Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar empiricamente as decisões interpretativas quanto ao timing e dinâmica de quatro execuções do primeiro movimento da Sonata para piano n.1 de Francisco Mignone. Por meio da comparação de gravações, foram identificadas estratégias expressivas adotadas pelos intérpretes em relação ao timing, dinâmica e articulação, evidenciando assim o direcionamento expressivo do discurso musical em determinados trechos da obra. Tendo em vista os eventos musicais característicos de cada seção da Sonata, foi realizada uma análise da organização rítmica que apoiou a análise das gravações. / This research aimed at empirically investigating the interpretative decisions regarding timing and dynamics of four recorded performances of the first movement of Sonata n.1 for piano by Francisco Mignone. The comparison identified the expressive strategies adopted by the chosen interpreters in relation to articulation and dynamics thus bringing out the temporal profiles of predetermined spans. Issues such as background and organizational planning of the Sonata were taken into account in view of the musical events characteristic of each section. Theories of rhythmic organization supported the analyses of recordings.

本文以優選理論的觀點分析台灣漢語饒舌歌的節奏類型。主要論點包括三個部份：節拍對應、音節對應與韻句分析。本研究建立一個漢語饒舌歌語料庫，提出數據佐證分析，認為漢語饒舌歌的節奏類型不只一種，不同的節奏類型可透過並存音韻理論(Cophonology Theory)來解釋，另外，本文也提出浮動制約(Floating Constraints)來預測漢語饒舌歌中不同節奏型態出現的比例。在節拍對應方面，透過虛詞左向附著與其他制約的排序變化，可以篩選出音節與節拍不同的對應方式。在音節對應方面，當一韻句需要滿足簡單律時，就會產生音節跨越現象。而在韻句分析方面，透過左界對整(U,x)與其他制約的排序變化，可以預測兩韻句間之間隔1/2拍或1/4拍的例子。整體而言，本篇研究就漢語饒舌歌中豐富的節奏類型提出語料以及理論上的分析基準。 / This thesis analyzes the rhythmic structure of Chinese raps in Taiwan from the perspective of Optimality theory. Three factors are in order: the demibeats mapping, the syllable mapping and the utterance phrasing. The thesis adopts the corpus-based analysis. This thesis proposes that rhythmic variants can be accounted for through the constraint re-ranking in terms of the Cophonology Theory. The positing of floating constraints can then predict the percentages of the rhythmic variants. In demibeat mapping, the interaction between F-share-L(the left-adjunction of functors) and other constraints results in different ways of demibeat-syllable correspondence; in syllable mapping, Simplicity decides the syllable-straddling phenomenon. Finally, in utterance phrasing, the interaction between Align-L(U,x) and other constraints predicts different lengthens of the utterance breaks. To conclude, this thesis provided a corpus and theoretical basis for the rhythmic structures of Chinese raps.

The topic of the diploma thesis is the use of musical activities in the development of graphomotoric skills of preschool children. The theoretical section is focused on harmonising of music and movement on the level of gross and fine motoric skills. This diploma thesis analyses the musical aspect of the Czech version of the Good Start Method. The practical section presents new lessons developing graphomotoric skills with a central focus on musical and instrumental activities. The thesis provides a report on the aims, methods and progress of the field research in the preparatory classes of primary school. Part of the process is basic research into the received tempo of two songs from the Good Start Method. KEYWORDS Good Start Method, musical activities, musical skills, graphomotoric skills, gross motoric skills, fine motoric skills, rhythmic feeling

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar empiricamente as decisões interpretativas quanto ao timing e dinâmica de quatro execuções do primeiro movimento da Sonata para piano n.1 de Francisco Mignone. Por meio da comparação de gravações, foram identificadas estratégias expressivas adotadas pelos intérpretes em relação ao timing, dinâmica e articulação, evidenciando assim o direcionamento expressivo do discurso musical em determinados trechos da obra. Tendo em vista os eventos musicais característicos de cada seção da Sonata, foi realizada uma análise da organização rítmica que apoiou a análise das gravações. / This research aimed at empirically investigating the interpretative decisions regarding timing and dynamics of four recorded performances of the first movement of Sonata n.1 for piano by Francisco Mignone. The comparison identified the expressive strategies adopted by the chosen interpreters in relation to articulation and dynamics thus bringing out the temporal profiles of predetermined spans. Issues such as background and organizational planning of the Sonata were taken into account in view of the musical events characteristic of each section. Theories of rhythmic organization supported the analyses of recordings.