Atualmente, há um grande incentivo governamental para a produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de mamona. O aumento na fabricação desse óleo irá aumentar a produção de torta de mamona, que tem grande potencial de emprego na tecnologia de material biodegradável e utilização na alimentação animal, se destoxificada. Os objetivos desta tese foram a caracterização química da torta de mamona, a extração de suas proteínas para desenvolvimento de material biodegradável, e a caracterização do resíduo sólido do processo de extração, visando seu uso na alimentação animal. A extração das proteínas da torta de mamona foi feita por solubilização em meio alcalino. Inicialmente, diversos parâmetros (velocidade de agitação, concentração da torta na solução extratora e temperatura de extração) foram testados no intuito de aumentar o rendimento de extração das proteínas, utilizando-se NaOH (pH = 9). Em seguida, diversos experimentos foram realizados para se avaliar os efeitos do pH (8-12) e/ou do tipo de agente alcalino (NaOH, KOH e Ca(OH)2) na extração das proteínas da torta de mamona, sempre à temperatura de 50°C, velocidade de agitação de 400rpm, e concentração da torta na solução extratora de 20%. Os extratos proteicos obtidos foram liofilizados (EPL), e os resíduos foram desidratados em estufa (40°C/24 horas). Análises para determinação da composição bromatológica, minerais, amido, compostos fenólicos totais, ácidos graxos, aminoácidos, fibra dietética, da microestrutura, atividade alergênica, eletroforese dimensional e identificação de ricina foram feitas na matéria prima, nas proteínas extraídas e nos resíduos. A composição de aminoácidos foi analisada no extrato proteico liofilizado (EPL) e nos resíduos somente nas amostras preparadas com NaOH. A composição bromatológica das matérias primas (semente, torta e farelo) mostrou elevados teores de óleo (43,6%) e fibras (29,5%) para as sementes; bem como altos teores de proteína (36-40%) e fibras (29-30%) para a torta e o farelo de mamona. A semente de mamona apresentou valores de minerais considerados razoáveis para oleaginosas, e a torta de mamona apresentou alta proporção de K; Ca e P, importantes para alimentação animal. Verificou-se alto teor de ácido ricinoléico (79-90%) nas matérias primas avaliadas. A torta de mamona apresentou altos teores de ácido glutâmico (15%), arginina (11%) e triptofano (9%), sendo que os teores dos outros aminoácidos variaram entre 2 e 7%. Os resultados da caracterização química dos EPL e dos resíduos foram dependentes principalmente do pH de extração das proteínas. Observou-se aumento da concentração de proteína (64-68%) e de cinzas (13-19%), nos EPL, em função do aumento do pH (10 - 12), independente do tipo de agente alcalinizante. Os resíduos obtidos da extração dos EPL apresentaram teores de proteína, cinzas e fibras variando entre 20 e 34%, 12 e 17% e 39 e 42%, respectivamente. Em relação ao perfil de minerais dos EPL, verificou-se aumento nas concentrações de Na e Mn com o aumento do pH para ambos agentes alcalinizantes. O perfil de minerais dos resíduos mostrou aumento significativo nos teores de Na e K com aumento do pH de extração, ajustado com NaOH e KOH, respectivamente. O teor de ácido ricinoléico foi menor no resíduo, e maior no EPL, obtidos em pH 12 ajustado com NaOH. A composição de aminoácidos dos resíduos sofreu efeito do pH apenas para o pH 12. Os aminoácidos presentes em maior concentração nos EPL e nos resíduos foram ácido glutâmico, triptofano e arginina. Os EPL e os resíduos obtidos da extração das proteínas apresentaram menor poder alergênico avaliado pelo teste de desgranulação de mastócitos obtidos do lavado peritoneal de ratos. O perfil eletroforético dos EPL e dos resíduos mostrou maior proporção de proteínas com massa molecular entre 29-36kDa, seguidos por proteínas de massa molecular ao redor de 20kDa e menor proporção de proteínas de massa molecular entre 45-66kDa. Não foi observada a presença da ricina nos resíduos obtidos em pH 12. Os resultados de todos os experimentos de extração das proteínas da torta de mamona permitiram escolher os melhores parâmetros de extração: temperatura = 50°C, velocidade de agitação = 400rpm, concentração da torta na solução extratora = 20%, pH = 12 e agente alcalinizante = NaOH. Em conclusão, o processo de extração de proteínas por solubilização alcalina permitiu a produção de concentrado proteico com características interessantes para a produção de material biodegradável (agricultura e biofilmes), e de resíduos ainda com alto teor de proteínas e de