Bakgrund: Det rådande pensionssystemet i Sverige består av sex så kallade AP-fonder. Genom åren har pensionssystemet flertalet gånger kritiserats för dess låga avkastning. Problem: Vår huvudfråga är att jämföra AP-fondernas risk och avkastning med aktiemarknaden som helhet, detta ska ske med hjälp av två jämförelseindex: MSCI World och SIXRX. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att jämföra de fyra första AP-fondernas risk och avkastning med aktiemarknaden som helhet under åren 2002-2010. Metod: Vi har använt oss av en kvantitativ metod, genom att samla in information från AP-fondernas årsredovisningar och hemsidor. Vi har samlat in historisk data, som vi sedan har bearbetat och analyserat. Slutsats: De studerade AP-fonderna har presterat sämre än aktiemarknaden. / Background: The current pension system in Sweden consists of six so called AP-funds. Throughout the years the pension system has been criticized for its low return. Problem: We will compare the pension funds’ risk and return with the rest of the stock market as a whole. This will be done by the aid of two comparison registers: MSCI World and SIXRX. Purpose: Our purpose with the essay is to compare the pension funds in the Swedish pension system, their risk and return, with the share market as a whole. Method: We have used a quantitative method, by gathering information from the annual reports and relevant websites. We have also gathered historical data, which has been processed and analyzed. Conclusion: The studied pension funds have achieved lower results than the stock market market.

Bakgrund & Problemformulering: Momentumeffekten på fondmarknaden är ett relativt outforskat område där dess existens på senare tid har blivit omtvistad. Eftersom kunskapen om pensionssparande och det svenska pensionssystemet är låg, samtidigt som de sociala skyddsnäten i samhället minskar är det viktigt att undersöka om momentumstrategier kan ge överavkastning för privatpersoners pensionssparande. Således ställs frågan: Kan momentumstrategier skapa överavkastning på fondmarknaden? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka momentumeffekten på fondmarknaden och om momentumstrategier kan utnyttjas av svenska pensionssparare för att skapa överavkastning i PPM-systemet. Metod: Uppsatsen har ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt och en deduktiv utgångspunkt tillämpas. För att undersöka momentumeffekten på fondmarknaden tillämpas en multipel regressionsanalys med Fama French-Trefaktormodell, samt Sharpekvot. Uppsatsens urval är PPM-fonder under perioden 2010-2017. Slutsatser: Uppsatsen finner inget statistiskt stöd för en momentumeffekt på fondmarknaden genom Fama French-Trefaktormodell. Detta är ett tecken på att fondmarknaden kan vara svagt effektiv då historisk information inte har kunnat användas för att skapa riskjusterad överavkastning. Uppsatsen finner således ingen momentumeffekt för fondmarknaden efter finanskrisen 2008, trots att en momentumeffekt har kunnat påvisas dessförinnan inom tidigare forskning. Med hänsyn till det har författarna anledning att misstänka att marknadens effektivitet kan variera, vilket skulle kunna förklaras av den Adaptiva Marknadshypotesen. / Background & Problem: The momentum effect in the fund market is relatively unexplored were its existence has been controversial. Due to the lack of knowledge in retirement savings and the Swedish Premium Pension Agency system, alongside the weakening of a social safety net, it is important to examine if momentum strategies give excess returns and can be used for retirement savings. Therefore, the authors question: Do momentum strategies give excess returns in the fund market? Purpose: The aim of the thesis is to examine the momentum effect in the fund market and if momentum strategies can be used to create excess return in the Premium Pension Agency system. Method: The thesis takes a deductive research approach with a quantitative methodology. To examine the momentum effect in the fund market, a multiple regression analysis model from Fama French-Three factor model is applied, and the Sharpe ratio. The sample for the study is Swedish Premium Pension Agency funds, which is examined over the period of 2010-2017. Conclusions: The thesis does not find support for a momentum effect in the fund market through the Fama French-Three factor model. This indicates that the fund market is weak form efficient, as historical information cannot be used to create risk adjusted excess return. Thus, the thesis does not find a momentum effect for the fund market after the financial crisis in 2008, even though a momentum effect is proven to exist before then. In view of this, the authors have reason to suspect the market efficiency to vary, which could be explained by the Adaptive Market Hypothesis.

