Background: In Sweden one of the most common ways of saving money is through funds and investors have many options to choose between. It depends on the risks you are willing to take, the expected return and size of management fees. The fees charged by the management company varies a lot depending on if the funds are managed actively or passively. During the recent years there have been discussions about which type of fund management will be the most profitable in relation to the fee. Actively managed funds are in general more expensive than passively managed. Object: The purpose of this study is to analyze if there is any relationship between the fee and the return while considering the risk. Furthermore, it will be analyzed if actively or passively managed funds generate higher return considering the fees, and if the actively managed funds succeedtheir benchmark index or not. The aim is to find out which type of fund management is the most appropriate to receive the highest return on the investment. Delimitation: The study is limited to Swedish funds that have been on the Stockholm Stock Exchange for at least 10 years and at least 90 % of the fund’s holdings must be invested in Swedish companies. Actively managed funds and index funds are analyzed and the other funds are excluded. Method: The study extends between the years 2011-2015. A correlation analysis has been made to see if there is a relationship between management fees and the return on investment. To get the best possible result,calculations and analysis have been made on both risk and performance measurements. Conclusion: It is more profitable to invest in index funds than actively managed funds. Actively managed funds does not generate a higher return on investment than indexfunds but they have a higher management fee. There is no relationship between the fee charged by the mangementcompanies and what return you get in the funds. / Bakgrund:Fonder ären vanlig sparmetod i Sverige och vid val av fond finns det många möjligheter för investerare. Detta beroende på vilken risk man är villig att ta, hur hög avkastning man förväntar sig samt hur hög fondens avgift är. Förvaltningsavgiften är den kostnad som betalas till fondbolagen för det förvaltningsarbete som utförs. Avgiften varierar beroende på om fonden förvaltas aktivt eller passivt. Under de senaste åren har det förekommit diskussioner kring vilken fondförvaltning som är bäst att välja i förhållande till avkastning och avgift, eftersom priserna för de aktivt och passivt förvaltade fonderna ofta skiljer sig åt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns något samband mellan avgift och avkastning i förhållande till tagen risk för de aktivt och passivt förvaltade fonderna. Vidare kommer undersökas om aktiv eller passiv fondförvaltning genererar högre avkastning i förhållande till avgift, samt om de aktivt förvaltade fonderna överträffar sitt jämförelseindex eller inte. Avsikten är att få svar på vilken fondförvaltning som ger bättre resultat och därmed är bäst att investera i. Avgränsning: Studien avgränsas till svenska fonder som funnits på Stockholmsbörsen i minst 10 år och har minst 90 % av innehavet i svenska företag. Aktiv förvaltade aktiefonder och indexfonder undersöks, övriga fonder exkluderas. Metod: Tidsperioden som undersöks är fem år, 2011-2015. En korrelationsanalys utförs för att se samband mellan avgift och avkastning. Även relevanta risk-och prestationsmått räknas på och analyseras för att få svar på vilken fondförvaltning som är bäst att välja för bästa resultat. Slutsats: Det är mer lönsamt att investera i indexfonder med lägre avgift än att betala en hög fondavgift för aktiv fondförvaltning. Aktivt förvaltade fonder lyckas oftast inte slå sitt jämförelseindex och genererar inte en högre avkastning i genomsnitt än indexfonder, som har lägre avgift. Det finns inget samband mellan avgift och avkastning för de undersökta fonderna.

