The present study deals with the current phenomenon of the revitalisation of the Breton language. The work is divided into three parts. The first presents a theoretical basis to the following parts. The second is devoted to Breton in a larger context and it contains the following: the language policy in France, information about Brittany and its languages, and the evolution of using the Breton. The core of the work is the last part, which is based on an ethnological field research that the author carried out in the years 2008 and 2011 among students of Breton at the university of Rennes 2. Its aim is to illustrate the studied phenomenon by the concete stories of his actors. One of its main results is the confirmation of the hypothesis about the symbolic importance of Breton as one of the basic pillars of the Breton identity. The sources of this study are, apart from the research mentioned above, French, Czech and English secondary resources.

Malgré ses richesses historiques, le centre ancien de Téhéran est aujourd’hui dans un état préoccupant et la question de sa sauvegarde est devenue l’enjeu majeur des conservateurs et défenseurs du patrimoine. Les plans et les propositions élaborés pour revitaliser le centre historique ont été très largement inutiles. Le questionnement de cette thèse porte sur les obstacles à la revitalisation du centre ancien de Téhéran. L’étude du quartier d’Oudlajan, un des quartiers historiques de la ville, permet de mieux comprendre la situation actuelle du patrimoine. D’après nos analyses, à part les politiques des gouvernements aux différentes époques, il semble que la représentation du patrimoine dans la société iranienne ait été fortement influencée par des courants de pensée et des tendances idéologiques. Le désir de « changement », qui existait depuis longtemps en Iran, s'est accompagné d’un rejet de la tradition et de l’histoire, en détruisant tout ce qui est perçu comme ancien. En raison d’une modernisation autoritaire, la ville est devenue le symbole de la rupture avec l’histoire, la tradition et l’identité locale, tout en imitant les modèles occidentaux. L’étude des stratégies mises en œuvre par les différents acteurs met en lumière deux attitudes différentes face au patrimoine du quartier d’Oudlajan. La position des conservateurs, qui privilégient le maintien en l'état des monuments, d’une façon stricte. Leur action se limite à l’inventaire, la réglementation et au contrôle. La position des partisans du développement urbain, répartis en trois groupes : les acteurs institutionnels qui veulent renouveler les quartiers anciens afin d’augmenter leur résistance aux séismes; les acteurs en recherche de nouvelles constructions par intérêt économique; et, enfin, les résidents qui souhaitent vivre dans un logement neuf et un quartier moderne. Les approches de ces trois groupes montrent un manque d’intérêt pour le patrimoine et les espaces historiques et une envie de modernisation. / Despite its historical riches the old center of Tehran is now in a worrying state and the issue of preservation of its heritage has become the major challenge for conservatives and heritage advocates. Plans and propositions made to revitalize the historic center were largely useless. This thesis focuses on the reasons for the difficult revitalization of the historical center of Tehran. The study of Oudlajan, one of the historic neighbourhoods of Tehran, allows to understand the current state of urban heritage. According to our analysis, apart from the government policies in the different periods, the representation of heritage in Iranian society is strongly influenced by the thoughts and ideological trends. The desire to “change”, which has long existed in Iran, was accompanied by the rejection of tradition and history, destroying everything that is known as old. Due to authoritarian modernization, the city became a symbol of the break with history, tradition and local identity, imitating Western models. The study of the strategies employed by different actors highlights two different positions facing heritage of Oudlajan neighborhood. The position of the guardians, who see only the conservation of monuments. The action of these preservatives is limited to inventory, regulation and control. The position of the partisans of urban development can be divided into three groups: institutional actors seeking to renew older neighborhoods to increase their earthquake resistance; the actors who want new constructions for their economic interests; and, finally, the residents who wish to live in a new house and a modern neighbourhood. Approaches of these three groups show a lack of interest in heritage and historic spaces and a desire for modernization.