Bakgrund: De senaste åren har en stark underprissättningstrend observerats i det ökande antalet börsnoteringar, vilket har skapat ett starkt investerarintresse. En stor del av dessa nyintroducerade bolag är småbolag, varav de flesta noteras på mindre handelsplatsformer, så kallade MTF:er. MTF:en Aktietorget introducerade flest företag till den svenska aktiemarknaden 2010-2014, varför detta har valts till studiens undersökningsområde.Tidigare studier har bevisat att det finns en hög volatilitet i nyintroduktioner och småbolag, vilket i finansiella sammanhang betyder att en sådan investering är mer riskfylld. Dock saknas liknande studier på downside volatilitet, alltså risken för förlust. Denna studie ämnar därför att jämföra den traditionellt riskjusterade avkastningen i form av sharpekvoten, mot avkastningen justerad för downside risk, den så kallade sortinokvoten. Detta nyare mått på risk är en del av den postmoderna portföljteorin, som tar hänsyn till en mer förlustaversiv investerare. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera den riskjusterade avkastningen i nynoteringar på Aktietorget för att jämföra med etablerade bolag på OMX Stockholm. Den riskjusterade avkastningen beräknas genom sharpe-respektive sortinokvoten och jämförs sedan för att undersöka eventuella skillnader i bedömningen av aktiernas prestation. Genomförande: Uppsatsen är en eventstudie med deduktiv ansats. Undersökningen har inkluderat nynoteringar på Aktietorget mellan 2010-2014 och jämförelseaktier består av branschindex från OMXSPI.Den riskjusterade avkastningen har beräknats via modifierade kvoter. Samband mellan sharpe-respektive sortinokvoten har undersökts genom icke-parametrisk rangordningskorrelation. Slutsats: Studien kan inte bevisa en signifikant abnormal avkastning i nynoteringar på Aktietorget, men observerar en genomsnittlig överavkastning upp till en månad. De riskjusterade kvoterna har mycket stark rangordningskorrelation, vilket innebär att studiens resultat inte kan motivera en fortsatt användning av sortinokvoten. / Background: In recent years, a strong underpricing trend has been observed in the increasing number of IPOs, which has created a strong investor interest. A large part of these IPO companies are small firms, most of which are listed on smaller trading venues, known as MTFs. The MTF Aktietorget introduced most companies to the Swedish stock market during 2010-2014, so it has been chosen as the area for this research.Previous studies have shown that there is high volatility in new introductions and small companies, which in financial terms means that such an investment contains more risk. However, similar studies on downside risk are lacking. This study therefore aims to compare the traditional risk-adjusted return in the form of the sharpe ratio, against the return adjusted for downside risk, the so-called sortino ratio. This newer measure of risk is part of the postmodern portfolio theory, which takes into account a more loss-aversive investor. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the risk-adjusted return in IPOs on Aktietorget and compare it with the return of established companies on OMX Stockholm. The risk-adjusted return is calculated by the sharpe and sortino ratios, respectively, and are later compared with each other to investigate possible differences in the estimation of performance for the stocks. Methodology: This paper is an event study with a deductive approach. The study has included IPOs on Aktietorget between 2010-2014 and comparative stocks, consisted of industry index from OMXSPI.The risk-adjusted return has been calculated using modified ratios and the relationship between the sharp and sortino ratios has been investigated by non-parametric ranking correlations. Conclusion: The study can't prove any significant abnormal return in IPOs on Aktietorget, but observes an average excess return of up to one month. The risk-adjusted ratios have very strong rank correlation, thus empirical results can't motivate the continued use of the sortino ratio.

