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Imaginaire national et imaginaire touristique au Costa Rica : le tourisme comme fabrique du territoire et de la nation / National imaginary and tourism imaginary in Costa Rica : tourism as territory and nation makingBoukhris, Linda 10 December 2013 (has links)
Le Costa Rica a connu un véritable tournant touristique de son économie à partir des années 1990, fort d'une identité basée sur la représentation d'un petit État pacifique sans armée ainsi que la représentation mythifiée d'une nature sauvage et préservée. Ce travail interroge le discours sur 1'« exception» costaricienne déployé dans le cadre de la mise en tourisme du pays. Une généalogie de la composition de ces images permet d'établir l'étroite relation entre l'imaginaire touristique et l'imaginaire national. En effet, l'imaginaire touristique se nourrit des principaux attributs historiques de la nation costaricienne forgés au moment de l'indépendance du pays, mais participe également de l'incorporation du paradigme environnemental dans l'imaginaire national. Ce travail examine ainsi la dimension instituante de l'imaginaire touristique qui participe de la production du territoire et de la production d'une image de la nation associée à des figures de la nature. Cet imaginaire touristique se veut toutefois hégémonique et exclusif, à l'instar de l'imaginaire national au XIXe siècle véhiculant l'idée d'une nation costaricienne démocratique et pacifique basée sur la théorie de la race blanche. Du discours historique sur la blanchitude au discours contemporain sur la nature, ce travail examine également le rôle de l'imaginaire touristique dans la reproduction de processus de racialisation spatiale à l'encontre des populations indigènes et afro-caribéennes du Costa Rica. L'imaginaire touristique devient ainsi le lieu où non seulement se dessinent mais également se négocient les figures de la nation et de l'altérité et l'appartenance à la communauté politique nationale. / Costa Rica has undergone a touristic turn of its economy since the 1990s, with a tourism identity based on the representations of a peaceful state without armed forces as well as the wilderness. This research examines the discourse on the Costa Rican exception deployed within the context of tourism development. A genealogy of the composition of these images reveals the deep relation between the tourism imaginary and the national imaginary. Indeed, the tourism imaginary takes on the main historical characteristics of the Costa Rican national ideology shaped within the context of its independence, but also entails the incorporation of an environmental paradigm into the national imaginary. This work analyzes the instituting dimension of the tourism imaginary as participating in the production of space and place, and the production of an image of the nation associated with figures of nature. However, this tourism imaginary is also hegemonic and exclusive, as was the national imaginary in the nineteenth century, which promoted the idea of a democratic and peaceful Costa Rican nation based on the theory of the white race. From the historical discourse on whiteness to the contemporary discourse on nature, this study investigates the role of the tourism imaginary in the reproduction of spatial racialization processes against the Costa Rican indigenous and Afro-Caribbean populations. Thus, the tourism imaginary becomes the space where figures of the nation are defined, and where their belonging to the national political community are negotiated.
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A formulação de politica publica na atividade agroalimenticia: o caso da Costa RicaRodriguez Lopez, Carlos Enrique 11 September 1989 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 1989-09-11 / A produção de alimentos é um problema em muitos países do planeta. Os estudiosos que se tem preocupado pelo tema observam que a população mundial cresce a um ritmo muito acelerado, enquanto a humanidade não dá sinais de ter a suficiente capacidade para aumentar a disponibilidade de alimentos ao mesmo ritmo que ela cresce
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Estudo param?trico da inje??o de pol?meros em reservat?rios de petr?leoSilva, Maria do Socorro Bezerra da 13 February 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-13 / A explora??o e a produ??o de hidrocarbonetos exigem metodologias muito avan?adas para se conseguir trabalhar em condi??es cada vez mais adversas. Dentro destas novas metodologias de extra??o de petr?leo surge ? inje??o de solu??es polim?ricas, que torna-se eficiente no controle da mobilidade do fluido deslocante (?gua), e sob condi??es favor?veis, implica na antecipa??o da recupera??o de ?leo e, em alguns casos, fatores de recupera??o maiores. Este m?todo consiste em adicionar pol?meros ? ?gua de inje??o para aumentar sua viscosidade, fazendo com que a ?gua se difunda mais no meio poroso e aumentando a efici?ncia de varrido no reservat?rio. Neste trabalho, estuda-se atrav?s de simula??o num?rica, a aplica??o da inje??o de solu??o polim?rica em um reservat?rio homog?neo, semissint?tico com caracter?sticas do Nordeste Brasileiro, as simula??es num?ricas foram realizadas atrav?s do simulador t?rmico