Cette recherche a pour objectif de clarifier les processus psychiques et la dynamique personnelle en jeu lors du temps judiciaire pour des adolescentes déclarant des violences sexuelles subies, dans le souci d'appréhender le potentiel institué par le trauma. La méthodologie de cette recherche s'appuie sur une approche phénoménologique qui permet d'explorer la nature intrinsèque du sujet et de son expérience. Des entretiens semi directifs avec ces adolescentes ont été retranscrits et analysés selon deux méthodes : une analyse lexicométrique par logiciel informatique et une analyse de contenu. En questionnant ce que vient révéler le trauma des violences sexuelles subies à l'adolescence de l'histoire de vie du sujet, cette recherche fait apparaître deux schémas de compréhension : - l'après-coup pubertaire réveille des traumas infantiles refoulés, sans pouvoir en proposer une résolution du fait des défaillances des objets internes. Le recours à l'acte traumatophillique apparaît comme possible issue, prenant la forme de la violence sexuelle subie. Ce trauma secondaire réactive les traumas primaires en en permettant un traitement, à travers la transformation du temps judiciaire en potentielle inscription de ces adolescentes dans une historicisation. - la violence sexuelle subie met à jour la problématique pubertaire par l'effraction du sexuel. La culpabilité des victimes provient de leur confusion face à leur désir adolescent. La mise sur la scène publique s'inscrit alors dans une quête de reconnaissance de leur désir génital. La violence sexuelle subie à l'adolescence est porteuse d'un potentiel créatif, dans la tentative de résolution qu'elle propose des conflits intrapsychiques amenés par l'après-coup pubertaire. / The objective of this research is to clarify the psychic processes and the personal dynamics at play during judicial time for teenagers declaring suffered sexual abuse, in order to explore the potential established by the trauma. The methodology leans on a phenomenological approach which allows to investigate the intrinsic nature of the subject and its experience. Semi directive interviews with these teenagers are retranscribed and analyzed according to two methods : a lexical analysis by software and a content analysis. By questioning what the trauma of suffered sexual abuse in the adolescence comes to reveal about the life story, this search lightens two ways of understanding : - the afterwards of the pubertal wake repressed infantile traumas, without being able to propose a resolution because of the failures of the internal objects. The resort to the traumatophillique act appears as a possible outcome, taking the form of the suffered sexual violence. The secondary trauma revives the primary traumas and allows their treatment, by the transformation of judicial time into a potential inscription of these teenagers in a historicization. - The suffered sexual violence brings to light the pubertal problematic, by the sexual breaking. The guilt feeling of the victims results from their confusion in front of the adolescent desire. The exposure on the public scene comes in quest for admission of their genital desire. The suffered sexual violence in the adolescence carries a creative potential, as an attempt of resolution that she proposes for the intrapsychics conflicts brought by the pubertal afterwards.

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Drones or Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) were first developed for military use in the start of the twentieth century and were part of a major push toward “airpower”. Nowadays they are available for the public, smaller and easier to fly. This comes with countless opportunities but also security risks. This essay aims to study military risk-taking in a context where this type of threat is prominent. To understand how future military commanders will act upon these threats, a quantitative study with hypothesis will form the basis for answering the question of which mechanism has effect on the level of risk-taking when the subject is faced with the threat of RPAS. The study shows that the support of the squad, self-experienced knowledge about the threat and previous experience of international service has an impact, but no statistical significance to support their effect on the degree of risk-taking in these survey-based scenarios. Surprisingly, age is one of the most significant results of increased risk-taking which forms new questions about risk, experience, and modern threats.