In Sweden, savings in funds today is one of the most popular forms of savings. Through both active and passive choices, almost all Swedes are exposed to the fund market, where mutual funds are the most popular type of funds. A clear majority of these funds are actively managed, which means that one or more fund managers actively work with the investments of the funds, with the aim to outperform the market. This method of management has been hotly debated in recent years, when many scientists claim that fund managers generally fail to outperform the market in long term. At the same time, interest in sustainability investments has increased in recent years, which is reflected in the fund market where sustainability funds have become increasingly popular. This essay therefore focuses on these sustainability funds, with focus on comparing large banks with web-based fund companies. The large banks in Sweden have been criticized for the way they are working seen from a customer perspective, but their funds are still very popular. Against this background, the study aims to investigate whether one can find any differences in performance of actively managed sustainability funds between large banks and web-based fund companies. Using four different models to measure risk-adjusted return of security portfolios, the funds have been examined to see if it is possible to find any patterns in terms of performance and the type of company that manages the funds. The survey results show that there is a clear difference in performance between the large banks and the web-based fund companies, whereby the latter succeed much better. Of the four models used, the large banks do not outperform the market under one model, while the web-based companies manage to outperform the market according to three of the models. Thus it can be stated that if you are interested in saving money in actively managed sustainability funds, it is the web-based companies to turn to. As previously mentioned, the large banks funds are very popular, which means that Swedish private investors have much money to gain by allowing web-based companies to manage their money, rather than large banks.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Omega function is a relatively newly developed performance measure, falling within the class of downside risk measures. This measure does not make any assumptions regarding the return distributions evaluated, but incorporates the actual return distribution in its calculation. The sensitivity of this measure to simulated changes within the class of stable distributions was tested, within the range of parameters that was evident in the South African investment environment. The Omega and Sharpe ratios that were calculated for these distributions were ranked and compared. Even though the rankings were similar, discrepancies did occur. On investigation it was found that these discrepancies were caused by the inability of the Sharpe measure to differentiate between increased volatility caused by higher probability weighted gains (or positive skewness) and losses, as the Sharpe ratio penalises funds for volatility. The simulated tests were extended to various distributions, which have different risk profiles and distribution shapes, and ranked. A higher incidence of ranking differences occurred due to the inability of the Sharpe ratio to differentiate between gains and losses, correctly account for the risk of positively skewed distributions and lastly due to negative Sharpe ratios, caused by the average realised returns being exceeded by the threshold (target) rate, resulting in incorrect rankings. Comparison of rankings based on the Sharpe and Omega measures was performed on the class of general equity unit trusts over a five-year period, which resulted in statistically similar rankings. In extending the evaluation over shorter periods, the