Cette étude explique comment, après leur émergence dans ce monde selon leur mythe de la Création, leur Histoire sous le joug des Espagnols, des Mexicains et des Américains, après une période de coercition, après leur déportation et leur détention loin de leur terre, après l’acculturation forcée de leurs enfants, les Navajo se sont efforcés de reprendre en main leur destin. La deuxième moitié du XXe siècle a été marquée par un renouveau de cette tribu qui se nomme elle-même les Diné, qui vit dans une réserve grande comme la Belgique, au Sud-ouest des États-Unis et qui est célèbre pour la facture de ses bijoux en argent et turquoise et ses tapis. Le Conseil tribal a mis en place des programmes de revitalisation de la langue et de la culture, encadrés par une législation qui leur octroie la souveraineté en matière d’éducation, acte politique d’affirmation identitaire vis-à-vis des États-Unis et du reste du monde. En s’appuyant sur leur mythologie et les fondations de leur culture et malgré les dissensions intra communautaires générées par ce nouveau mode de transmission, les Navajo ont créé des écoles pilotes et des nids linguistiques permettant aux enfants et à leurs parents de réapprendre leur langue et de recouvrer leur fierté identitaire. Si les résultats obtenus aux tests locaux et nationaux s’améliorent sensiblement par rapport aux normes établies par le Ministère de l’éducation fédéral, il reste à la Nation navajo à faire baisser le taux d’abandon scolaire, à augmenter le niveau de vie de ses membres dont un bon nombre vit encore en dessous du seuil de pauvreté et à développer son économie. Les gains des casinos permettront peut-être à la Nation navajo d’améliorer sa situation économique et de combler le fossé numérique mais face à la mondialisation, elle devra veiller à la préservation de son héritage afin que ses membres puissent vivre en harmonie dans les deux mondes tout en gardant leur ancrage culturel, linguistique et identitaire. / The 19th century federal measures to “kill the Indian and save the man” entailed a language shift. The loss of the native language was linked to a sense of shame and a loss of cultural identity. The founding principles that used to frame the Navajos’ way of life were no longer being passed on from one generation to the next. So in the late 1960’s, the Navajos who call themselves the Diné and are well-known for their exquisite jewellery and finely woven rugs, instituted a comprehensive strategy to retain and revitalize their language and their culture. This dissertation examines how, despite intra-community conflicts over the validity of the transmission of a language and a culture through school-based education, the Navajos have implemented the revitalization of their language and culture based on the Creation Story and the teaching of the Holy People, their ancestors. If one the one hand these significant steps in sovereignty in education have managed to make the Navajo regain pride in who they are and where they come from and improved the scores in local and national tests, the Navajo Nation must make sure it will find a way to reduce the number of drop-outs, improve the standard of living of a great number of its member who live below poverty level and develop its economy and heal societal evils that hamper social individual success. The financial returns of Indian gaming may help the Navajo nation overcome these challenges, but its leaders must ensure they can cope with globalisation and they can balance Navajo and western culture while preserving their heritage so as to live in harmony in both worlds still keeping their cultural, linguistic and cultural roots

Ce travail de thèse cherche à explorer quelques aspects théoriques et pratiques des phénomènes de revitalisation linguistique (RL), un champ de recherche émergent au sujet duquel on a pu noter un manque de conceptualisation. Notre approche de la question est à la fois sociolinguistique et anthropologique, et découle d'un travail de terrain en Provence et en Écosse, où le provençal (ou l'occitan) et l'écossais (Scots) sont présentés comme des langues en danger. Cette thèse, dans laquelle nous considérons la RL comme un phénomène social se produisant dans des contextes de contact culturel, est organisée en trois parties : La première partie explore la manière dont la question de la RL a émergé des travaux sur la mort des langues en linguistique descriptive, mais aussi à partir de travaux sociolinguistiques et anthropologiques. Nous examinons ensuite la manière dont la RL est conceptualisée dans la littérature scientifique. Cette partie aboutit à la conclusion que si la plupart des travaux existants se sont focalisés sur les langues, des analyses en termes d'acteurs sociaux seraient nécessaires à une meilleure compréhension d'un phénomène désormais global. La seconde partie propose un modèle théorique de description et d'analyse de certains aspects des mouvements de RL. Elle associe ces mouvements avec un ensemble de phénomènes plus large, les mouvements de revitalisation culturelle, pour lesquels il existe une tradition de recherche déjà ancienne dans l'anthropologie américaine. Nous complétons ces théories par l'usage de deux notions supplémentaires, mythes et idéologies. La troisième partie met à l'épreuve ce modèle théorique afin de proposer une description et une analyse de quelques dimensions de mouvements de RL en Provence et en Écosse, à travers le discours de quatre catégories d'acteurs sociaux : experts, activistes, locuteurs ordinaires et élèves. Nous étudions également la manière dont les discours circulent dans deux écoles, qui représentent des sites de RL où des ordres de discours rencontrent des pratiques sociales. En conclusion, nous suggérons des liens entre les travaux sur la RL et les études de la mondialisation. On peut en effet voir les mouvements de RL actuels comme représentant des manières de réagir face à l'incertitude causée par l'émergence d'un monde de plus en plus globalisé.

