão na praia dos Artistas e de deposição na praia da Atalaia. A LPM, em todos os perfis, também variou significativamente, não seguindo uma tendência linear de avanço e/ou recuo. No período investigado (2008-2015) prevaleceram processos erosivos nos perfis 1, 2, 3 e 6 (-320, -150, -3,5 e -130 m³/m, respectivamente) e a LPM recuou, enquanto que, nos perfis 4 e 5 prevaleceram processos deposicionais (+162 e +485 m³/m, respectivamente) e a LPM progradou. As taxas de recuo da LPM na área investigada, que variaram de 0,5 a 13 m/ano, permitiram o estabelecimento de duas faixas de proteção: 360 m para construções leves e 730 m para construções pesadas. Além disso, os sedimentos que compõem as praias investigadas são de granulometria areia média, moderadamente selecionados e de composição, predominantemente, quartzosa. O conteúdo de minerais pesados nos sedimentos é baixo e representado, essencialmente, por ilmenita, zircão e rutilo. Essas características das praias e dos sedimentos são fundamentais em projetos de recuperação de praias através da alimentação artificial. Dessa forma, esse trabalho pode servir de subsídios para o planejamento urbano e ambiental da área de estudo.

The point of departure for this study is the hypothesis that the American genre of nature writing has reached an important crossroads in the way it describes the human-nature relationship. My study argues that the awareness of the large-scale environmental changes that are signaled in terms such as the Anthropocene has changed the way nature writers approach their genre. Where traditional nature writing would tend to posit a separation between pristine and humanized environments, the nature writing of the Anthropocene emerges from the awareness that environmental impacts have reached a scope where no such distinction can be made. The traditional narrative of retreat to pristine nature or the wilderness from civilization has thus been replaced in Anthropocenic nature writing with the narrative of confrontation with a natural environment impacted by humans. This is a dystopian tendency in the genre, in which descriptions of nature are increasingly characterized by the writer’s concerns over what is happening to the landscape in question, and what the future might hold in a world where industrial humanity is affecting all ecological processes. Such literature increasingly foregrounds the best available environmental science, and the texts mark a shift from the traditional focus on spiritual connections with the environment, towards more material and functional understandings of the role of humanity in the complex organic and inorganic dynamics that maintain the world’s ecosystems. This dissertation analyzes the emergence of Anthropocenic awareness in selected texts of contemporary American nature writing with reference to its five main features: scientific interest in the function of ecosystems, interest in the agency of matter rendered through what is referred to as material nature writing, the dignification of the overlooked, the environmental landscape of fear, and a turn in the genre towards matters of environmental justice. Even though what I refer to as Anthropocenic nature writing may seem dystopian, this dissertation foregrounds the various ways in which the narrative of confrontation with the human also invites activism and engagement in the hope of stimulating change and environmental justice.

Les reliefs résultent d'une interaction entre de nombreux processus qui mettent en jeu des couplages complexes : climat, tectonique, érosion, impact anthropique, etc. Dans les paysages dominés par l'érosion fluviatile, la morphologie du relief est étroitement liée à la structure du réseau hydrographique. Ce dernier joue un rôle important dans les couplages entre les processus de surface (processus fluviaux et processus de versants). De nombreuses évidences de captures entre rivières provoquant des réorganisations du réseau hydrographique suggèrent que le réseau de drainage évolue, et il est loin d'être fixe comme le suggèrent certains modèles numériques d'évolution du paysage. Néanmoins, les travaux s'intéressant aux causes et aux mécanismes de ces réorganisations sont peu nombreux, et essentiellement qualitatifs. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de quantifier et de modéliser la réorganisation des réseaux hydrographiques par mécanisme de capture par rivières pirates dans le cadre d'un enfoncement relatif entre deux bassins, où l'avancement (par érosion régressive) de la tête de vallée de la rivière pirate provoque le détournement d'une rivière qui coule à proximité. Le comportement des Modèles numériques d'Evolution des Paysages (MEP) et plus particulièrement l'influence des paramètres de contrôle, ont été étudiés. L'expérimentation a été réalisée avec le logiciel GOLEM qui a été adapté aux besoins. L'étude s'est principalement portée sur le cas de l'évolution du réseau hydrographique de la partie française de la Meuse, qui a connue de nombreuses captures par le passé (capture de la Haute-Moselle par la Meurthe, capture de l'Aire par l'Aisne) et dont les caractéristiques actuelles sont favorables à de nouvelles captures (le lit de la Meuse se trouve perché à plus de 50m au dessus des vallées qui l'entourent (le lit de la Meuse se trouve perché à plus de 50m au dessus des vallées qui l'entourent : la Marne à l'ouest et la Moselle à l'est). / Landforms result from interaction between several processes, involving complex coupling: climate, tectonics, erosion, human impact, etc. In landscapes dominated by fluvial erosion, terrain morphology is closely related to the hydrographic network system. Because the latter plays an important role in the surface processes coupling (fluvial processes and hillslope processes). Many evidences of stream piracies causing reorganization of hydrographic network suggest that the drainage system is changing, and it is far from being fixe as propose some numerical landscape evolution models. Nevertheless, works focusing on causes and mechanisms of these reorganizations are very few and they are largely qualitative. The aim of this thesis is to quantify and describe the reorganization of hydrographic networks provoked by headward piracy mechanism in the case of relative lowering between two basins, where the riverhead progress by headward erosion causing the diversion of a river flowing nearby. The problem is tackled with a numerical modeling approach. We emphasis on the evolution of the hydrographic networks of the French part of the Meuse basin, where several piracies were recorded in the past (the piracy of the Upper-Moselle by the Meurthe and the piracy of the Aire by the Aisne), and which current characteristics are favorable to new piracies (the Meuse river bed is perched at more than 50m comparing to its surrounding valleys (the Meuse river bed is perched at more than 50m comparing to its surrounding valleys: Marne at the west and the Moselle at the east).

