Reúso de software, principalmente quando apoiado por ferramentas computacionais, é uma forma de enfrentar os constantes desafios da Engenharia de Software em aumentar a produtividade e qualidade no desenvolvimento de software. Diversos ambientes de apoio ao reúso de software têm sido propostos, em sua maioria com objetivos específicos, por exemplo, repositórios de componentes, ferramentas para geração de aplicações e ferramentas para configuração de linhas de produtos. Entretanto, a integração desses ambientes é, muitas vezes, deficiente e deixada por conta do próprio desenvolvedor. Por outro lado, Sistemas-de-Sistemas (SoS) constituem uma forma de integrar sistemas independentes e seus relacionamentos, formando um todo maior que a soma das partes. Dessa forma, o SoS permite alcançar objetivos complexos que não poderiam ser facilmente alcançados individualmente pelos seus sistemas constituintes. Em um SoS, comportamentos emergentes podem surgir a qualquer momento ou terem sido previamente implementados. Por serem recentes, os conceitos de SoS ainda apresentam uma vasta gama de tópicos em aberto, entre eles sua aplicação a ambientes de reúso de software. Assim, neste trabalho, investigou-se como integrar ambientes de reúso com base nos conceitos de SoS. O SoS resultante, denominado SoS-Reúso, visa facilitar a implementação de comportamentos emergentes relacionados ao reúso de software. Com isso, pode-se potencializar a atividade de reúso, facilitando a busca por ativos reusáveis em diferentes sistemas constituintes. Para colocar em prática essa ideia, desenvolveu-se um simulador do SoS-Reúso, denominado P-SoS-Reúso. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo da usabilidade e adequação funcional do P-SoS-Reúso, a fim de obter do usuário feedbacks em relação ao seu uso. A abordagem utilizada no desenvolvimento do SoS-Reúso poderá ser adaptada futuramente para integrar outros tipos de sistemas, os quais poderiam se beneficiar da abordagem baseada em SoS. / Software reuse, specially when supported by computational tools, is a way to face the constant challenges of Software Engineering in increasing productivity and quality in software development. Several enviroments to support software reuse have been proposed, mostly for specific purposes, for example, component repositories, application generation tools, and tools for configuring product lines. However, the integration among these environments is often deficient and left to the developerss responsibility. On the other hand, Systems-of-Systems (SoS) is a way of integrating independent systems and their relationships, forming a whole greater than the sum of the parts. In this way, SoS allows us to achieve complex goals that could not be easily achieved individually by their constituent systems. In a SoS, emergent behaviors can arise at any time or have been previously implemented. Because they are recent, SoS concepts still feature a variety of open research topics, including their application to software reuse environments. Thus, in this work, we investigated how to integrate reuse environments based on SoS concepts. The resulting SoS, called SoS-Reuse, aims to facilitate the implementation of emergent behaviors related to software reuse. This allows to enhance the reuse activity, facilitating the search for reusable assets in different constituent systems. To implement this idea, it was developed a simulator of the SoS-Reuse, named P-SoS-Reuse. An qualitative study of the usability and functional adequacy of the P-SoS-Reuse was performed to obtain feedback from users regarding its use. The approach used to develop SoS-Reuse can be adapted in the future to integrate other types of systems, which could benefit from the SoS-based approach.

1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIM]Tf2N) was investigated as a multifunctional solvent, ligand, and reducing agent for platinum deposition onto well-defined CdSe@CdS nanorods. Platinum deposition was carried out thermally and photochemically using Pt(acac)2 as the metal precursor. Thermal deposition was investigated in [BMIM]Tf2N with and without addition of a sacrificial reducing agent, and product topology was compared with the products obtained from polyol reduction using 1,2-hexadecanediol, oleic acid, and oleylamine in diphenyl ether. Photochemically induced platinum deposition was carried out at room temperature in [BMIM]Tf2N, and product topology was compared with the photodeposition products obtained from a toluene dispersion. Thermal deposition of platinum in ionic liquid showed rods of broken morphology and small platinum nanoparticles speckled across the rods’ surface, while photodeposition of platinum exhibited particles decorated throughout the nanorod surface but larger in size than those exhibited by thermal means. Photocatalytic reduction of methylene blue was studied using these Pt-CdSe@CdS heterostructured nanoparticles, and catalytic performance was correlated with topology and synthetic history. Initial findings of catalytic performance suggest that there in an advantage of depositing platinum nanoparticles onto the CdSe@CdS in the ionic liquid system. Methylene blue dye was degraded using each system and the results show and there is an increased performance of the nanorods synthesized in the ionic system.