Bakgrund: Både aktieinvesteringar samt fastighetsinvesteringar har blivit populära investeringsalternativ hos den svenska befolkningen. Låga bostadsräntor och nya förmånliga aktiesparformer har bidragit till ett gynnsamt investeringsklimat på både fastighetsmarknaden och aktiemarknaden. Trots osäkerheter relaterade till utbrottet av coronapandemin nådde båda marknader rekordhöga prisnivåer under 2020 och förväntningarna på marknaderna har varit fortsatt höga. Eftersom det saknas tidigare studier på den svenska marknaden kring vilken investering som faktiskt har varit den mest lönsamma samt hur korrelationen ser ut mellan tillgångarna är detta av intresse att studera. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra den riskjusterade avkastningen mellan en aktieinvestering och en bostadsrättsinvestering under olika tidsperioder samt studera korrelationen mellan dessa två tillgångar på lång sikt och under coronapandemin.  Metod: Studien har genomförts med en kvantitativ metod samt en deduktiv ansats. Månadsdata för aktieindexet OMXSPI samt prisdata för bostadsrätter på den svenska marknaden har inhämtats för tidsperioden 2011–2020. Den riskjusterade avkastningen och korrelationen har beräknats för att undersöka eventuella skillnader mellan de två tillgångsslagen. Slutligen har signifikanstester gjorts på resultatet och regressioner har genomförts för att analysera sambandet mellan volatilitet och avkastning. Slutsats: Resultatet visade inte på någon signifikant skillnad mellan de två tillgångsslagens avkastning. OMXSPI visade dock på en högre riskjusterad avkastning än bostadsrätter för alla de studerade tidsperioderna. På lång sikt var korrelationen mellan de två tillgångarna starkt positiv och det gick även att se en förstärkt korrelation under coronapandemin. / Background: Stock- and real estate investments are both investments that have become very popular in Sweden. Low mortgage interest rates and new affordable ways to invest in stock have created an investment friendly climate for both the real estate market and the stock market. Despite uncertainties related to the outbreak of the covid-pandemic, both the realestate market and the stock market reached record high levels in 2020 and the expectations on the market have been continuously high. There is a research gap on the Swedish market regarding which investment is the most profitable and how the two investments correlate witheach other, making it a relevant subject to study. Purpose: The purpose with this essay is to compare the risk-adjusted return between an investment in stock and an investment in real estate and study the long-term correlation between these two investments, and the correlation during the covid-pandemic. Methodology: The study was conducted through a quantitative method and a deductive approach. Monthly data for the stock index OMXSPI and real estate price data from the Swedish market were gathered for the time period 2011-2020. The risk-adjusted return and the correlation was calculated to study potential differences between the two investments. Finally, the results were statistically tested, and regressions were conducted to analyze the relationship between volatility and return. Conclusion: The result did not show any significant difference between the return of the two asset classes. However, OMXSPI did show a higher risk-adjusted return than the real estate index for all studied time periods. The correlation between the two asset classes was strongly positive in the long term and it was also possible to see an increased correlation during the covid-pandemic.

The study evaluated the development role of targeted development investments in South Africa and their risk adjusted performance over a 10-Year period, that is from 2008 to 2017. Targeted development investments as a subset of socially responsible investments have transformed the way capital is allocated towards development funding needs. In the South African context this study is relevant given it offers a contrast between investments made in the public sector where development impact is a key objective, versus private sector targeted investments that aim to achieve financial returns whilst also driving development impact objectives aligned to sustainable development goals. The role and impact of these investments in the post democratic era is put in the spotlight given the country is dealing with economic, social, and environmental challenges that have necessitated the need to assess the nature and role of the investment industry in solving these complex development challenges (Giampocaro & Pretorius, 2012). The study on the role of the public sector focused on the investments and development impact indicators tracked by the Top 3 public sector investment institutions or corporations. The analysis on the performance of the private sector TDI funds examined their risk adjusted performance using Treynor, Sharpe, Sortino, and Information ratios. The risk adjusted performance was used to test whether the TDI fund returns under or outperformed against five benchmark categories. The research findings showed mixed results where TDI funds either underperformed or outperformed against the benchmark categories. The findings highlighted the need for a hybrid development model where both the public and private sector actively play a role in the development landscape as guided by their respective investment mandates. The findings advocate for corporate and institutional investors to increase capital allocations and investments towards financing development needs given the scope to maximise investor returns, whilst considering socially responsible investing and issues relating to the development and empowerment of previously disadvantaged communities.