STARS da CMG (Computer Modelling Group). O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influ?ncia de alguns par?metros de reservat?rio sobre o comportamento de produ??o do ?leo, tendo como resposta a produ??o acumulada. As simula??es da inje??o de solu??o polim?rica, al?m da simula??o da inje??o de ?gua, consistiram em diversas etapas de an?lise de sensibilidade de par?metros de reservat?rio e operacionais. Foram realizadas simula??es para analisar a influ?ncia da inje??o de ?gua, solu??o polim?rica e inje??o alternada de bancos de ?gua e de solu??o polim?rica, comparando os resultados para cada condi??o simulada. As principais vari?veis avaliadas foram: viscosidade do ?leo, porcentagem de pol?mero injetado, viscosidade do pol?mero e vaz?o de inje??o de ?gua. A avalia??o da influ?ncia das vari?veis consistiu de um planejamento experimental completo seguido de uma an?lise por Diagrama de Pareto com o objetivo de apontar quais as vari?veis seriam mais influentes sobre a resposta representada pela produ??o acumulada do ?leo. Encontrou-se que todas as vari?veis influenciaram significativamente na recupera??o de ?leo e que a inje??o de solu??o polim?rica de forma cont?nua se mostrou mais eficiente para a produ??o acumulada quando comparada a recupera??o do ?leo por inje??o cont?nua de ?gua. A recupera??o prim?ria apresentou baixos n?veis de produ??o de ?leo, a inje??o de ?gua melhora significativamente a produ??o de ?leo no reservat?rio, mas a inje??o de solu??o polim?rica surge como uma nova metodologia para o incremento da produ??o de ?leo, aumento da vida ?til do po?o e poss?vel diminui??o de ?gua produzida. / Developing an efficient methodology for oil recovery is extremely important
.
Within the range of
enh
anced oil recovery, known as EOR, the injection of polymer solutions becomes effective in
controlling the mobility of displacing fluid
.
This method consists of adding polymers to the
injection water to increase its viscosity, so that more water diffuses in
to the porous medium and
increasing the sweep efficiency in the reservoir.
This work
is studied
by numerical simulation
,
application of the
injection
polymer solution
in a
homogeneous
reservoir
,
semisynthetic
with
similar characteristics
to the reservoirs
of the Brazilian
Northeast
, numerical simulations were
performed using thermal simulator STARS from CMG (Computer Modelling Group ). The study
aimed to analyze the influence of some parameters on the behavior of reservoir oil production,
with the response
to cumulative production. Simulations were performed to analyze the influence
of water injection, polymer solution and alternating injection of water banks and polymer
solution, comparing the results for each simulated condition. The primary outcomes were:
oil
viscosity, percentage of injected polymer, polymer viscosity and flow rate of water injection. The
evaluation of the influence of variables consisted of a complete experimental design followed a
Pareto analysis for the purpose of pointing out which va
riables would be most influential on the
response represented b
y the cumulative oil production
.
It was found that all variables
significantly influenced the recovery of oil and the injection of polymer solution on an ongoing
basis is more efficient for the
cumulative production compared to oil recovery by continuous
water injection. The primary recovery show
ed low levels of oil production
, water injection
significantly improves the pro
duction of oil in the reservoir
, but the injection of polymer solution
em
erges as a new methodology to increase the production of oil, increasing the life of the well
and possible reduction of water produced.
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The importance of regional and historical processes in the assembly and maintenance of lower Mesoamerican freshwater fish communities /Smith, Scott A., 1978- January 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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Évaluation de la séquestration du carbone dans des plantations agroforestières et des jachères issues d'une agriculture migratoire dans les territoires autochtones de Talamanca, au Costa RicaValentini, Simiane Grégoire 12 April 2018 (has links)
L'accroissement des concentrations atmosphériques de gaz à effet de serre est la cause d'importants changements climatiques. La présente étude visait à évaluer la séquestration du carbone dans trois systèmes agraires au Costa Rica. Cinq traitements ont été comparés : jachère jeune faisant partie d'un cycle d'agriculture migratoire, jachère âgée, système agroforestier (SAF) de cacaoyers sous ombrage mono-spécifique de Cordia alliodora, SAF de cacaoyers sous ombrage multi-spécifique et SAF de bananiers sous ombrage multispécifique. L'analyse démontre que les SAF de cacaoyers emmagasinent une quantité supérieure de carbone comparativement aux autres traitements. Environ 58 % du carbone total présent dans les unités expérimentales se retrouve dans le sol. Les arbres d'ombrage et les cacaoyers ont contribué à la majeure partie du carbone aérien vivant, soit 85 % en moyenne. Il ressort de cette étude que les SAF de cacaoyers sous ombrage constituent une solution de rechange avantageuse au système d'agriculture migratoire.