Abilia utvecklar, tillverkar och säljer tekniska hjälpmedel till personer som antingen har en fysisk eller psykisk begränsning som påverkar deras vardag. För att dra ner på kostnaderna och få en bättre enhetlighet vill Abilia att ytterförpackningarna ska standardiseras samt att ett flexibelt inrede som ska kunna anpassas till många av företagets produkter utvecklas. En förstudie lade grunden för projektet där många olika områden och metoder undersöktes. De existerade förpackningarna utvärderades, deras och produkternas livscykel kartlades varpå det framgick vilka som var projektets huvudanvändare. Dessa intervjuades och en kravspecifikation kunde sedan fastställas. Förstudien resulterade i att det fanns två grupper av produkter som lösningen måste kunna anpassas till. Lösningen måste även vara flexibel både för produkterna och för dess tillbehör. Hjälpmedelscentralerna som visade sig vara projektets huvudanvändare hade krav att lösningen skulle vara hållbar och ge förpackningen en strukturerad insida. Koncept genererades med hjälp av en praktisk idégenerering som resulterade i olika former och konstruktioner. Konceptval genomfördes genom diskussion med personal från Abilia samt genom en viktad konceptvalsmatris. Projektet resulterade i ett flexibelt och hållbart inrede i två lösningar. En produktpresentationsdel som har en konstruktion med nedvikbara flikar som gör det möjligt att kila fast produkter oberoende av storlek samt en flexibel tillbehörsdel som både kan regleras i höjdled och sidled. Lösningen uppfyller kraven från kravspecifikationen och har verifierats av experter inom området att den fungerar i verkliga situationer. Materialet i lösningen är det bäst anpassade för funktionen och är även det material som har lägst miljöpåverkan av de som undersöktes i projektet. / Abilia develops, manufactures and sells aids for people who have either a physical or mental limitations that affect their everyday lives. In order to save money and get a better uniformity Abilia want to standardize the packaging and develop a flexible interior that can be adapted to many of the company’s products. A pilot study laid the foundation for the project where many different areas and methods were examined. The existing packages were evaluated, and their and the products lifecycles were identified and that made it clear who the projects user was. They were interviewed and a product specification could be established. The pilot study resulted that it was two groups of products and the solution must be able to adapt to both. The solution must also be flexible to the products and their accessories. The Hjälpmedelscentralerna turned out to be the users in this project and they had requirements that the solution must be sustainable and provide a more structured inside of the packaging. Concepts were generated with a practical idea generation that resulted in different forms and constructions. The concept selection was made after discussion with the staff from Abilia and through a balanced concept selection matrix. The project resulted in a flexible and durable interior in two parts. A product presentation part which has a design with folddown flaps that allows the product to get stuck no matter which size and a flexible accessory which can be adjusted both vertically and horizontally. The solution fulfills the requirements from the product specification and has been verified by expert that it would work in real situation. The material in the solution is the best suited for the function and it is also the material with the lowest environmental impact of those surveyed in the project.

Dokumento tikslas yra pristatyti pakartotinio panaudojimo technologijos, komponentais grįsto projektavimo ir metaprojektavimo aspektų simbiozės. Simbiozė realizuojama per programinės įrangos architektūros modelį ir rinkinį pakartotinio panaudojimo komponentų, kurie sukurti įtraukti galutinį vartotoją į programinės įrangos procesą kaip projektuotoją. / The aim of this paper is to present symbiosis of reuse technology, component based design and meta-project aspects. Symbiosis occurs through software architectural model and set of reusable components designed to involve end-user to software development process as designer. Theoretical background of specified model is delivered in the beginning sections of this thesis. As experimental solution information system was introduced. System provides a pack of highly configurable and customizable components designed to achieve common tasks. Unexpected or rare tasks are solved by providing extra components, which are developed and integrated to entire system according predefined rules. Several complete definitions and application areas of those components are given. Paper also includes statistics about reusable component life cycle in different software projects: how often they are reused and for what purpose. Thesis is concluded with pros and cons of suggested model.