Bakgrund: Generation Y kan inte förvänta sig samma kompensationsgrad vid sin pension som tidigare generationer. Det beror på två saker, för det första har det svenska pensionssystemet genomgått en reformering år 1999, och för det andra så har generation Y:s en sen etableringsålder på arbetsmarknaden. Samtidigt uppger de att de önskar sig en liknande levnadsstandard i pensionen som när de arbetade, vilket bara kan uppnås med ett privat pensionssparande. Paradoxalt nog så är det en låg andel som faktiskt initierat ett provat pensionssparande. Det kan relateras till att generation Y kan anses som finansiellt omogna och riskaversiva. Det är därav av vikt för generationen att initiera ett privat sparande med hänsyn till den levnadsstandard de eftersträvar vid pensionering. Därtill finns det flera psykologiska bias som kan påverka individers rationalitet vid ekonomiska beslutsfattanden. Dessa bias kan dessutom vara olika framträdande beroende vilket kön och demografisk grupp som individen tillhör. Det är därför av vikt för generationen att förstå hur dessa bias framträder vid sparandet och hur de bör hantera dessa för att uppnå ett optimalt sparande utifrån deras framtida önskade levnadsstandard.  Syfte: Studien syftar till att kartlägga hur psykologiska faktorer, demografiska faktorer samt risktagande samvarierar med privat pensionssparande i generation Y. Dessutom undersöks hur de demografiska undergruppernas privata pensionssparande skiljer sig åt. Slutligen syftar studien även till att undersöka skillnader och likheter i män och kvinnors fallenhet för psykologiska bias vid privat pensionssparande.  Metod: Studien tillämpade en kvantitativ ansats där empirin primärt samlats in genom en enkät som sedan ställts i relation till tidigare forskning. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar utfördes dels t- tester för att identifiera skillnader mellan de demografiska undergruppernas privata pensionssparande och deras fallenhet för psykologiska bias. Dessutom utfördes multipla linjära regressioner för att identifiera signifikanta samvariationer mellan psykologiska bias, risk och privat pensionssparande.  Resultat: Studien visar på att generation Y bör se över sitt privata pensionssparande då det finns en hög sannolikhet att de sparar för lite i förhållande till den levnadsstandard de själva uppger att de vill ha. Orsaken till detta kan delvis förklaras av att de dels har fallit för psykologiska bias, dels att demografiska faktorer gett upphov till skilda sparbeteenden. Höginkomsttagare, riskaptit och överkonfidens uppvisade positiva samvariationer med det privata sparandet. Männen i studien var mer överkonfidenta, överoptimistiska och risktagande än kvinnor, och kvinnor uppvisade en högre fallenhet för dispositionseffekten och snakebite. / Background: The reformation of the Swedish retirement system in 1999 and generation Y’s late age of establishment in the labor market have resulted in a lower compensation in their retirement compared with previous generations. Therefore, these individuals need to initiate private saving accounts on their own to reach a satisfactory standard of living when reaching the age of retirement. However, the reported proportion of individuals that have initiated a private saving account of any kind is low. The generationis known to be risk-averse and displays an immature attitude towards financial decision-making and there are several psychological biases that may interfere with rational decision making. These biases may also appear differently regarding what gender and demographic group the individual belongs to. To reacha sufficient standard of living at retirement, generation Y needs to recognize how these biases may comeinto play. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine how psychological factors, demographic factors and risk-taking covariates with the private retirement savings in generation Y. Additionally, the study analyzes the demographic sub-groups and how their private retirement savings differ. Lastly, the study aims to identify how women and men differ in displaying psychological biases and what implications these biases have for private retirement savings. Methodology: The study applies a quantitative research method. The data was collected from an onlin survey and related to previous research. T-tests were used to depict differences between the demographic sub-groups' private, retirement savings and behavioral biases. A Linear multiple regression analysis was also used to examine significant covariations between psychological biases, risk-taking and private retirement savings in generation Y. Results: The result of the study illustrates that generation Y are most likely irrational in their decision-making, and psychological biases are most likely present in their decisions. Demographic sub-groups exhibit different saving behaviors. Individuals with high income, risk appetite and overconfidence display positive covariations with private retirement savings. The male respondents were more overconfident,over optimistic, and risk-taking compared to the women in the study. They were in contrast more prone to the disposition effect and snakebite.

Nya casinon dyker upp allt oftare och spelberoende är ett återkommande ämne i nyheterna. Trots alla nya onlinecasinon finns det inga studier idag som undersöker hur den visuella aspekten av dessa onlinespel påverkar spelarna. Denna studie undersöker hur visuell återkoppling påverkar individernas spelande och risktagande när de spelar på onlinecasinon. För att studera dessa effekter genomfördes en studie på 45 studenter som delades in i två grupper. Båda grupperna blev ombedda att spela en prototyp av en enarmad bandit skapad för denna studie som heter "Casino Slotmachine". En grupp såg en vanlig grå pop-up ruta med resultat, medan den andra gruppen utsattes för animeringar i form av fallande konfetti när de vann och en mer estetiskt tilltalande popup-box i en ljusgul ton med resultat. Under spelet registrerades deltagarnas satsningar per runda, tid per runda samt antalet klick per runda. Varje deltagare spelade 20 rundor av spelet. Efter spelet svarade deltagarna på en enkät om deras spelupplevelse. Resultaten visar att deltagarna som fick visuell återkoppling tog större risker under sessionen än gruppen som inte fick visuell återkoppling. Visuell återkoppling kan därför vara en underliggande faktor till varför vissa spelare i onlinecasinon tar större risker idag. Undersökningen visar också på att de som fick visuell återkoppling blev mindre stressade av spelet än de som inte gjorde det. Både män och kvinnor påverkades på samma sätt av den visuella återkopplingen. / New casinos appear online constantly, and gambling addiction is a recurring subject in the news. Despite all the new online casinos, there are no studies today that investigate how the visual aspect of these online games affects the players. This study examines how visual feedback affects individuals' gambling and risk-taking when gambling on online casinos. To study these effects, a study was conducted on 45 students who were divided into two groups. Both groups were asked to play a prototype of a slot machine created for this study called "Casino Slotmachine". One group saw a regular gray pop-up box displaying net profit, while the other group was exposed to animations in the form of falling confetti when winning, and a more aesthetically pleasing pop-up box in a light yellow tone displaying net profit. During the game, the participants' bet per round, time per round and the amount of clicks per round was recorded. Each participant played 20 rounds of the game. After playing, the participants responded to a survey about their gaming experience. The results show that the participants who received visual feedback took more risks during the session than the group that did not receive visual feedback. Visual feedback can therefore be an underlying factor to why some players in online casinos are taking greater risks today. The survey also shows that those who received visual feedback became less stressed by the game than those who did not. Both men and women were similarly affected by the visual feedback.