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Fomes, pestes e guerras : din?micas dos povoados missionais em tempos de crise (1610-1750)Baptista, Jean Tiago 06 November 2007 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2007-11-06 / Este estudo se dedica ? din?mica das popula??es missionais do Paraguai Eclesi?stico em per?odos de crises, particularmente durante epis?dios relacionados ?s fomes, epidemias e guerras. As diversas articula??es identit?rias e os m?ltiplos caminhos escolhidos pelos ind?genas dos povoados demonstram o quanto as crises puderam servir de est?mulo ? gera??o de debates com os jesu?tas sobre importantes pr?ticas e cren?as. Com isso, aquelas popula??es participavam de forma ativa na elabora??o de uma pastoral, ou seja, um conjunto de vers?es e propostas eficientes ou criativas, com freq??ncia amb?guas ou tensas, voltadas ? constru??o de um modo de vida conectado ou vi?vel ao mundo colonial em que se envolviam
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As categorias da pol?tica de assist?ncia social na Am?rica Latina : concep??es ?deo-te?ricas e prote??o socialCarraro, Dilceane 18 March 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / La presente tesis analiza las matrices categoriales que fundamentan la politica socio-asistencial en Am?rica Latina, a partir de las experiencias contempor?neas de Brasil, Chile, Bolivia y Venezuela, adem?s de los instructivos formulados por los organismos internacionales para las pol?ticas sociales en Am?rica Latina. Buscamos desvelar especialmente el significado de la incorporaci?n de las categorias matricialidad socio-familiar; capital social, vulnerabilidad y riesgo social en la protecci?n socio-asistencial, referenciando la importancia de esos conceptos en los discursos de superaci?n de la pobreza y en las concepciones ideo-te?ricas y pol?ticas que los incorporan. Este trabajo pretende responder a la necesidad urgente de reflexionar sobre las categorias te?ricas que inciden directamente sobre nuestra realidad, tomando en cuenta la necesidad de pensar horizontes categoriales de an?lisis anclados en la realidad concreta del continente. El objetivo central del trabajo es analizar la incorporaci?n de las categorias que fundamentam la pol?tica socio-asistencial en Brasil, Chile, Bolivia y Venezuela, con vistas a problematizar su v?nculo ideo-te?rico a partir del combate a la pobreza y retomar el debate sobre la necesaria elaboraci?n de una protecci?n social que muestra la particularidad del desarrollo capitalista en la regi?n, a partir de la superexplotaci?n de la fuerza de trabajo, y que tenga la potencia y la estatura que Am?rica Latina reclama. El m?todo materialista dial?ctico de tratamiento del fen?meno sustenta nuestros estudios, as? como la utilizaci?n de las t?cnicas de investigaci?n documental y bibliogr?fica. Nuestra investigaci?n apunta hacia un conjunto de categorias que fueron incorporadas a la pol?tica socio-asistencial latinoamericana y que giran alrededor de las categor?as centrales de pobreza y desarrollo, con ?nfasis en las tres categor?as centrales elegidas para este estudio. La tesis sostiene que la incorporaci?n de estas categorias para referirse a la pol?tica socio-asistencial en Am?rica Latina, se oculta el car?cter de clase de la pol?tica socio-asistencial en el proceso contradictorio de la reproducci?n de las relaciones sociales, o que ha contribu?do para que la asistencia social se atrapa a una esfera perif?rica o residual, como resultado de las estrategias de mistificaci?n de las desigualdades y ocultamiento de sus causas. Las conclusiones sugieren que la incorporaci?n de las categorias ideo-te?ricas y pol?ticas elaboradas de forma ajena a la complejidad de la realidad y de la historia de los pueblos latino-americanos se constituyeron en un denso campo que colabor? a debilitar las posibilidades de radicalizaci?n en el ?mbito de la disputa pol?tica y del protagonismo de esas masas en sus procesos de conquista por mejores condiciones de vida y por la transformaci?n de la sociedad. / Esta tese analisa as matrizes categoriais que fundamentam a pol?tica socioassistencial na Am?rica Latina, tomando as experi?ncias contempor?neas de Brasil, Chile, Bol?via e Venezuela e os documentos orientadores para as pol?ticas sociais na Am?rica Latina, formulados pelos organismos internacionais. Buscou-se desvendar especialmente