fibras, isento de ricina, podendo, portanto ser utilizado na alimentação animal. / Presently, there is large government incentive for biodiesel production from castor seed oil. The increase of this oil fabrication will raise the production of castor seed pulp, which has great potential for utilization for biodegradable material technology and for animal feed, if detoxified. The objectives of this research were the chemical characterization of the castor seed pulp, the extraction of the proteins for biodegradable material developing, and the characterization of the solid residue of the extraction process, aiming its use for animal feed. The protein extraction from the castor seed pulp was made through solubilization in alkaline medium. Initially, several parameters (stirring speed, pulp concentration in the extraction solution and extraction temperature) were tested aiming the optimization of the protein extraction yield, using NaOH (pH 9). Subsequently, several experiments were realized to evaluate the effects of pH (8-12) and/or of the type of alkaline agent (NaOH, KOH and CaOH) on the castor seed pulp protein extraction, always at 50 °C, 400rpm stirring speed, and 20 % pulp concentration in the extraction solution. The obtained protein extracts were lyophilized (EPL), and the residues were dehydrated in stove (40 °C/24 h). The raw material, the extracted proteins and the residues were analyzed for bromatologic composition, minerals, starch, total phenolic compounds, fatty acids, amino acids, dietetic fiber, microstructure, allergenic activity, dimensional electrophoresis and ricin identification. The amino acids composition was analyzed on the lyophilized extract (EPL) and in the residues of the samples prepared with NaOH. The bromatologic composition of the raw materials (seed, pulp and meal) showed high content of oil (43.6 %) and fiber (29.5 %) for the seeds; as well as high amounts of protein (36-40 %) and fiber (29-30 %) for the pulp and the castor seed meal. The castor seed had average mineral values for oil seeds, and the castor seed pulp showed high percentage of K, Ca and P, valuable for animal feed. The evaluated raw materials had high percentage of ricinoleic acid (79-90 %). The castor seed pulp showed high percentage of glutamic acid (15 %), arginine (11 %) and triptophane (9 %). The percentage of the other amino acids varied between 2 and 7 %. The results of the chemical characterization of the EPL and of the residues were mainly dependent on the pH during protein extraction. It was observed an increase of the protein concentration (64-68 %) and of the ash (13-19 %), within the EPL, due to the pH raise (10 - 12), independently of the type of alkaline agent. The residues of the EPL extraction showed protein, ash and fiber content varying between 20 and 34%, 12 and 17% e 39 and 42%, respectively. Concerning the mineral profile of the EPL, an increase of Na and of Mn was observed with the increase of pH for both alkaline agents. The mineral profile of the residues showed a significant increase of the Na and the K content with the increase of the pH of the extraction solution, adjusted with NaOH and KOH, respectively. The ricinoleic acid content was lower in the residue, and higher in the EPL, obtained at pH 12 using NaOH. The amino acid composition of the residues was affected by the pH only at pH 12. The higher content of amino acid in the EPL and in the residues was of glutamic acid, triptophane and arginine. The EPL and the residues of the protein extraction showed low allergenic capacity evaluated by the mastocyte degranulation test obtained from the peritoneal wash of rats. The electrophoresis profile of the EPL and of the residues showed higher content of proteins with molecular weight varying between 29-36 kDa, followed by proteins with molecular weight around 20 kDa and lower proportion of proteins with molecular weight between 45 and 66 kDa. Ricin was not observed in the residues obtain at pH 12. The results of all the experiments of protein extraction of the castor seed pulp allowed to select the best extraction parameters: temperature = 50 °C, stirring speed = 400rpm, castor seed pulp concentration in the extraction solution = 20 %, pH = 12 and alkaline agent = NaOH. In conclusion, through the alkaline protein extraction process it was possible to achieve a protein concentrate with interesting properties for biodegradable material production (agriculture and biofilms), and of ricinless residues which still have high content of proteins and fiber that can be used for animal feed.