The thesis examines the strategy of country momentum and is evaluated with 30 different country exchange-traded funds (ETFs) for the period 1996-2018. The empirical evaluation is designed to apply different formation- and holding periods with overlapping portfolios. The results show positive momentum returns in various periods and a few portfolios present a higher average return than the market. However, none of the portfolios is presenting any significant positive returns or alphas, meaning that the three hypotheses cannot be rejected. On the other hand, some portfolios have higher Sharpe ratios and Morningstar value than the market. Thus, meaning that the individual investor could prefer the momentum portfolio over the market despite the insignificant returns.

Avsikten med studien är att undersöka den magiska formelns prestation på den svenska aktiemarknaden mellan åren 2017–2021. Syftet är att undersöka om denmagiska formeln kan uppnå en högre riskjusterad avkastning än OMXS30 underundersökningsperioden. I denna studie tillämpas backtesting med hjälp av historiska data hämtat från Refinitv Eikons databas för att utforska strategins prestation under undersökningsperioden. Målet med denna studie var att undersöka om den magiska formeln kan användas av investerare med mindre erfarenhet för att uppnå en högre riskjusterad avkastning än OMXS30-index. Med hjälp av två variabler, return on capital och earnings yield fick vi fram ett resultat för att besvara studiens syfte. Under hela undersökningsperioden uppnådde den magiska formeln en genomsnittlig avkastning på 15,32% medan OMXS30 portföljen uppnådde en avkastning på 10,78%. Resultatet från denna studie visade att den magiska formeln kunde uppnå en högre avkastning än OMXS30 under undersökningsperioden men eftersom Sharpekvoten för OMXS30 var högre än den magiska formeln formas indikationer att OMXS30 presterade bättre än den magiska formeln på en genomsnittlig riskjusterad nivå under undersökningsperioden. / This study examines the performance of the magic formula by Joel Greenblatt on the Swedish stock market. A back test was performed to see if the magic formula could generate a higher risk adjusted return and outperform the OMXS30 index between the years 2017 and 2021. The study constructed portfolios for each year for the magic formula and OMXS30 with the ambition to compare the two results. The results show that the magic formula achieved a higher return at a higher risk rate so therefore, it was not able to beat the OMXS30 index on a risk adjusted level.

Project control is essential to ensure that the investment on a project is providing the intended benefits and is valuable to the customers. Previous methods offer project performance monitoring and forecasting tools, but they lack accuracy and the associated techniques omit the project financial risk (any unplanned event that has an impact on schedule and budget); the main factor of project failure. Poor project execution, and particularly failure to control and accurately forecast the project performance, may lead to increased costs, upset customers and eventually loss of market share. These gaps have been filled in this study by the development of novel models that use statistical analysis of the previous project performance, including risk evaluation techniques. The proposed models succeeded in providing remarkably improved forecasts in three project dimensions: duration, cost and resources. The robustness of the models has been verified by testing them on real projects. The results show superiority in terms of accuracy and easy application compared to any existing method, proving that the risk inclusion provides improvement compared to previous studies. The most important features of the models are: risk-based adjustment of the forecasted values, periodic and completion forecasts, statistical processing and holistic approach. The greatest advancements have been made in the cost forecast, for which the risk adjustment inclusion is examined for the first time. The resources (man-hours) forecast is another pioneer element of the proposed models. All the above provide a complete image of the project status and paint the picture of future performance. The models results are fed in a Decision Support System, which highlights the overperforming and underperforming areas of the project. This confirms the proposition that the model results can be used to initiate restorative action. The contribution of this study to the project management field is easy-to-use and accurate models, which include the financial risk and facilitate the project manager’s decisions and actions. Anticipation of the project performance, by considering the risk, can result to significant time and cost savings, crucial for project success.