o significado da incorpora??o das categorias matr?cial?dade soe?ofam?l?ar, capital social, vulnerabilidade e risco social na prote??o socioassistencial, referenciando a import?ncia desses conceitos nos discursos para a supera??o da pobreza e as concep??es ?deo-te?ricas e pol?ticas que portam. Este trabalho pretende responder ? urgente necessidade de refletir sobre as categorias te?ricas que incidem diretamente sob nosso continente, considerando a necessidade de pensar horizontes categoriais de an?lise assentados na realidade concreta do continente. O objetivo central do trabalho ? analisar a incorpora??o das categorias que fundamentam a pol?tica socioassistencial no Brasil, Chile, Bol?via e Venezuela, tendo em vista problematizar seu v?nculo ideo-te?rico a partir do combate ? pobreza e retomar o debate sobre a necess?ria elabora??o de uma prote??o social que atente para a particularidade do desenvolvimento capitalista na regi?o, a partir da superexplora??o da for?a de trabalho, e que porte a pot?ncia e a estatura que a Am?rica Latina exige. O m?todo materialista dial?tico de abordagem do fen?meno ancora nossos estudos, assim como a utiliza??o das t?cnicas de pesquisa documental e bibliogr?fica. Nossa pesquisa apontou uma pl?iade de categorias que foram incorporadas na pol?tica socioassistencial latino-americana e giram em tomo das categorias centrais da pobreza e do desenvolvimento, com destaque para as tr?s categorias centrais eleitas para este estudo. A tese aqui defendida ? a de que a incorpora??o dessas categorias para referenciar a pol?tica socioassistencial na Am?rica Latina, oculta o v?nculo de classe da pol?tica socioassistencial no processo contradit?rio de reprodu??o das rela??es sociais, o que tem contribu?do para que a assist?ncia social seja aprisionada a uma esfera perif?rica ou residual. em decorr?ncia das estrat?gias usuais de mistifica??o das desigualdades e do ocultamento de suas causas. As conclus?es apontam que a incorpora??o de categorias ?deo-te?ricas e pol?ticas elaboradas, alheias ? complexidade da realidade e da hist?ria dos povos latino-americanos. constru?ram um denso campo que colaborou para enfraquecer as possibilidades de tensionamento no campo da disputa pol?tica e do protagonismo dessas massas em seus processos de conquista por melhores condi??es de vida e pela transforma??o da sociedade.
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Untersuchung zur Eignung von Baumarten und waldbaulichen Verfahren für Restaurationsmaßnahmen im Nebelwaldgebiet Costa RicasLehmann, Stephan 18 December 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Tropische Nebelwälder gehören zu den am meisten bedrohten Ökosystemen der Erde. Neben dem Schutz ist für den Erhalt des Lebensraumes tropischer Nebelwald dringend die Restauration ehemaliger, degradierter Nebelwaldflächen nötig. Leider sind die bisher erprobten Verfahren zu allgemein gehalten, um am jeweiligen Restaurationsstandort erfolgreich angewendet werden zu können. Zudem ist das derzeitige wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisvermögen über den Sukzessionsablauf und die Wuchseigenschaften der vorkommenden Baumarten unbefriedigend.
Ziel der Untersuchung war daher eine Bewertung der Eignung von Baumarten und waldbaulichen Verfahren zur Anlage von Restaurationsflächen im montanen Eichennebelwald Costa Ricas. Das Untersuchungsgebiet lag in den Waldungen des Cloudbridge Reservates nahe dem Ort San Gerardo de Rivas. Als Versuchsflächenstandort wurde eine 1,05 Hektar große, auf einer Höhe von 1.828 bis 1.891 Meter gelegene, um 35 Grad geneigte Hangfläche mit einer Ausrichtung von Nordost bis Nordwest ermittelt. Es wurden 20 quadratische Parzellen mit einer Seitenlänge von 18 Metern errichtet, auf denen vier waldbauliche Verfahren und zwölf Baumarten mit Hilfe der statistischen Verfahren Regressionsanalyse und Kruskal-Wallis-Test bewertet wurden. Nach Feststellen der Degradationsstufe wurden die Restaurationsverfahren Framework Species (Verfahren 1) und Nurse Trees (Verfahren 2) ausgewählt. Weiterhin wurde eine Kombination der beiden Verfahren (Verfahren 3) und die natürliche Sukzession (Verfahren 0) untersucht. Datengrundlage bildeten die in den Jahren 2008, 2009, 2010 und 2012 aufgenommenen Werte für Baumhöhe, Wurzelhals- und Brusthöhendurchmesser, Kronenradius, Bodenbedeckung, Stammfußposition, Beschattung und Vitalität.