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This thesis project started out with an ambition to inspire more people to discover the mesmerizing landscape of the inner parts of northern Sweden by making it more accessible and attractive to persons usually not looking for outdoor adventures or the solitude and silence of wilderness.   By that initial aspiration I was led into an investigation of how constant connectedness affect us in everyday life, what performing “work” require and how the presence of nature and a challenging climate could be used as resources; offering more than nice views or weather to be sheltered from. Not only is the nature in the north fascinating on its own but the vast areas of almost untouched nature is becoming something unique in the world, an amazing resource most Swedes are more or less unaware of.   This project aims to test an alternative way of working, exploring the opportunities the technology provide us with while also offering time for reflection and inspiration. The program is a version of a work retreat; a facility that offers temporary work spaces away from the office and everyday life, allowing new social constellations, new ideas and work processes. / Detta examensarbete började med en ambition och en önskan om att inspirera fler att upptäcka det trollbindande landskapet i norra Sveriges inland genom att göra det mer lättillgängligt och attraktivt för personer som vanligtvis inte söker sig till vildmarksäventyr eller stillheten och tystnaden i skogen. Från den inledande ambitionen letade sig arbetet vidare till vitt skilda undersökningar av hur konstant uppkoppling (eller en ständig nåbarhet) påverkar människor, vad termen ”att arbeta” innebär samt hur natur och ett utmanande klimat kan användas som resurser och erbjuda mer än vacker utsikt eller ett väder man måste skyddas från. De stora orörda vidderna i norr är inte bara fascinerande i sig själva utan de börjar bli något helt unikt i världen, en fantastisk tillgång som de flesta svenskar är mer eller mindre omedvetna om. Projektet strävar efter att undersöka alternativa sätt att arbeta; att utforska möjligheterna som öppnas för oss med hjälp av dagens teknologi samtidigt som tid för reflektion och inspiration prioriteras. Programmet är en uppdaterad version av konferensanläggning, en plats som erbjuder temporära arbetsplatser långt från kontor och vardagsliv för att på så vis möjliggöra nya sociala samspel, tillföra nya idéer och arbetsprocesser.

This study was designed with an interest for the healing of emotional distress shared by the disciplines of psychology, philosophy, and spirituality. It sought to merge these disciplines into a coherent therapeutic context for human interaction that could be grounded in the shared human condition, the essential need for meaning, freedom, and relationship. This study also sought to examine the importance of spirituality across the lifespan to the practice of psychotherapy and particularly to explore the spiritual experiences of the adolescent male and discover the meaning and healing effects those experiences have for them, especially those who have experienced significant emotional or relationship difficulties in their lives. Using a phenomenological methodology for the qualitative data analysis, 10 interviews were conducted with young adult males who had participated in a unique spiritual retreat while in high school and during a particularly troubled time in their lives. An exhaustive document review took place. Two distinct phenomena emerged: Lost in Suffering, a state of life prior to the retreat and Found in Redemption: the results of a four day experience of bonding, healing, and transformation, each experience containing five distinct themes. The result is a deep understanding of the lived experience of the participants and a powerful implication regarding the place of spiritual experience in psychotherapeutic healing.

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