Com o crescimento empenho da medicina humana e veterinária na busca de biomateriais osteointegráveis, o estudo histológico se faz presente na interpretação e apresentação por resultados histomorfológicos das interações dos materiais implantados com o tecido ósseo, possibilitando o conhecimento da velocidade de neoformação óssea. A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar por estudo histológico a bioatividade do composto ósseo de Ricinus granulado e hidroxiapatita sintética, implantados no osso ilíaco de coelhos, possibilitando uma melhor compreensão das interações das interfaces osso/implante, frente aos resultados histomorfológicos, sendo interpretados e apresentados por análise descritiva qualitativa. Foram selecionados 30 coelhos, fêmeas, Oryctolagus cuniculus, grupo geneticamente modificado - Botucatu, idade adulta de 90 dias, peso entre 2,55 e 3,1 Kg divididos em 3 grupos de 10 animais (G1, G2 e G3) sendo que o tempo de pós-operatório foi de G1 com 45 dias, G2 com 70 dias e G3 com 120 dias. Cada animal recebeu 3 defeitos ósseos no osso ilíaco, sendo que dois foram preenchidos pelos biomateriais: hidroxiapatita sintética e composto ósseo de Ricinus granulado e o terceiro para controle. Após a eutanásia, o osso ilíaco foi removido, identificado e submetido ao procedimento histológico. Concluiu-se através da avaliação histológica a crescente modificação da estrutura inicial para a deposição de nova formação óssea, sobressaindo células gigantes de corpo estranho (em alguns casos), fibroblastos e abundante presença de tecido conjuntivo sem diferenciação óssea. E os materiais foram considerados como biocompatíveis e biologicamente ativos. / With the growing commitment of human and veterinary medicine in the search for biomaterials osseointegration, the histological study is present in the interpretation and presentation of results of histomorphologic interactions of materials implanted with bone tissue, providing a speed of bone formation. The proposal was evaluated by histological study the bioactivity of the compound of granulated Ricinus and synthetic hydroxyapatite implanted in rabbit iliac bone, allowing a better understanding of the interactions of bone-implant interface, as compared with histopathologic results, and interpreted and presented by qualitative descriptive analysis. We used 30 female rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, group - Botucatu, adulthood in 90 days, weighing between 2.55 and 3.1 kilograms divided into 3 groups of 10 animals (G1, G2 and G3) and that the length after surgery was 45 days with G1, G2 in 70 days and G3 with 120 days. Each animal received 3 bone defects in the pelvic bone, two of which were completed by biomaterials: synthetic hydroxyapatite and compound of granulated Ricinus and the third for control. After euthanasia, the iliac bone was removed, identified and subjected to histological procedures. It was concluded by the increasing histological modification of the initial structure for the deposition of new bone formation, towering giant cells of foreign body (in some cases), fibroblasts and abundant presence of connective tissue without bone differentiation. And the materials were considered as biocompatible and biologically active.

Este estudo avaliou a eficácia de métodos de higiene na remoção do biofilme da prótese total inferior reembasada com reembasador resiliente à base de silicone. Trinta pacientes tiveram suas próteses inferiores reembasadas (Mucopren soft) e, aleatoriamente, foram distribuídos em três grupos: A) Método mecânico escovação com dentifrício (Corega Brite) e escova (Johnson & Johnson) específicos para prótese total; B) Método químico imersão em solução à base de Ricinus communis; C) Método associado associação A+B. O período experimental foi de 60 dias e para a quantificação do biofilme, a superfície interna da prótese total inferior foi evidenciada (Fluoresceína sódica 1%) e fotografada, após 15, 30 e 60 dias de utilização dos métodos. As áreas, total da prótese e a corada (biofilme), foram mensuradas com o software Image Tool 3.0 e os resultados expressos em porcentagem. A análise microbiológica foi realizada pela técnica de hibridização DNA-DNA checkerboard. Para a avaliação qualitativa do material reembasador, às próteses foram atribuídos escores (0, 1 e 2) em função da apresentação do material após os períodos avaliados. Os testes estatístico iniciais indicaram a distribuição não normal ou homogênea dos dados, optando-se pela transformação dos mesmos em raiz quadrada de forma a aplicar estatística paramétrica. Quanto a quantificação do biofilme, empregou-se o teste Anova seguido pelo teste complementar de Tukey considerando P<0,05. Houve diferença significante entre os métodos (P=0,009) e períodos (P=0,003) avaliados. Não houve interação entre os fatores (P=0,5). O método mecânico apresentou a menor média de porcentagem de biofilme (1,45±1,03) se