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ao longo dos anos, inúmeros estádios de futebol no Brasil têm sido projetados para suportar as cargas acidentais (carga de pessoas) como sendo do tipo estática (4kN/m2). Entretanto, ultimamente com base na mudança do comportamento do público, especialmente em jogos de futebol, através da ação de torcidas organizadas e, ainda, com o emprego desses estádios para shows de música, os sistemas estruturais passaram a sofrer um maior impacto pela natureza dinâmica dos carregamentos solicitantes. Assim sendo, alguns destes estádios passaram a apresentar problemas de vibrações excessivas e tornou-se necessária a consideração efetiva das cargas dinâmicas nos projetos estruturais. Deste modo, este trabalho de pesquisa objetiva o estudo do comportamento dinâmico e avaliação do desempenho do sistema estrutural das arquibancadas do Estádio Nacional de Brasília, no que diz respeito ao conforto humano. Cabe ressaltar que o referido estádio foi projetado e construído para ser utilizado na Copa do Mundo de 2014, realizada no Brasil. Os resultados alcançados ao longo do desenvolvimento deste estudo são confrontados com aqueles fornecidos por normas e recomendações internacionais de projeto. Os resultados revelam a importância da análise dinâmica para o projeto de estádios de futebol, no que tange a obtenção de dados relevantes para o conforto humano e, bem como, segurança dos usuários desse tipo de estrutura. / Over the years, many soccer stadiums in Brazil have been designed to withstand accidental loads (people loads) to be of static type (4kN/m2). However, based on the changes in the peoples behaviour, especially in soccer matches, through the action of groups of fans and also with the use of these structures for music shows, these structural systems have been subjected to dynamic impacts related to the dynamic nature of the applied loads. Therefore, some of these stadiums have presented excessive vibration problems and have required an effective consideration of the dynamic loadings in the structural design. This way, this research aims to study the dynamic behaviour and evaluate the structural system performance of the Brasilia National Stadium grandstands, when the human comfort is considered. It should be noted that the stadium was designed and constructed to be used at the World Cup 2014, held in Brazil. The results achieved during the development of this study are compared with those provided by design standards and international recommendations. The presented results show the relevance of the dynamic analysis in the structural design of soccer stadiums, with respect to obtaining relevant data for human comfort and as well safety of users of this type of structure.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento dinâmico de pisos mistos (aço-concreto) sob a ação de cargas provenientes das atividades humanas rítmicas, especificamente a prática de ginástica aeróbica, sob o ponto de vista do conforto humano. Tal avaliação torna-se necessária por crescentes problemas estruturais associados às vibrações excessivas, decorrentes da concepção de sistemas estruturais com baixos níveis de amortecimento e com frequências naturais cada vez mais baixas e bastante próximas das faixas de frequência das excitações associadas às atividades humanas rítmicas. O modelo estrutural investigado baseiase em um piso misto (aço-concreto) submetido a aulas de ginástica aeróbica. A modelagem numérica do piso misto investigado foi realizada com base no emprego do programa ANSYS e foram utilizadas técnicas de discretização por meio do método dos elementos finitos (MEF). As cargas aplicadas sobre o piso, oriundas das atividades aeróbicas, são simuladas através de dois modelos de carregamentos dinâmicos distintos. Uma extensa análise paramétrica foi desenvolvida sobre o modelo estrutural investigado e a resposta dinâmica do sistema foi obtida, em termos dos deslocamentos e das acelerações, e comparada com os limites recomendados por normas e critérios de projeto. A resposta dinâmica do piso estudado viola os critérios de projeto relativos ao conforto humano e indica níveis de vibrações excessivas nos casos de carregamento dinâmicos analisados nesta dissertação. / This study aims to assess the dynamic behaviour of steel-concrete composite floors when subjected to human rhythmic activities, specifically the practice of aerobics, from the point of view of human comfort. This evaluation is required due to the increasing of the structural problems associated with excessive vibrations, related to structural systems designed with low levels of damping and low natural frequencies, close to the excitation frequencies associated with human rhythmic activities. The investigated structural system is composed by a steel-concrete composite floor subjected to aerobics. The proposed analysis methodology adopted the usual mesh refinement techniques present in the finite element method (FEM) simulations implemented in the ANSYS program. The loads applied on the floor, related to aerobics, are simulated using two different dynamic loading models. An extensive parametric analysis was developed on the investigated structural model and the system dynamic response was obtained, based on displacement and accelerations values, and compared with the recommended limits by standards and design criteria. The studied floor dynamic response violated the human comfort design criteria and indicated levels of excessive vibration in the investigated dynamic loading cases along this dissertation.