Die Verfahren 1, 2 und 3 weisen bereits in den ersten vier Wuchsjahren gute Bedingungen für die natürliche Etablierung von Baumarten auf. In Verfahren 0 siedelten sich keine naturverjüngten Baumarten an. Verfahren 0, in dem die natürliche Sukzession ablaufen kann, ist für eine zügige Restauration im Untersuchungsgebiet aufgrund fehlender Naturverjüngung restaurationsrelevanter Baumarten ungeeignet. Die Verfahren 1 bis 3 sind zur Anlage von Restaurationsflächen unterschiedlich gut geeignet. In Verfahren 2 werden die höchsten Wuchsleistungen erreicht.
Es ist aber aufgrund der hohen Individuensterblichkeit und geringen Verdrängung von Gräsern und Farnen am wenigsten für die Anlage von Restaurationsflächen geeignet. Weniger Individuensterblichkeit, bessere Beschattungswirkung und höhere Anziehungskraft auf samenverbreitende Tierarten wurden bei Verfahren 1 beobachtet. Verfahren 3 kombiniert die guten Eigenschaften von Verfahren 1 und 2, weswegen es für die Restauration im Untersuchungsgebiet am besten geeignet ist.
Gräser und Farne werden ausreichend verdrängt, eine hohe vertikale Bestandesstruktur wird erreicht und die Individuensterblichkeit ist geringer als in Verfahren 2, so dass mit diesem Verfahren eine gute Grundlage für die natürliche Etablierung restaurationsrelevanter Baumarten geschaffen wird. Voraussetzung für eine gelungene Restauration ist bei den Verfahren 1, 2 und 3 die Beachtung der Ansprüche der jeweiligen Baumarten an die Exposition und die Wasserversorgung. Bis auf die Baumart Gordonia fruticosa sind alle weiteren untersuchten Baumarten für die Anlage von Restaurationsflächen geeignet. Vorteilhaft ist in jedem Fall die Pflanzung in Baumartenmischung. Die Baumart Cecropia polyphlebia sollte gruppenweise in Mischpflanzungen eingebracht werden. Alle weiteren Baumarten bevorzugen oder vertragen eine einzelbaumweise Mischung. Alnus acuminata und Inga oerstediana sind selbst schattenunverträglich und müssen daher mit langsamer wachsenden Baumarten, wie Quercus rapurahuensis oder Billia hippocastanum, kombiniert werden.
Für die Position Senke sind alle Baumarten, mit Ausnahme von Alnus acuminata und der oben genannten Baumart Gordonia fruticosa, geeignet. Einschränkungen gibt es für die Positionen Nordosthang und Nordhang, an denen nur die Baumarten Alnus acuminata, Billia hippocastanum, Inga oerstediana, Quercus rapurahuensis und Ulmus mexicana gepflanzt werden sollten. Viburnum costaricanum kann ebenfalls am Nordhang eingesetzt werden. Unter sehr hohem Pflegeaufwand ist auch die Pflanzung von Sapium pachystachis an Nordost- und Nordhang möglich.
Um Restauration im montanen Eichennebelwald Costa Ricas in Zukunft zielführend umzusetzen, wurden Pflanzschemata entwickelt, die auf Verfahren 3 basieren und die die Ansprüche der einzelnen Baumarten an Exposition und Wasserversorgung berücksichtigen. Die Pflanzung nach diesen Schemata bewirkt möglichst geringe Individuensterblichkeiten, hohe Wuchsleistungen und Vitalitäten. Ebenfalls wird dadurch eine hohe vertikale Struktur und Kronenüberdeckung des Bodens erreicht, um gute Voraussetzungen für das Anwachsen von Naturverjüngung zu gewährleisten.