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On-the-job injuries that occur even after implementing safety interventions highlight the need for identifying the limitations in them and for making future safety interventions and technological advances more effective. One possible reason for this lower-than-expected-safety returns is the latent side-effect of safety interventions, known as risk compensation. This dissertation aimed to provide empirical evidence and theoretical considerations of risk compensation effect in the construction industry. Accordingly, a multi-sensor immersive mixed-reality environment consists of a virtual projection of the environment and passive haptics of a roof was developed to study risk compensation among residential roofers. Simulating height, environmental factors (wind and sound), passive haptic, and virtual falls stimulated sufficient Sense of Presence to trigger subjects' behavioral changes while installing shingles on a 27-degree sloped roof under three levels of safety interventions (i.e., with no fall-safety intervention, with an injury-reducing fall-safety intervention—i.e., fall-arrest system—and with an injury-preventing fall-safety intervention— i.e., a fall-arrest system and a guardrail). The baseline demographic, psychographic, and cognitive measures combined with real-time tracking and wearable sensors provided an opportunity to track the worker's motions, localize his/her position, obtain real-time musculoskeletal data, and monitor the his/her behavioral and physiological responses. The collected data is then translated into information about the risk perception and risk-taking behavior of the worker. The results yielded unequivocal evidence of risk compensation—the lower perceived risk associated with the situation (lower levels of stress) and the false sense of security among roofers when they were provided with safety interventions apparently encouraged them to be less cautious by leaning over the edge, stepping closer to the roof edge, spending more time exposing themselves to fall risk, over-relying on the safety equipment through different facing directions and choices of posture stability. As a result, they also experienced more near-misses (close calls). This behavioral adaptation was more pronounced when they were provided with an injury-preventing safety intervention (e.g., guardrail). The findings also suggested that the productivity and safety benefits of safety interventions can be negated due to risk compensation, which identifies vital information for the construction-safety community to consider during the design and implementation of more effective safety interventions and technological advances. Roofers with high risk tolerance and sensation seekers were identified as high-risk groups who are more likely to be involved in risk-compensatory behaviors; various behavioral interventions are suggested in this dissertation to counteract excessive risk-taking and to reduce risk compensation. The findings of this study shed light on the question of why injury rates have remained at worrisome levels despite advances in protective measures and interventions. In the long-term, a better understanding of risk compensation will translate into fundamental knowledge about how the construction industry should approach and maintain controls after safety interventions. / Doctor of Philosophy / While researchers have dispensed considerable efforts to reduce the risk of occupational injuries by implementing safety interventions, the large number of safety incidents occurring each year in the construction industry. It is hypothesized that the latent effect of safety interventions, known as risk compensation, might be a possible reason why many of the safety interventions and technological advances have not fully achieved their safety objectives. This dissertation aimed to empirically examine the changes in workers' productivity, risk perception, risk-taking behaviors as a function of different safety interventions in place. To study this within a risk-free setting, an immersive mixed-reality environment simulating roofing task was developed. Then, the reactionary behavioral responses of participants were monitored using real-time tracking sensors and qualitative sources of data while they were completing a roofing task under three counterbalanced levels of safety interventions (i.e., with no fall-safety intervention, with an injury-reducing fall-safety intervention—i.e., fall-arrest system—and with an injury-preventing fall-safety intervention— i.e., a fall-arrest system and a guardrail). The findings indicated that the reduced perceived risk and the desire for increased productivity may skew risk analysis and strongly bias workers toward presuming invulnerability when safety interventions are in place. According to risk compensation theory, workers' risk tolerance and perceptions of risk influence their risk-taking behavior—as the perceived risk associated with the situation decreases, individuals take more risks to achieve a level of risk they can comfortably tolerate. Therefore, the workers might become less cautious by leaning over the edge, stepping closer to the roof edge, spending more time exposing themselves to fall risk, over-relying on the safety equipment through different facing directions and choices of posture stability. This result does not necessarily imply the safety innovations are completely ineffective, but rather demonstrates dangers users face when they misperceive the effectiveness of a safety intervention. Furthermore, roofers with high risk tolerance and a high sensation-seeking disposition were identified as high-risk groups who are more likely to be involved in risk-compensatory behaviors. This research represented a substantive departure from the status quo by proposing novel pathways for proactive incident prevention due to risk compensation in the construction industry. The contribution of this study is especially significant because a better understanding of risk compensation will translate into fundamental knowledge about how the construction industry should approach and maintain controls after safety interventions.