Since the fall of communism, some crucial political, economic and social changes have been taking place in the former communist societies. The objective of the thesis is to examine the processes of residential differentiation taking place in the urban landscape of the Polish city of Gdańsk after the introduction of the capitalist system. The focus is on different forms of residential differentiation and the social, economic and historical factors behind these forms. The empirical material that forms the basis of the thesis consists of interviews, newspaper articles, a questionnaire, official (national and local) reports and documents. Study I examines the way in which different social, economic, historical and physical conditions coincide in the formation of space and the processes of decline in the period of transformation in Poland. The focus lies on a specific residential area in the center of Gdańsk and the lack of improvements in this particular area, which would stop its successive decline. Study II explains the emergence of gated communities in the post-communist urban context and discusses the reasons for their increasing numbers and popularity. The main argument is that the popularity of gated communities is tightly intertwined with the communist past, emerging in reaction to the housing conditions that prevailed under communism. Study III investigates how social class markers are constructed in the discourse on gated communities in post-socialist Poland. The “new” capitalistic system, with its inherent social divisions, is described in the discourse as creating demands for “new” forms of housing, where gates function as separators, protectors and class identifiers. Study IV concentrates on the support for the formation of gated communities in the legal and regulatory framework in Poland since 1989. The paper asserts that the outcome of liberal politics and legal regulation in the country is the neglect of spatial planning and imprecise urban policies. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted.</p>

In language revitalisation movements the main impetus and passion is often provided by adults who, as second language speakers, have gained fluency in their heritage language. As parents and teachers these adults often have vital roles in the ongoing transmission of the heritage language. This study is based on interviews with thirty-two Māori adults who have each made a strong commitment to becoming a fluent speaker of Māori. The study posited that the informants would have a strongly-held worldview which enabled them to engage with and maintain a relationship with the Māori language. This worldview is expressed through a range of metaphors, the four most frequent being: LANGUAGE IS A PATH, LANGUAGE IS A CANOE, LANGUAGE IS FOOD, LANGUAGE LEARNER IS A PLANT. The worldview articulated by these metaphors has a quasi-religious nature and draws on elements of New Age humanism, a connection with Māori culture and ancestors as well as kaupapa Māori (Māori-orientated and controlled initiatives). The source domains for these metaphors are traced through a study of various Māori sources from the 19th century through to the present day. This study shows how exploitation of these metaphors has changed throughout this time period leading to their current exploitation by the newly-fluent informants. The metaphors preferred by the informants were contrasted with the prominent metaphor LANGUAGE IS A TREASURE, the entailments of which were found to be more relevant to the experience of native speakers. The informants' experience also contrasts with the focus of language planners in that the informants are more focussed on how the Māori language is important for them personally than how they contribute to the revitalisation of the Māori language. These findings have implications for the revitalisation of the Māori language and have relevance for other endangered languages.