ran kings were still statistically similar, even though some differences were noteworthy. As the returns became more variable, the Omega measure captured this variation and risk whilst the Sharpe ratio was unable to, as its formulation is limited to two statistics, thus losing all this additional information. Normally performance evaluation is not initiated with a detailed analysis of the return distributions in order to determine which performance measure is more appropriate. The Omega measure incorporates the distribution into the calculation, which is not the case with the Sharpe measure. Therefore, even if the distributions are normal, the Omega measure gives exacty the same result as the Sharpe measure. However, where return distributions diverge from normality, we can be certain that the Omega measure will correctly incorporate the divergence, whilst it has been shown that in certain instances the Sharpe measure does not. The Omega measure adds another dimension to risk-adjusted performance evaluation and should be incorporated in the evaluation process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Omega-funksie, wat as 'n afwaartse risikomaatstaf geklassifiseer word, is 'n relatiewe nuut-ontwikkelde prestasiemaatstaf. Hierdie maatstaf maak nie enige aannames ten opsigte van die opbrengsverdelings wat ge-evalueer word nie, maar inkorporeer die werklike opbrengsverdeling in die berekening. Die sensitiwiteit van hierdie maatstaf tot gesimuleerde veranderinge in die klas van stabiele verdelings is getoets, binne die parameters van toepassing in die Suid Afrikaanse beleggingsomgewing. Die Omega- en Sharpe-maatstawe is bereken, georden en vergelyk. Alhoewel die rangordes meestal dieselfde was, het verskille in sommige gevalle voorgekom. Hierdie verskille is veroorsaak deur die onvermoe van die Sharpe-maatstaf om te onderskei tussen verhoogde volatiliteit veroorsaak deur 'n hoer waarskynlikheidsgeweegde wins, of positiewe skeefheid en verliese. Die Sharpe-maatstaf penaliseer alle volatiliteit. Die gesimuleerde toetse is uitgebrei na alternatiewe verdelings wat verskillende risikoprofiele het en is weereens georden. Weereens was die rangordes meestal dieselfde. Die verskille wat plaasgevind het, is veroorsaak deur die onvermoe van die Sharpe-maatstaf om tussen winste en verliese te onderskei, positiewe skeefheid korrek te verdiskonteer en laastens om negatiewe Sharpe-verhoudings in die korrekte rangorde te plaas. 'n Vergelyking van die rangordes van die Sharpe- en Omega-maatstawe is gedoen op die algemene effektetrusts oor 'n tydperk van vyf jaar. Die rangordes in geheel was statisties dieselfde. Hierdie toetse is vervolgens uitgebrei om korter tydperke in te sluit, wat weereens in geheel statisties dieselfde korrelasie getoon het, maar 'n paar individuele portefeuljes se rangordes het heelwat verskil. Soos die opbrengste gevarieer het, kon die Omega-maatstaf hierdie variasies en risiko verdiskonteer terwyl die Sharpe-maatstaf nie in staat was om hierdie risiko te verdiskonteer nie, aangesien sy formulering beperk is tot twee statistieke wat 'n verlies van inligting tot gevolg het. Normaalweg word prestasie-beoordeling nie begin met 'n gedetailleerde analise van die opbrengsverdelings om te bepaal watter prestasie-maatstaf meer toepaslik is nie. Die Omega-maatstaf inkorporeer die verdeling in die berekening, wat nie die geval is met die Sharpe-maatstaf nie. AI is die opbrengsverdelings normaal, gee die Omega-maatstaf dieselfde resultate as die Sharpe-maatstaf. Waar die verdelings egter afwyk van normaal, weet ons dat die Omega-maatstaf die afwykings korrek verdiskonteer, terwyl dit bewys is dat die Sharpe-maatstaf in sekere omstandighede nie die afwykings korrek verdiskonteer nie. Die Omega-maatstaf voeg 'n verdere dimensie by risiko-aangepaste prestasiemeting en behoort dus ingesluit te word in die evauleringsproses.