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2018. / Background: Rhythmic Gymnastics is a sporting discipline involving the use of an apparatus (hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon or rope) to a choreographed routine with music. It requires agility, grace, co-ordination and most of all flexibility. Safety in Rhythmic Gymnastics is questionable when one takes training hours and the extreme flexibility required into consideration. An awareness and understanding of the prevalence and risk factors in Rhythmic Gymnastics will allow event organisers, medical personnel, managers, and coaches to adapt training approaches that will minimize the development of injuries. This information will also aid in developing monitoring systems to prevent adaptation injuries, which will lead to safer training and better management of gymnasts Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in rhythmic gymnasts within the eThekwini municipality and to identify selected factors associated with an increased risk of injury, in order to improve the management of gymnasts. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive questionnaire-based survey with a Beighton Score assessment was conducted on 67 Rhythmic gymnasts in the eThekwini municipality. Statistical analysis was performed on the results obtained from the questionnaire and the Beighton Score using IBM SSS version 23.0. The Chi-squared test was used (Fisher’s Exact Test was used when the Chi-squared test was violated); A p value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Graphical representation of scores by groups was done using various types of tables and graphs. Risk factors for injuries were assessed using logistic regression. Factors were entered individually into the model to determine the co- efficients and odds ratios. Trend tests were computed in order to better assess associations between specific factors and injury. Results: A 100% response rate was achieved in this study. The average age of the participants was 12.3 years (95% CI= 11.7-12.8), average height was 148.5 centimetres (95% CI= 145.1-151.9), average weight was 41.0 kilograms (95% CI= 38.3-43.7), the average level of performance was 4.9 (95% CI= 4.1-5.8) and the average Beighton Score was 5.8 (95% CI= 5.3-6.3). The most commonly previously injured areas were the ankle (n=25) (14.0%), hip and knee (each n=19) (each 10.6%) and the low back (n=18) (10.1%). When considering the two most severe previous injuries the results stay similar, with the ankle being most commonly injured (n=15) (28.0%), followed by the hip (n=9) (17.0%) and the knee (n=6) (11.0%). When considering current injuries, the most commonly injured area is the knee and low back (each n=11) (each 14.5%), and the hip and ankle (each n=9) (each 11.8%). From the above it can be deduced that RG results in more injuries to the lower limb than the upper limb, or core/abdomen or the spine. The most common types of RG injury were muscle strains (n=16) (23.9%), followed by unsure (n=9) (13.4%) and joint sprains (n=8) (11.9%). The most common cause of injury for both previous and current RG injuries were overstretching and overuse ((n=23) (34.3%) for previous injuries; (n=15) (22.4%) for current injuries). Risk factors for injury were significant for the following: training hours per week (36.5 times for 5-8 hours of training per week; 15.7 times for under five hours of training per week; both when compared to more than 8 hours) and lack of balance skills included in RG training (4.5 times more likely than not). When considering treatment option used to keep the body in a good condition, a participant was 4.3 times more likely to utilize home remedies than any other treatment option. Trend tests noted that there is an increase in the mean of injuries as one goes up in age, up until a certain age (13-14 years of age for current injuries; 15-16 years of age for previous injuries), thereafter, there is a decease. Trend tests were also constructed for training hours per week; there was a directly proportional relationship between training hours per week and injury. Conclusion: When considering risk of injury in RG, many of the risk factors cannot be modified (such as age). Those risk factors that can be modified (such as training amount and components of training) should be considered by gymnasts and their coaches in order to implement strategies that could prevent injury. / M

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ao longo dos anos, inúmeros estádios de futebol no Brasil têm sido projetados para suportar as cargas acidentais (carga de pessoas) como sendo do tipo estática (4kN/m2). Entretanto, ultimamente com base na mudança do comportamento do público, especialmente em jogos de futebol, através da ação de torcidas organizadas e, ainda, com o emprego desses estádios para shows de música, os sistemas estruturais passaram a sofrer um maior impacto pela natureza dinâmica dos carregamentos solicitantes. Assim sendo, alguns destes estádios passaram a apresentar problemas de vibrações excessivas e tornou-se necessária a consideração efetiva das cargas dinâmicas nos projetos estruturais. Deste modo, este trabalho de pesquisa objetiva o estudo do comportamento dinâmico e avaliação do desempenho do sistema estrutural das arquibancadas do Estádio Nacional de Brasília, no que diz respeito ao conforto humano. Cabe ressaltar que o referido estádio foi projetado e construído para ser utilizado na Copa do Mundo de 2014, realizada no Brasil. Os resultados alcançados ao longo do desenvolvimento deste estudo são confrontados com aqueles fornecidos por normas e recomendações internacionais de projeto. Os resultados revelam a importância da análise dinâmica para o projeto de estádios de futebol, no que tange a obtenção de dados relevantes para o conforto humano e, bem como, segurança dos