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Region Östergötland has encountered issue in ecological and economical overconsumption of single-used garments in healthcare sector among medical staff in Universitetssjukhuset Linköping. Proper approaches to reach solutions towards decrease of usage of single-used garments were targeted to be implemented for employees of healthcare sector. Two goals were established for this study. First of all, it was aimed to analyse consumer behaviour of employees in healthcare sector of Östergötland region to find out reasons that lay behind increase of single-time garments by employees. Secondly, the aim was targeted to examine what nudging techniques, if any, are feasible to use in positively changing current consumer behavior. The findings showed that nudging has a strong potential to be regarded as an effective tool in influencing healthcare workers of Linköping University Hospital disposable garments usage. Main behavioural reasons that triggered increase of disposable garments usage were detected as lack of information and old habits of medical staff. Application of information disclosure, framing, feedback and social norms nudging techniques were identified to have promising possibilities in impacting current behaviour and raise healthcare workers awareness about their consumption patterns.

Context: Software reuse is considered as the key to a successful software development because of its potential to reduce the time to market, increase quality and reduce costs. This increase in demand made the software organizations to envision the use of software reusable assets which can also help in solving recurring problems. Till now, software reuse is confined to reuse of source code in the name of code scavenging. Now a day, software organizations are extending the concepts of software reuse to other life cycle objects as they realized that reuse of source code alone does not save money. The academia has put forward some assets as reusable and presented methods or approaches for reusing them. Also, for a successful software reuse the organizations should assess the value of reuse and keep track on their reuse programs. The other area which is vital for software reuse is the maintenance. Maintenance of reusable software has direct impact on the cost of the software. In this regard, academia has presented a number of techniques, methods, metrics and models for assessing the value of reuse and for maintaining the reusable software. Objectives: In our thesis, we investigate on the reusable assets and the methods/ approaches that are put forward by the academia for reusing those assets. Also a systematic mapping study is performed to investigate what techniques, methods, models and metrics for assessing the value of reuse and for maintaining the reused software are proposed and we also investigate their validation status as well. Methods: The databases like IEEE Xplore, ACM digital library, Inspec, Springer and Google scholar were used to search for the relevant studies for our systematic mapping study. We followed basic inclusion criteria along with detailed inclusion/exclusion criteria for selecting the appropriate article. Results: Through our systematic mapping study, we could summarize the list of 14 reusable assets along with the approaches/methods for reusing them. Taxonomy for assessing the value of reuse and taxonomy for maintaining the reusable software are presented. We also presented the methods/metrics/models/techniques for measuring reuse to assess its value and for maintaining the reusable software along with their validation status and areas in focus. Conclusion: We conclude that, there is a need for defining a standard set of reusable assets that are commonly accepted by the researchers in the field of software reuse. Most metrics/models/methods/approaches presented for assessing the value of reuse and for maintaining the reuse software are academically validated. Efforts have to be put on industrially validating them using the real data.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Secondary Education / Diane McGrath / The purpose of this research and development study was to design, develop, evaluate and revise reusable online learning resources based on the principles of learning objects that would support instructional design students' learning and performance in the context of ATC in Saudi Arabia. Using a research and development model (Borg and Gall, 1989), Instructional Design reusable online learning resources (ID-RORs) were iteratively and collaboratively developed and revised based on feedback gathered through formative evaluation. Between each round of qualitative formative evaluation, the ID-RORs were revised based on analysis of the data. Seven main research and development phases were carried out: research and information collecting, a needs assessment, prototype development, expert evaluations, redesign, target user evaluations and redesign. The formative evaluation of ID-RORs consisted of three phases. The first evaluation group was comprised of four experts. The purpose of this evaluation was to conduct a needs assessment. The second phase, which used feedback from two experts and two instructional design teachers, was the expert evaluation. The purpose of this evaluation was to examine the validity of the ID-RORs. The third phase, based on feedback from 11 students, was the user evaluation. The purpose of this evaluation was to examine the practicality of the ID-RORs. The overall results of the needs assessment evaluation showed that the ID-RORs prototype met an important need at ATC. The overall result of the expert evaluation showed that the ID-RORs prototype were valid for the context of ATC. Finally, the result of target user evaluation showed that the ID-RORs as revised with expert and user input were practical for the intended target users. Based on the results of this R & D study, it was concluded that the answer to the research question is yes, it is possible to develop the ID-RORs to meet the specifications of the needs assessment. The characteristics of ID-RORs are very similar to the characteristics of successful (valid and practical) reusable online resources. The final version of the ID-RORs were found to be needed, valid and practical, in the context of ATC.