Background: In Sweden one of the most common ways of saving money is through funds and investors have many options to choose between. It depends on the risks you are willing to take, the expected return and size of management fees. The fees charged by the management company varies a lot depending on if the funds are managed actively or passively. During the recent years there have been discussions about which type of fund management will be the most profitable in relation to the fee. Actively managed funds are in general more expensive than passively managed. Object: The purpose of this study is to analyze if there is any relationship between the fee and the return while considering the risk. Furthermore, it will be analyzed if actively or passively managed funds generate higher return considering the fees, and if the actively managed funds succeedtheir benchmark index or not. The aim is to find out which type of fund management is the most appropriate to receive the highest return on the investment. Delimitation: The study is limited to Swedish funds that have been on the Stockholm Stock Exchange for at least 10 years and at least 90 % of the fund’s holdings must be invested in Swedish companies. Actively managed funds and index funds are analyzed and the other funds are excluded. Method: The study extends between the years 2011-2015. A correlation analysis has been made to see if there is a relationship between management fees and the return on investment. To get the best possible result,calculations and analysis have been made on both risk and performance measurements. Conclusion: It is more profitable to invest in index funds than actively managed funds. Actively managed funds does not generate a higher return on investment than indexfunds but they have a higher management fee. There is no relationship between the fee charged by the mangementcompanies and what return you get in the funds. / Bakgrund:Fonder ären vanlig sparmetod i Sverige och vid val av fond finns det många möjligheter för investerare. Detta beroende på vilken risk man är villig att ta, hur hög avkastning man förväntar sig samt hur hög fondens avgift är. Förvaltningsavgiften är den kostnad som betalas till fondbolagen för det förvaltningsarbete som utförs. Avgiften varierar beroende på om fonden förvaltas aktivt eller passivt. Under de senaste åren har det förekommit diskussioner kring vilken fondförvaltning som är bäst att välja i förhållande till avkastning och avgift, eftersom priserna för de aktivt och passivt förvaltade fonderna ofta skiljer sig åt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns något samband mellan avgift och avkastning i förhållande till tagen risk för de aktivt och passivt förvaltade fonderna. Vidare kommer undersökas om aktiv eller passiv fondförvaltning genererar högre avkastning i förhållande till avgift, samt om de aktivt förvaltade fonderna överträffar sitt jämförelseindex eller inte. Avsikten är att få svar på vilken fondförvaltning som ger bättre resultat och därmed är bäst att investera i. Avgränsning: Studien avgränsas till svenska fonder som funnits på Stockholmsbörsen i minst 10 år och har minst 90 % av innehavet i svenska företag. Aktiv förvaltade aktiefonder och indexfonder undersöks, övriga fonder exkluderas. Metod: Tidsperioden som undersöks är fem år, 2011-2015. En korrelationsanalys utförs för att se samband mellan avgift och avkastning. Även relevanta risk-och prestationsmått räknas på och analyseras för att få svar på vilken fondförvaltning som är bäst att välja för bästa resultat. Slutsats: Det är mer lönsamt att investera i indexfonder med lägre avgift än att betala en hög fondavgift för aktiv fondförvaltning. Aktivt förvaltade fonder lyckas oftast inte slå sitt jämförelseindex och genererar inte en högre avkastning i genomsnitt än indexfonder, som har lägre avgift. Det finns inget samband mellan avgift och avkastning för de undersökta fonderna.

In Sweden, savings in funds today is one of the most popular forms of savings. Through both active and passive choices, almost all Swedes are exposed to the fund market, where mutual funds are the most popular type of funds. A clear majority of these funds are actively managed, which means that one or more fund managers actively work with the investments of the funds, with the aim to outperform the market. This method of management has been hotly debated in recent years, when many scientists claim that fund managers generally fail to outperform the market in long term. At the same time, interest in sustainability investments has increased in recent years, which is reflected in the fund market where sustainability funds have become increasingly popular. This essay therefore focuses on these sustainability funds, with focus on comparing large banks with web-based fund companies. The large banks in Sweden have been criticized for the way they are working seen from a customer perspective, but their funds are still very popular. Against this background, the study aims to investigate whether one can find any differences in performance of actively managed sustainability funds between large banks and web-based fund companies. Using four different models to measure risk-adjusted return of security portfolios, the funds have been examined to see if it is possible to find any patterns in terms of performance and the type of company that manages the funds. The survey results show that there is a clear difference in performance between the large banks and the web-based fund companies, whereby the latter succeed much better. Of the four models used, the large banks do not outperform the market under one model, while the web-based companies manage to outperform the market according to three of the models. Thus it can be stated that if you are interested in saving money in actively managed sustainability funds, it is the web-based companies to turn to. As previously mentioned, the large banks funds are very popular, which means that Swedish private investors have much money to gain by allowing web-based companies to manage their money, rather than large banks.