comparado ao químico (2,96±1,98) e associado (2,71±1,76). Após 60 dias (3,37±2,04), o acúmulo de biofilme foi maior que após 15 (1,28±0,77) e 30 (2,46±1,54) dias de utilização dos métodos. Para análise da eficácia antimicrobiana, foi empregado o método linear generalizado, não havendo interação entre os tempos e métodos de higiene. Entre estes, das 38 espécies estudadas, em 10 houve diferença estatística para, sendo que o método de imersão apresentou os valores mais baixos de contagem destes microorganismos. Apenas uma espécie apresentou diferença entre os períodos. Após a análise visual, verificou-se que o nível de deterioração foi menor após os 60 dias de análise nos materiais reembasadores higienizados por meio da escovação. As próteses higienizadas pelo método mecânico apresentaram a menor porcentagem de área de biofilme e o menor nível de degradação do reembasador. O método químico apresentou maior eficácia na diminuição de contagem de microorganismos, inclusive nas espécies de Candida. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of hygiene methods on biofilm removal of the lower denture relined with a silicone material. Thirty patients had their lower dentures relined (Mucopren soft) and randomly divided into three groups: A) Mechanical method brushing with toothpaste (Corega Brite) and toothbrush (Johnson) specific for complete dentures; B) Chemical method immersion in Ricinus communis based solution; C) Associate method association of A and B. The experimental period lasted 60 days and for the biofilm quantification, the internal surface of the lower denture was evidenced (Sodium fluorescein 1%) and photographed, after 15, 30 and 60 days of use of the prostheses. Total and evidenced (biofilm) area of the dentures were measured by the software Image Tool 3.0 and the results were expressed in percentages. Microbiological analysis was performed by the DNA-DNA checkerboard technique. For the qualitative evaluation of the soft liner, scores were attributed to the prostheses (0, 1 and 2) according to the presentation of the material after evaluation periods. After verification of distribution and homogeneity of data, it was found that the distribution was not normal or homogeneous, opting for transformation in square root in order to apply parametric statistics. For the biofilm quantification, Anova was employed followed by the Tukeys test considering P<0,05. There were significant difference between the methods (P=0,009) and periods (P=0,003) evaluated. There was no interaction between the factors (P=0,5). Mechanical method presented the lowest mean percentage of biofilm. (1,45±1,03) when compared to the chemical (2,96±1,98) and to the associated method (2,71±1,76). After 60 days (3,37±2,04), the accumulation of biofilm was greater than after 15 (1,28±0,77) and 30 (2,46±1,54) days of the methods use. To analyze the antimicrobial efficacy, the generalized linear method was used. The test showed no interaction between periods and groups. Between groups, 10 of the 38 species evaluated presented statistical difference; and the immersion method showed the lowest counting values of those microorganisms. Only one specie presented statistical difference between the periods. After the visual analysis, it was found that the level of the dentures cleaned by the mechanical method exhibited the lowest percentage of biofilm area and presented the lowest level of degradation of the liner. The chemical method was more efficient in reducing the count of bacteria, including the Candida spp.

Aujourd'hui, l'émergence ou la réémergence de maladies transmises par les tiques (TBDs) devient un problème majeur. En raison des problèmes générés par l'utilisation des acaricides (pollution, résistance), il est donc urgent d'identifier de nouvelles approches pour contrôler les populations de tiques. Parmi ces stratégies, la vaccination visant des molécules conservées chez les tiques et impliquées dans leur capacité vectorielle, sont devenues particulièrement attractives. En conséquence, l'identification de cibles antigéniques appropriées est un défi majeur pour la mise en œuvre de ces stratégies de contrôle des tiques et des TBDs. Dans le présent travail, l'objectif principal est d'élucider les interactions moléculaires entre I. ricinus et B. henselae, afin d'identifier des molécules qui pourraient représenter des cibles vaccinales contre les tiques et les agents pathogènes qu'elles transmettent. Dans ce but, nous avons identifié, par séquençage à haut débit, des transcrits d'Ixodes ricinus différentiellement exprimés au niveau des glandes salivaires de la tique en réponse à une infection par B. henselae. Dans un second temps, l'implication d'un de ces transcrits surexprimés lors de l'infection dans la transmission de B. henselae, a été évaluée. Enfin, et en premier lieu, nous avons validé l'utilisation de la technique de gorgement artificiel sur membrane pour infecter