[Abstract]: The educational literature has popularised models of school leadership such as Instructional, Transformational, Strategic, Educative, and Servant Leadership. Whilst valuable as ways of conceptualising leadership styles, worldviews, traits, roles and functions of individual principals, these models fall short of capturing the dynamic between the outcomes of leadership and the leadership process in contemporary school contexts. Distributed leadership theory is held by many to be more attuned to the post-industrial needs of organisations, and its influence on educational research has seen the emergence of new ways of comprehending leadership in schools. One influential example is ‘parallel leadership’, a derivative of distributed leadership that describes teachers as leaders of curriculum and pedagogy and principals as metastrategic leaders. This study looks specifically at the leadership processes of a small sample of principals in the process of school revitalisation titled IDEAS (Innovative Designs for Enhancing the Achievements of Schools). A key motivation for this study was that the concept of ‘parallel leadership’ had been subjected to little serious critique. Uncertainty surrounded how principals in IDEAS schools conceptualised their leadership, and what impacts experience with the IDEAS Project has on conceptions of leadership. The purpose of this study was to tease out the meanings that a sample of principals gave to their highly complex role as principal, whilst engaging with the concept of ‘parallel leadership’ during their schools’ implementations of IDEAS. The Research Problem was stated as: What conceptions of principal leadership arise out of a sample of principals’ experiences with a process of school revitalisation that emphasises a distributed approach to school leadership? The overarching inquiry took the form of a multi-case or collective case study and comprised four principals who had engaged with IDEAS over a period of at least two years. Data collection strategies included the in-depth interview, which was chosen as the primary method for informants to describe their perceptions of their leadership, together with concept mapping and a structured interview that was utilised to gain staff perceptions of informants’ leadership. Methods of analysis involved detailed transcriptions of taped interviews and tools derived from the literature review that were used to code and categorise the texts of interviews.Crowther et al. (2001) proposed a Model of Successful School Revitalisation as a result of their research conducted under the auspices of the Australian Research Council and Commonwealth Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs (DETYA). Source: (Crowther, Hann & McMaster 2001, p. 141). First, the Model identifies principal leadership and teacher leadership as each having concrete meaning and significance and that success occurs through a mutual and respectful association. This relationship is captured by the authors in the new concept of ‘parallel leadership’. Second, the Model makes clear a view that effective school leadership impacts three school processes that are conceptualised as culture building, shared approach to pedagogy and schoolwide learning. Third, the Model proposes that through the enrichment and integration of these three processes school outcomes are enhanced.This study focussed on the principal leadership aspect of ‘parallel leadership’ and resulted in a Model of Metastrategic Principal Leadership that conceptualises the intersection of principal leadership and the ideas process which Crowther et al. described as the Stimulus.The present study thereby extends the definition of ‘parallel leadership’ by describing how principals contribute to transformations of leadership, learning, and pedagogy through three principal-led processes. The proposed Model of Metastrategic Principal Leadership suggests that when activated by a principal’s continuous professional learning the combination of the interactions of personal style (Personal), the process of revitalisation (Processual), and personal conceptualisation of role (Conceptual) result in principal-led processes that support successful school revitalisation. The three principal-led processes that were uncovered are described as re-imaging school leadership, support of organisation-wide learning, and management of meaning.The researcher hopes the outcomes of the study will be of benefit to principals and teachers in the increasing numbers of schools now engaging with IDEAS across Australia and internationally. A further hope is that the present study’s descriptions of new ways of comprehending leadership in schools might be of assistance to school practitioners seeking to move from traditional to distributed forms of leadership and also educational theorists who are working in the field of school improvement.

The "Rašeliniště Kapličky" Nature Reserve is situated in the eastern part of the Šumava Mts. The reserve contains different peatland vegetation types - ombrogenous and transition bog parts. The area was partly drained due to extensive mining, pasturing and forestry in the past There are variously old drainage canals now. My thesis contains (i) the evaluation of groundwater table fluctuation and its relationship to vegetation composition and the drainage intensity and (ii) the evaluation of plant species composition in differently drained parts of the peatbog. There was strong relationship between actual groundwater table and precipitation, especially in drained areas, the diversity and the occurrence of expansive species were also related to groundwater table. A map of dranaige network inside the peatbog (1 : 3 500) and vegetation map (1 : 4 000) in the ArcMap programme for GIS environment were constructed. In the most drained part of the area the revitalisation measure was proposed {--} installation of wooden dams for blocking of drainage system.

This study deals with Czech speakers in Australia, focusing on their use of the Czech and English languages as tools of belonging to a community. Its aim is to discuss the situation of Czech speakers on the continent from the perspective of a small Czech language in an English-speaking country. The starting point for the study is scientific publications on bilingualism, multilingualism and transnationalism issued in the Czech and English-speaking environments. Another source is books about the history of the immigration and language policies in Australia and about the Australian identity. Finally, the methods involve field research based on participant observation of groups of Czechs in social networks and during Czech church services in Sydney in November 2015. Fieldwork is also based on semi-structured interviews which took place in Australia between August 2014 and January 2016. They were intended to study the reality of Czech speakers in Australia and to illustrate the theories on the use of language by bilingual speakers in the Australian context. The first part of this study gives the theoretical background to the notions of transnationalism, belonging to a group, bilingualism and changes in language use. The second part focuses on language and immigration policies of the states of Australia...

Depuis la nuit des temps, les peuples du territoire vivent en fonction de leurs ordres juridiques encrés dans les enseignements du territoire. Guidé par le principe de la suprématie coloniale, l'état euro-canadien a imposé un système de détermination des appartenances et des identités juridiques autochtones causant ainsi des maux profonds, réels et destructeurs. La présente thèse s'ancre dans une humble compréhension d'un ordre juridique anishinaabe pour critiquer le système juridique euro-canadien quant aux appartenances et identités du territoire afin de conclure à l'importance, voire la nécessité, d'une revitalisation des ordres juridiques du territoire.