Syfte: Undersöka om det är möjligt att generera en överavkastning på aktier gentemot marknadsindex på OMXS Industrials enligt Net Current Asset Value strategin. Metod: Studien baseras på en kvantitativ metod för att undersöka historiska aktievärden. Datan som används i undersökningen hämtas från Thomson Reuters Datastream och de statistiska värdena bearbetas i Microsoft Office Excel Teoretiska utgångspunkter: Studien har sin förklaring med utgångspunkt från teorierna om den effektiva marknadshypotesen och CAPM modellen, samt ett avsnitt som utreder principerna om hur värderingsstrategier bör följas. Resultat: Beroende på längden av innehavsperioden visar studien att det i de samtliga fall är fullt möjligt att överträffa marknadsindex, och att den riskjusterade avkastningen i de flesta fall är högre än marknadsindex. / Objective: To examine whether it is possible to generate an excess return on stocks in relation to the market index of OMXS Industrials according to the strategy of Net Current Asset Value Method: The study is based on a quantitative method to investigate historical stock values. The data used in the study is retrieved from Thomson Reuters Datastream and the statistical values are processed in Microsoft Office Excel. Theoretical usage: The study is explained on the basis of the theory of the efficient market hypothesis and the CAPM model, and even a section that investigates principles of valuation strategies and how they should be followed. Results: Depending on the length of the holding period, the study shows that in all cases it is quite possible to outperform market indices, and risk-adjusted returns in most cases are higher than the market index.

I decennier har problematiken kring förvaltning belysts och i mångt och mycket har motpolerna aktiv- och passiv förvaltning jämförts. Tidigare forskning har påvisat att passiv förvaltning är att föredra framför aktiv förvaltning, bland annat på grund av de dyra förvaltningsavgifterna samt att förespråkarna antar en effektiv marknad. Ämnesområdet är ett väl utforskat område dock i högsta grad aktuellt. Tidigare forskning har inte belyst aktivitetsgraden i aktivt förvaltade fonder och därmed gavs implikation till fortsatt analysområde för den här studien. Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera om aktivitetsgraden i aktivt förvaltade fonder kan förklara den riskjusterade avkastningen med hänsyn tagen till förvaltningsavgiften. En deduktiv ansats kommer tillämpas för utveckling av existerande teori. Utifrån uppsatsens syfte har en kvantitativ metod tillämpats för att analysera information som tilldelats av fondbolagens fondrapporter för att genomföra tester på olika tidsperioder. Uppsatsens resultat grundas på 81 aktivt förvaltade fonder vilka indikerar att det ej går att påvisa att en högre aktivitetsgrad leder till en högre riskjusterad avkastning. Likaså kan inte en högre förvaltningsavgift motiveras av aktivitetsgraden. Utfallet av analyserna beskrivs genom tabeller för att visualisera de statistiska analyserna. Förslag till fortsatt forskning inkluderar undersökning av vad fondbolagen definierar som krav för att klassificeras som aktivt förvaltade fonder. Utifrån att aktivitetsgraden är en ny infallsvinkel i utvärdering av aktiv förvaltning torde studiens resultat vara av intresse för gemene man då vi alla är investerare mer eller mindre i det privata livet. Investerare antas vara intresserade att veta vad som motiverar den höga förvaltningsavgiften samt hur investerade pengar blir förvaltade då konklusionen av studien är att aktivitetsgraden inte ger mervärde. / For decades, the problem of portfolio management has been discussed, specifically the comparisons between the opposite poles ‘active’ and ‘passive’ management. Previous research has shown that passive management is preferred over active management, predominantly because of the expensive management fees, as well as proponents assuming an efficient market. The subject area is a well- explored area yet, highly relevant. Previous research has not highlighted the trading frequency in actively managed funds and an implication for further analysis within this area was given. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether the frequency of trade in actively managed funds may explain the risk-adjusted return, taking into account the management fees. A deductive approach will be applied to the development of existing theory. Based on the thesis purpose, a quantitative method was applied. As well as analyzing the information assigned by the mutual fund companies’ fund reports for conducting tests at different time periods. Results of the thesis are based on 81 actively managed funds, indicating that it is not possible to reveal that, a higher frequency of trade will lead to a higher risk-adjusted return. Likewise, a higher management fee is not justified by the level of activity. The outcomes of the analysis are depicted through tables to provide a visualization of the statistical and analytical questions explored. Suggestions for future research include; consideration of what the fund companies define as requirements that will be classified as actively managed funds. Based on the above notions the frequency of trade is a new approach to the evaluation of active management. Investors are presumed to have a known interest in what stimulates high management fees and how the money invested will be managed. With respect to the conclusion of this study; the level of the frequency in trade does not add any value.

Många svenska hushåll fondsparar och 2018 uppgick fondsparandet i genomsnitt till 434 000 kronor per person. Nobelpristagaren Fama (1970) påvisade att det inte är möjligt att generera en högre riskjusterad avkastning än marknadens. Samtidigt finns det fortfarande mängder av aktivt förvaltade fonder som utlovar högre avkastning än marknaden. Därmed är det alltjämt otydligt för småsparare om passivt eller aktivt förvaltade fonder genererar störst avkastning. Till skillnad från liknande tidigare studier, har denna studie ett större urval av fonder. Syftet är att undersöka vilket fondalternativ som mest gynnar investerares avkastning på den svenska marknaden. Syftet uppfylls genom att prestationsmåtten Sharpekvot och Jensens Alfa, för utvärdering av fondernas avkastning, undersöks. Resultaten visade att det inte är möjligt att generera en högre riskjusterad avkastning över den valda tidsperioden. Generellt hade indexfonderna bland de högre riskjusterade avkastningarna, jämfört med de aktivt förvaltade fonderna. Vilket även tyder på att en högre fondavgift är omotiverad. / Many Swedish households are investors, in 2018 investments in funds reached an average of 434 000 Swedish Crowns per person. The Nobel laureate Fama showed that yielding a higher risk-adjusted return than the market is not possible. Simultaneously, a great amount of actively conducted funds that pledges a higher return than the market is still launched today. Which arises a disorientation among small savers if passive or active conducted funds generate higher returns. Unlike previous studies, the range of funds were increased in this study. The purpose is to examine the returns of the funds with the performance measures Sharpe-ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. The results indicate that it is not possible to outperform a higher risk-adjusted yield than the market for the chosen time period. Overall, the passive funds had higher risk-adjusted returns compared to the active funds, which indicates that a higher fee for the funds is unjustified.