I. ricinus par B. henselae et évalué l'impact de différents paramètres sur le gorgement des tiques. Les résultats ont montré que la technique de gorgement sur membrane est bien adaptée à l'infection d'I. ricinus par B. henselae en laboratoire, et que la proportion et le poids des tiques gorgées sont diminués lors de l'infection du sang par la bactérie Le séquençage en 454 des glandes salivaires de tiques a généré une banque de référence contenant 24, 539 transcrits, et la comparaison des glandes salivaires d'I. ricinus infectés et non-infectés par B. henselae a montré que 839 et 517 transcrits étaient respectivement significativement surexprimés et sous-exprimés en réponse à l'infection par des bactéries. Parmi les gènes de fonction connue, 161 transcrits correspondent à 9 familles déjà identifiées, quand les autres correspondent à des gènes de fonction inconnue. L'extinction par RNA interférence du gène le plus surexprimé, IrSPI qui appartient à la famille des inhibiteurs de sérine protéase BPTI/Kunitz, a entraîné une réduction de la taille du repas sanguin prit par les tiques (et donc sa descendance) ainsi que du niveau d'infection au niveau des glandes salivaires. En conclusion, cette étude a démontré que la technique de gorgement artificiel des tiques sur membrane est un outil puissant pour étudier les interactions entre les tiques et les agents pathogènes qu'elles transmettent comme B. henselae. Ce travail apporte aussi une nette avancée en termes de données génétiques sur I. ricinus (dont le génome n'est pas séquencé) et sur les interactions moléculaires entre une bactérie et son vecteur. Enfin, ce travail a permis la mise en évidence d'une molécule représentant un candidat vaccinal très prometteur à la fois pour diminuer la population de tiques et lutter contre les agents pathogènes qu'elles transmettent. Dans le futur, et en fonction de la confirmation du rôle des gènes identifiés ici dans la transmission bactérienne, de nombreux candidats vaccins pourront ainsi être évalués, ouvrant alors de nouvelles perspectives dans la lutte contre les tiques et les maladies dues aux agents qu'elles transmettent / Ticks are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of many hosts including mammals, birds and reptiles. After mosquitoes, they are the most important vectors worldwide, and are able to transmit the highest variety of pathogens including virus, bacteria and parasites. Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae), the most common tick species in Europe, is a three-life stage hard tick. It is frequently associated with bites in humans, and transmits several pathogens, including Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Babesia spp., Borrellia spp., Anaplasma spp., and to a lesser extent Bartonella spp. Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria associated with a number of emerging diseases in humans and animals. It has been demonstrated that I. ricinus is a competent vector for B. henselae that causes cat scratch disease as well as being increasingly associated with a number of other syndromes, particularly ocular infections and endocarditis. Recently, emergence or re-emergence of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) is increasingly becoming a problem. Indeed, and because of the limited success and disadvantages of controlling TBDs via acaricides, new approaches are urgently needed. Therefore, vaccine strategies that target conserved components of ticks that play roles in vector infestation and vector capacity have become particularly attractive. Accordingly, the identification of suitable antigenic targets is a major challenge for the implementation of tick and TBDs control strategies. In the present work, the main objective is to elucidate molecular interactions between I. ricinus and B. henselae in order to identify some targets that may be used as vaccines against ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Two principal points are focused on: primarily, to identify I. ricinus salivary gland differentially expressed transcripts in response to B. henselae infection with next generation sequencing techniques (454 pyrosequencing and HiSeq 2000); secondly, to validate the implication of one of these transcripts in the transmission of B. henselae. For that purpose, and at first, we validated artificial membrane feeding technique for ticks infection by B. henselae and evaluated the impact of several parameters on tick feeding. Results showed that membrane feeding technique is a suitable method to infect I. ricinus with B. henselae and that the proportion and weight of engorged ticks are decreased by B. henselae infection of the blood meal. Transcriptional analysis of the tick salivary glands generated a reference databank containing 24,539 transcripts, and the comparison of B. henselae-infected and non-infected I. ricinus female salivary glands showed that 839 and 517 transcripts