usuários desse tipo de estrutura. / Over the years, many soccer stadiums in Brazil have been designed to withstand accidental loads (people loads) to be of static type (4kN/m2). However, based on the changes in the peoples behaviour, especially in soccer matches, through the action of groups of fans and also with the use of these structures for music shows, these structural systems have been subjected to dynamic impacts related to the dynamic nature of the applied loads. Therefore, some of these stadiums have presented excessive vibration problems and have required an effective consideration of the dynamic loadings in the structural design. This way, this research aims to study the dynamic behaviour and evaluate the structural system performance of the Brasilia National Stadium grandstands, when the human comfort is considered. It should be noted that the stadium was designed and constructed to be used at the World Cup 2014, held in Brazil. The results achieved during the development of this study are compared with those provided by design standards and international recommendations. The presented results show the relevance of the dynamic analysis in the structural design of soccer stadiums, with respect to obtaining relevant data for human comfort and as well safety of users of this type of structure.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento dinâmico de pisos mistos (aço-concreto) sob a ação de cargas provenientes das atividades humanas rítmicas, especificamente a prática de ginástica aeróbica, sob o ponto de vista do conforto humano. Tal avaliação torna-se necessária por crescentes problemas estruturais associados às vibrações excessivas, decorrentes da concepção de sistemas estruturais com baixos níveis de amortecimento e com frequências naturais cada vez mais baixas e bastante próximas das faixas de frequência das excitações associadas às atividades humanas rítmicas. O modelo estrutural investigado baseiase em um piso misto (aço-concreto) submetido a aulas de ginástica aeróbica. A modelagem numérica do piso misto investigado foi realizada com base no emprego do programa ANSYS e foram utilizadas técnicas de discretização por meio do método dos elementos finitos (MEF). As cargas aplicadas sobre o piso, oriundas das atividades aeróbicas, são simuladas através de dois modelos de carregamentos dinâmicos distintos. Uma extensa análise paramétrica foi desenvolvida sobre o modelo estrutural investigado e a resposta dinâmica do sistema foi obtida, em termos dos deslocamentos e das acelerações, e comparada com os limites recomendados por normas e critérios de projeto. A resposta dinâmica do piso estudado viola os critérios de projeto relativos ao conforto humano e indica níveis de vibrações excessivas nos casos de carregamento dinâmicos analisados nesta dissertação. / This study aims to assess the dynamic behaviour of steel-concrete composite floors when subjected to human rhythmic activities, specifically the practice of aerobics, from the point of view of human comfort. This evaluation is required due to the increasing of the structural problems associated with excessive vibrations, related to structural systems designed with low levels of damping and low natural frequencies, close to the excitation frequencies associated with human rhythmic activities. The investigated structural system is composed by a steel-concrete composite floor subjected to aerobics. The proposed analysis methodology adopted the usual mesh refinement techniques present in the finite element method (FEM) simulations implemented in the ANSYS program. The loads applied on the floor, related to aerobics, are simulated using two different dynamic loading models. An extensive parametric analysis was developed on the investigated structural model and the system dynamic response was obtained, based on displacement and accelerations values, and compared with the recommended limits by standards and design criteria. The studied floor dynamic response violated the human comfort design criteria and indicated levels of excessive vibration in the investigated dynamic loading cases along this dissertation.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar empiricamente as decisões interpretativas quanto ao timing e dinâmica de quatro execuções do primeiro movimento da Sonata para piano n.1 de Francisco Mignone. Por meio da comparação de gravações, foram identificadas estratégias expressivas adotadas pelos intérpretes em relação ao timing, dinâmica e articulação, evidenciando assim o direcionamento expressivo do discurso musical em determinados trechos da obra. Tendo em vista os eventos musicais característicos de cada seção da Sonata, foi realizada uma análise da organização rítmica que apoiou a análise das gravações. / This research aimed at empirically investigating the interpretative decisions regarding timing and dynamics of four recorded performances of the first movement of Sonata n.1 for piano by Francisco Mignone. The comparison identified the expressive strategies adopted by the chosen interpreters in relation to articulation and dynamics thus bringing out the temporal profiles of predetermined spans. Issues such as background and organizational planning of the Sonata were taken into account in view of the musical events characteristic of each section. Theories of rhythmic organization supported the analyses of recordings.