Reúso de software, principalmente quando apoiado por ferramentas computacionais, é uma forma de enfrentar os constantes desafios da Engenharia de Software em aumentar a produtividade e qualidade no desenvolvimento de software. Diversos ambientes de apoio ao reúso de software têm sido propostos, em sua maioria com objetivos específicos, por exemplo, repositórios de componentes, ferramentas para geração de aplicações e ferramentas para configuração de linhas de produtos. Entretanto, a integração desses ambientes é, muitas vezes, deficiente e deixada por conta do próprio desenvolvedor. Por outro lado, Sistemas-de-Sistemas (SoS) constituem uma forma de integrar sistemas independentes e seus relacionamentos, formando um todo maior que a soma das partes. Dessa forma, o SoS permite alcançar objetivos complexos que não poderiam ser facilmente alcançados individualmente pelos seus sistemas constituintes. Em um SoS, comportamentos emergentes podem surgir a qualquer momento ou terem sido previamente implementados. Por serem recentes, os conceitos de SoS ainda apresentam uma vasta gama de tópicos em aberto, entre eles sua aplicação a ambientes de reúso de software. Assim, neste trabalho, investigou-se como integrar ambientes de reúso com base nos conceitos de SoS. O SoS resultante, denominado SoS-Reúso, visa facilitar a implementação de comportamentos emergentes relacionados ao reúso de software. Com isso, pode-se potencializar a atividade de reúso, facilitando a busca por ativos reusáveis em diferentes sistemas constituintes. Para colocar em prática essa ideia, desenvolveu-se um simulador do SoS-Reúso, denominado P-SoS-Reúso. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo da usabilidade e adequação funcional do P-SoS-Reúso, a fim de obter do usuário feedbacks em relação ao seu uso. A abordagem utilizada no desenvolvimento do SoS-Reúso poderá ser adaptada futuramente para integrar outros tipos de sistemas, os quais poderiam se beneficiar da abordagem baseada em SoS. / Software reuse, specially when supported by computational tools, is a way to face the constant challenges of Software Engineering in increasing productivity and quality in software development. Several enviroments to support software reuse have been proposed, mostly for specific purposes, for example, component repositories, application generation tools, and tools for configuring product lines. However, the integration among these environments is often deficient and left to the developerss responsibility. On the other hand, Systems-of-Systems (SoS) is a way of integrating independent systems and their relationships, forming a whole greater than the sum of the parts. In this way, SoS allows us to achieve complex goals that could not be easily achieved individually by their constituent systems. In a SoS, emergent behaviors can arise at any time or have been previously implemented. Because they are recent, SoS concepts still feature a variety of open research topics, including their application to software reuse environments. Thus, in this work, we investigated how to integrate reuse environments based on SoS concepts. The resulting SoS, called SoS-Reuse, aims to facilitate the implementation of emergent behaviors related to software reuse. This allows to enhance the reuse activity, facilitating the search for reusable assets in different constituent systems. To implement this idea, it was developed a simulator of the SoS-Reuse, named P-SoS-Reuse. An qualitative study of the usability and functional adequacy of the P-SoS-Reuse was performed to obtain feedback from users regarding its use. The approach used to develop SoS-Reuse can be adapted in the future to integrate other types of systems, which could benefit from the SoS-based approach.

Táto diplomová práca sa zaoberá vývojom systému pre navádzanie, navigáciu, a riadenie pre znovupoužiteľný raketový urýchľovač. Pre dosiahnutie tohto cieľu bol vytvorený simulačný model rakety v prostredí Simulink. Na základe dát získaných pomocou CFD softvéru bol pre túto simuláciu vytvorený tiež vlastný aerodynamický model. Pre účely demonštrácie dosiahnutých výsledkov bol ako súčasť práce tiež naprogramovaný interaktívny 3D vizualizačný nástroj.