were significantly up- and down-regulated in response to bacteria infection, respectively. Among them, 161 transcripts corresponded to 9 groups of ticks salivary gland gene families already described, when the other ones corresponded to genes of unknown function. Silencing the most up-regulated gene IrSPI, which belongs to BPTI/Kunitz family of serine protease inhibitor, resulted in reduction of tick feeding and bacteria load in tick salivary gland. In conclusion, this work demonstrated that artificial-membrane feeding technique is a powerful tool for investigating the interactions between tick and tick-borne pathogens as B. henselae. It also increases the available genomic information for I. ricinus and the knowledge to improve our understanding of the molecular interaction between tick and tick-borne pathogens. At last, it provides a potential vaccine candidate to control tick-borne diseases. In the future, and depending of differentially expressed genes' role confirmation, more and more vaccine candidate will be provided by this work, and the strategy of controlling tick and tick-borne disease will come to a new stage

Due to climate change, marked developments are tracked in various links of pathogen-host distribution. Markedly increased number of ectoparasites is observed in Central and Eastern Europe. Ticks are blood feeding wide group of arthropods of utmost medical, epidemiological and veterinary significance throughout the world. The ecology of ticks, the outcome of their interactions with their natural environment, is fundamental to the spatial and temporal variation in the risk of infection by tick-borne pathogens. The aim of the study was to investigate: the distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks and their transmitted parasites prevalence in different biotopes in Lithuania; and to find out factors influencing the activity dynamics of ticks and prevalence of endoparasites. The scientific researches on ectoparasite-endoparasite system (I. ricinus-B.burgdorferi s.l., B.divergens and Ehrlichia sp.) in different biotopes in Lithuania have been carried out for the first time. Also, it was the first investigation of prevalence of ticks (according to development phases and different sexes) in different biotopes and ticks infectious by microparasites. Influence of the main factors (air temperature, precipitations) on seasonal and daily activity changes of ticks have been described. Experiments on ectoparasites and endoparasites have been employed by the procedures on molecular level, including PCR method. As the result of the study the specificity of ticks’ species has been identified... [to full text] / Vykstant klimato atšilimui yra stebimi ryškūs pokyčiai įvairiose parazitas-šeimininkas sistemos grandyse. Pastebimas ektoparazitų skaitlingumo padidėjimas Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje. Erkės yra įvairių zoonozių ir antropozių, kurias sukelia įvairūs virusai, bakterijos ir protistai, pernešėjai. Erkių platinamų ligų sukėlėjų patogeninių bakterijų (Borrelia sp., Ehrlichia sp. ir kt.) ir protistų (Babesia sp. ir kt.) tyrimus turi apimti visus ekologinius lygmenis: patogeninio organizmo, vektoriaus ir rezervuarinio šeimininko. Šio darbo tikslas – nustatyti Ixodes ricinus L. erkių ir jų pernešamų endoparazitų paplitimą skirtinguose biotopuose Lietuvoje bei išaiškinti veiksnius, turinčius įtakos erkių aktyvumui ir endoparazitų paplitimui. Lietuvoje pirmą kartą buvo atlikti ektoparazito - endoparazito sistemos (I. ricinus–B.burgdorferi s.l., B.divergens ir Ehrlichia sp.) tyrimai skirtinguose Lietuvos biotopuose. Buvo įvertintas bendras erkių (pagal vystymosi stadiją ir lytį) paplitimas skirtinguose biotopuose, jų užsikrėtimas mikroparazitais ir išanalizuoti veiksniai, lemiantys erkių aktyvumo sezoninius ir paros kitimus, gausumą ir užsikrėtimą. Ektoparazitų ir endoparazitų tyrimams buvo įdiegtas polimerazės grandininės reakcijos metodas ir identifikuotas erkių rūšinis specifiškumas, nustatyti mikroparazitai bei jų genotipai. Buvo nustatytas mikroparazitų paplitimas skirtinguose Lietuvos biotopuose ir ištirti veiksniai, galintys sąlygoti šį paplitimą. Pirmą kartą Lietuvoje buvo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Factor C is a multi-domain serine protease which recognizes Gram-negative bacteria via binding to lipopolysaccharides and triggers hemolymph clotting cascade in the horseshoe crab. A closely related molecule was also found to be present in the genome of the tick Ixodes scapularis. In this work, the full sequence of Factor C ortholog from Ixodes ricinus (IrFC) was determined. IrFC is mainly expressed in tick hemocytes and the heavy chain of the activated molecules is present in tick hemolymph as confirmed by Western blotting with antibodies raised against recombinant fragments of IrFC. The function of the IrFC in tick innate immunity was assessed using its silencing by RNA interference.