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A relação dos eleitores com partidos polÃticos em novas democraciasGimenes, à der Rodrigo January 2015 (has links)
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia PolÃtica, Florianópolis, 2015. / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-24T17:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2015 / Entre novas democracias, cenário em que se encontram boa parte dos paÃses da América Latina, ainda são escassos e pouco conclusivos os estudos dedicados ao partidarismo, de modo que estes se concentraram, até o momento, em investigar os determinantes da identificação partidária, em evidenciá-la como aspecto da institucionalização dos sistemas partidários e em discutir a existência do fenômeno do desalinhamento partidário entre as unidades nacionais. Contudo, grosso modo, pouco foi postulado sobre as consequências da evolução de tal indicador aos regimes democráticos. Esta pesquisa se insere no conjunto de discussões acerca da evolução do partidarismo na América Latina. Minha hipótese é de que a identificação partidária tem determinantes individuais e estruturais entre o eleitorado latino-americano, bem como de que os efeitos do apartidarismo não refletem necessariamente um distanciamento daqueles indivÃduos com relação à polÃtica, por conta da adesão manifestada à democracia. Os resultados encontrados confirmam a multidimensionalidade da identificação partidária, com destaque aos efeitos da sofisticação cognitiva e polÃtica em detrimento de atributos da centralidade social, no nÃvel individual, e da ?decantação? do regime frente a aspectos de sua ?engenharia?. Ademais, observado que o partidarismo evoluiu de maneira diferenciada nos paÃses da região, foi apresentado um modelo de classificação desses relacionamentos em alinhados, parcialmente alinhados, parcialmente não alinhados e não alinhados. Outro aspecto verificado foi a pertinência da tese da mobilização cognitiva e dos perfis de eleitores à América latina e seus efeitos sobre a adesão à democracia. Por fim, a análise detalhada do caso brasileiro expôs debilidades no fortalecimento dos laços partidários no perÃodo democrático recente, mas evidenciou também o refinamento polÃtico de partidários cognitivos e apartidários quanto ao apoio ao regime e à participação por meio do voto e de protestos.<br> / Abstract : Among the new democracies, scenario in which we found the most countries in Latin America, studies about partisanship are still scarce and inconclusive, in a way that they have so far focused in investigating the determinants of party identification, in demonstrating it as an aspect of institutionalization of party systems and to discuss the existence of partisan phenomenon misalignment between national units.However, broadly speaking, little has been postulated about the consequences of the development of such indicator to democratic regimes. This research is part of a set of discussions about the evolution of partisanship in Latin America.My hypothesis is that party identification has individual and structural determinants of the Hispanic electorate, and that the effects of non-partisanship does not necessarily reflect a detachment of those individuals with regard to politics, because of the accession manifested democracy.The results confirm the multidimensionality of party identification, highlighting the effects of cognitive sophistication and political rather than attributes of social centrality, at the individual level, and "settling" of the front system aspects of his "engineering".Furthermore, provided that the party has evolved differently in the countries of the region, a classification model was presented in these relationships aligned, partially lined, partially non-aligned and non-aligned.Another aspect observed was the relevance of cognitive mobilization thesis and profiles of voters to Latin America and its effects on adherence to democracy.Finally, a detailed analysis of the Brazilian case has exposed weaknesses in the strengthening of party ties in the recent democratic period, but also highlighted the political refinement of cognitive and non-partisan supporters as the support for the regime and participation through voting and protests.
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Elective affinities : democratization and human development : Costa Rica and El Salvador in comparative perspectiveAcuña, Jairo January 2011 (has links)
Democratization and human development (HD) are inherently controversial processes, which are viewed in this dissertation as elective affinities. This means that both can be seen as mutually inclusive and potentially reinforcing. Contrary to standard modernization theory, both processes are intertwined in an endogenous relationship, hi principle, both have the same logic of inference: the promotion of individual freedoms and the expansion of well-being, both political and economic. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze how democratization can promote HD and how HD can promote democratization. In order to substantiate this argument the analysis focuses on three interrelated propositions arguing that: (1) Democratization and human development processes can be considered as mutually enhancing and complementary. This elective affinity occurs via their multifaceted characteristics as well as through their individual attributes. (2) Democratization and human development processes sometimes go through identifiable critical junctures or turning points. These turning points are path-dependent but not deterministic. (3) There are strong reciprocal connections between HD and democratization that form two chains which reinforce one another cumulatively over time. This dissertation combines in a single study qualitative and quantitative research methods to explain the mutually enhancing relationship between human development and democratization processes. In addition to reviewing these interactions in general, the dissertation contains in-depth historical and contextual analysis of the Central American cases. In particular, it compares and contrasts Costa Rica and El Salvador, investigating the elective affinities of democratization and human development processes in identifiable stages of their turning points. The findings illustrate the benefits of method triangulation (i.e. paired-comparisons complemented with cross-country analyses) to explore the complementary features between both processes over time.
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