Submitted by FELIPE DOS SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA null (09764795404) on 2017-04-20T02:21:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação definitiva.pdf: 992656 bytes, checksum: 82634b1d4f9407c8569dfcf08d41c652 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T16:49:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_fs_me_bot.pdf: 992656 bytes, checksum: 82634b1d4f9407c8569dfcf08d41c652 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T16:49:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_fs_me_bot.pdf: 992656 bytes, checksum: 82634b1d4f9407c8569dfcf08d41c652 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A mamona (Ricinus communis L.) é uma euforbiácea originária de clima tropical. Seu principal produto é o óleo presente em seus grãos, que possui várias aplicações, destacando-se sua utilização na indústria química para produção de biodiesel. Apesar da versatilidade do uso do óleo e da relevante importância econômica da mamoneira, a produtividade brasileira é de 0,59 t ha-1, sendo considerada uma das menores do mundo. A combinação adequada da população de plantas, em conjunto com o manejo da adubação fosfatada, favorece a produtividade de grãos e a produtividade de óleo. No entanto, até o momento, não existem trabalhos avaliando os efeitos destes fatores na cultura, principalmente nos materiais lançados recentemente, no período de safrinha. Logo, o trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a resposta de mamoneira de porte anão a doses de fósforo (P) em cultivo convencional e adensado. O experimento foi conduzido de abril a novembro de 2016 na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, situada em São Manuel-SP, com o uso do híbrido AG IMA 110204. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial (2 x 5), com quatro repetições, sendo duas densidades populacionais e cinco doses de fósforo. As densidades populacionais avaliados foram 67340 plantas ha-1 e 33670 plantas ha-1 (convencional), e as doses de fósforo avaliadas foram 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5, aplicados no sulco de plantio na forma de superfosfato simples. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: diâmetro do caule, altura de planta, altura de inserção do primeiro racemo, número de racemos planta-1, número de grãos racemo-1, massa de 100 grãos, teor de óleo, produtividade de grãos e produtividade de óleo. O cultivo convencional apresentou maiores diâmetro do caule, altura de planta, número de grãos racemo-1, massa de 100 grãos, produtividade de grãos e produtividade de óleo. A adubação fosfatada contribuiu para o aumento da produtividade de grãos e produtividade de óleo, com dose de máxima eficiência técnica de 80,36 kg ha-1 de P2O5. O número de racemos planta-1 foi maior na densidade populacional 33670 plantas ha-1 quando foi aplicado P. / Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is a euphorbiaceae native to tropical climate. Its main product is the oil present in its grains, which has several applications, especially its use in the chemical industry for biodiesel production. Despite the versatility of the use of oil and the relevant economic importance of the castor bean, brazilian yield is 0.59 t ha-1, being considered one of the smallest in the world. The appropriate combination of plant population, together with the management of phosphate fertilization, favors grain yield and oil yield. However, there are no studies evaluating the effects of these factors on the crop, especially in the materials released recently in out-of-season cropping. Therefore, the aim of this work is to evaluate the response of dwarf-sized castor bean to phosphorus (P) doses in conventional and thickened cultivation. The experiment was conducted from April to November 2016 at the São Manuel Experimental Farm, located in São Manuel-SP, using the hybrid AG IMA 110204. The experimental using was a randomized complete block design in a factorial scheme (2 x 5), with four replications, two population densities and five doses of phosphorus. The evaluated population densities were 67340 plants ha-1 and 33670 plants ha-1 (conventional), and the phosphorus doses evaluated were 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1 of P2O5, applied in the planting groove as single superphosphate. The following variables were evaluated: stem diameter, plant height, insertion height of the first raceme, number of racemes plant-1, number of grains raceme-1, mass of 100 grains, oil content, grain yield and oil yield. The conventional cultivation howed higher stem diameter, plant height, number of raceme-1 grains, 100 grain mass, grain yield and oil yield. Phosphate fertilization contributes to the increase of grain yield and oil yield, with a maximum technical efficiency dose of 80.36 kg ha-1 of P2O5. The number of racemes plant-1 was higher in the 33670 plants ha-1 population density when P was applied. / CNPq: 134399/2015-3

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CintiaSB.pdf: 937978 bytes, checksum: a1a6cf722466de13f9b1ea03c48f4ba6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The gray mold, causal organism Amphobotrys ricini, is one of the major diseases of castor bean. Difficulties in managing plant disease arises form the limited understanding of the genetic structure of A. ricini, their complexity and variability make it difficult to control. Genetic structure can be used to infer the relative impact of different forces that influence the evolution of pathogen populations, that allow to predict the potencial for pathogen populations to envolve in agricultural ecosystems. Growers protect their crop by applying fungicides, but there aren t fungicides to provide significant control of gray mold of castor bean. The objectives of this work were use RAPD to determine the genetic structure of A. ricini subpopulations in Para?ba and assay the sensitivity of A. ricini isolates to azoxystrobin and carbendazim. To determine the genetic structure of A. ricini subpopulations in Para?ba, 23 isolates were colleted from two different geographic location (subpopulation). These isolates were analysed by RAPD using 22 random decamer primers, purchased from OPERON, produced a total of 80 markers polimorphics. The resulting matrixes were analysed using PopGene version 1.32. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin and carbendazim of 30 isolates, colleted form Para?ba and Alagoas, was estimated based on spore germination and colony growth inhibition. The stock solutions were added toV8 medium after sterilization to produce final concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ?g/ml of carbendazim and 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 ?g/ml of azoxystrobin. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS to estimate the dose that inhibited fungal growth by 50% (ED50 values). The genetic diversity within subpopulations (Hs=0,271) accounted for 92% of the total genetic diversity (Ht=0,293), while genetic diversity between subpopulations (Gst = 0,075) represented only 7,5%. The estimated number of migrants per generation (NM ) was 6,15. Nei s average gene identity across 80 RAPD loci was 0,9468. Individual ED50 values, for the 30 isolates screened for their sensitivity to azoxystrobin, ranged From a maximum of 0,168 ?g/ml to a minimum of 0,0036 ?g/ml. The ED50 values for carbendazim varied within the range of 0,026 to 0,316 ?g/ml / O mofo cinzento, causado pelo fungo Amphobotrys ricini, ? um dos principais problemas fitossanit?rios da cultura mamoneira. Esta doen?a causa preju?zos a cultura podendo levar ? perda total da produ??o caso medidas de controle n?o sejam implementadas a tempo. A determina??o da estrutura gen?tica de popula??es de pat?genos e o monitoramento sistem?tico das popula??es com o intuito de compreender a din?mica de seus aspectos gen?ticos ? importante para que programas de melhoramento visando a resist?ncia dur?vel tenham ?xito. O controle qu?mico do pat?geno tamb?m ? necess?rio, entretanto, n?o existem fungicidas registrados para o controle da doen?a. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a variabilidade gen?tica entre e dentro de subpopula??es de A. ricini no estado da Para?ba, empregando marcadores moleculares do tipo RAPD e analisar a sensibilidade de isolados de A. ricini aos fungicidas carbendazim e azoxistrobina. Para a determina??o da estrutura gen?tica foram analisados 23 isolados de duas subpopula??es (SPs), sendo a SP1 formada por isolados coletados nos munic?pios de Campina Grande, Lagoa Seca e Esperan?a e a SP2 com isolados oriundos dos munic?pios de Areia, Rem?gio, Sol?nea e Alagoa Nova. Amostras de DNA purificadas dos isolados foram submetidas a rea??es RAPD com 22 oligonucleot?deos da s?rie OPERON, gerando 80 fragmentos polim?rficos que foram analisados pelo programa PopGene. Para verificar a sensibilidade a fungicidas, 30 isolados de duas popula??es, sendo uma da Para?ba e outra de Alagoas foram testados contra o Carbendazim avaliando-se o crescimento micelial em meio V8 acrescido do fungicida nas dosagens 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 e 100 ?g/ml; e azoxistrobina avaliando-se a germina??o de esporos. Os dados foram analisados pelo procedimento PROBIT do pacote estat?stico SAS que calculou a dosagem necess?ria para inibir 50% do crescimento micelial (DL50). A diversidade gen?tica total (Ht=0,293) ? devida ? diversidade gen?tica dentro das SPs (Hs=0,271). O n?mero de migrantes foi estimado em 6,15 indiv?duos a cada gera??o entre as subpopula??es. A fra??o da varia??o gen?tica distribu?da entre as subpopula??es Gst foi 0,075. Houve baixa diferencia??o entre as subpopula??es com base na m?dia de identidade gen?tica (Nei, 1973) entre as subpopula??es em todos os locos analisados (0,9468). Os valores de DL50 variaram entre 0,026 e 0,316 ?g/ml para carbendazim e 0,0036 e 0,168 ?g/ml para azoxistrobina. Neste estudo, h? evid?ncias de que a estrutura gen?tica da popula??o de A. ricini no estado da Para?ba seja clonal e que h? intensa migra??o e que os isolados da Para?ba e Alagoas s?o sens?veis a carbendazim e azoxistrobina

I describe procedures for the introduction of Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, into larval and nymphal stage of the tick vector, Ixodes ricinus. The goal of this Mgr. Thesis is to find an optima system, that would reliably and reproducibly allow the infection of large numbers of ticks with the Lyme disease spirochete.

Ticks are blood feeding parasites that secrete a number of immunomodulatory factors to evade host immune response. The aim of this study was to prepare a tick salivary protein with anti-chemokine activity and to observe the influence of salivary gland extrakt on neutrophile´s chemotaxis.