During the last few decades, the Swedish population has shown an increased interest in investment fund savings, and more than 60% of Swedish citizens are saving through funds today. In addition to this, awareness on climate change and related risks has increased, which has contributed to a greater focus on corporate sustainability among Swedish companies. As a result of these trends, there has been an increase in fund companies that are basing their investments on certain ethical restrictions, in order for private investors to save ethically. The purpose of this study was to examine how ethical restrictions affect the financial performance of Swedish funds with regards to risk-adjusted return. Previous studies have focused on comparing ethical and traditional funds, but this study chose not to make any difference between the two types of funds. The study's relevance is based on how it can make private investors aware of which ethical restrictions that have a negative impact on the risk-adjusted return, and how much each restriction decreases the return. A total of 101 Swedish funds were analyzed. Information about each fund's performance measures were retrieved from Morningstar, and is based on three years development. Information about each fund's ethical restrictions were retrieved from Hållbarhetsprofilen and their information pamphlets. With data about the performance measures Sharpe ratio, Alpha, and Treynor ratio, three statistical models were defined and analyzed with multiple linear regression analysis. Each model's reliability was assessed with residual analysis; the models were adjusted and improved if necessary. Hypotheses were evaluated with significance testing to answer the research questions. The results indicate that exclusion of tobacco and gambling companies affect the risk-adjusted return of Swedish funds negatively, while exclusion of alcohol companies affect the risk-adjusted return positively. This implies that private investors should save their money in Swedish funds that exclude alcohol companies in order to avoid lower risk-adjusted return. / Fondsparandet i Sverige har under de senaste decennierna ökat kraftigt och idag sparar över 60% av befolkningen i fonder. Utöver detta har bland annat miljömedvetenheten hos befolkningen ökat, vilket har bidragit till ett ökat engagemang i hållbarhetsfrågor hos företag. I kölvattnet av dessa trender har allt fler svenska fondbolag valt att införa etiska restriktioner på deras investeringar, så att fondsparare på ett enkelt sätt ska kunna investera hållbart. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur etiska restriktioner påverkar svenska fonders prestation med avseende på riskjusterad avkastning. Där tidigare forskning har fokuserat på att jämföra etiska och traditionella fonder, valde denna studie istället att inte göra någon skillnad mellan de två fondtyperna. Studiens relevans baseras på hur studiens slutsatser kan hjälpa småsparare att bli medvetna om vilka etiska restriktioner som hämmar avkastningen och vad varje restriktion kostar investerare i potentiellt förlorad avkastning. Totalt har 101 svenska fonder undersökts. Information som gäller fondernas prestationsmått har hämtats från Morningstar, och baseras på tre års utveckling. Information om fondernas etiska restriktioner har hämtats från Hållbarhetsprofilen och fondernas informationsbroschyrer. Med insamlad data om prestationsmåtten Sharpekvoten, Alfa, och Treynorkvoten, har tre modeller definierats som sedan analyserats med multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Modellernas tillförlitlighet har sedan utvärderats med residualanalys; modellerna förbättrades om det fanns belägg för det. Utifrån signifikanstest har hypoteser utvärderats för att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Studiens resultat pekar på att exkludering av företag inom tobak- och spelbranschen påverkar svenska fonders riskjusterade avkastning negativt, medan exkludering av företag inom alkoholbranschen påverkar den positivt. Detta betyder alltså att småsparare bör investera i svenska fonder som väljer bort företag inom alkoholbranschen för att undvika låg avkastning.

This study examines the Swedish Stock Exchange during the time period of 1998-2016. Where the purpose is to investigate and compare five different investment strategies to see if these investment strategies can create excess return on their investments, after adjustment for risk. The investment strategies can be found on the internet, and be used after purchasing a smaller amount of money, therefore the results can be applied to all investors independent on their level of experience. The results for the different investment strategies are not clear, the different tests give mixed results which leaves four of five hypotheses unanswered. However, there is one strategy that can be rejected, it cannot beat the market, which is the Net-Nets strategy. In general, one could thus say that the investment strategies can create higher return compared to the market, but that these returns are random. Therefore, it requires a longer time period for the investor as well as higher risk, since one never knows when this large return will be given.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-06-20T12:21:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José do Socorro Assis.pdf: 981227 bytes, checksum: 4e2868869711e770d5f230644639437d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T12:21:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José do Socorro Assis.pdf: 981227 bytes, checksum: 4e2868869711e770d5f230644639437d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-07 / The key factors when analyzing invested capital returns versus the risks assumed by financial institutions have been widely discussed in corporate finance. The goal of this study is to understand the contribution of economic-financial factors when explaining the risk-adjusted return on capital: RAROC. In this context, this metric, in its starting point, was used on the foundation of capital management in financial institutions under the approaches of risk mitigation versus maximization return. Therefore, this study considers a sample of eleven banks with capital being traded on BM&FBOVESPA and was distributed in three groups: (i) large, (ii) medium and (iii) small size, with the size defined according to the BACEN criteria described in the Financial Stability Report. The analysis of the economic-financial factors are based on the DuPont model, starting from the ROE (Return On Equity), and afterwards, calculating RAROC in financial institutions, considering three factors: i) capital financial leverage, as the ratio between assets allocated to risks and available risk capital; ii) assets profitability, calculated by the ratio between net revenues and risk-weighted assets, and iii) profit margin rate, which measures the operational and tax efficiency based on the ratio of economic profit to net revenues. The period considered in this analysis is from 2010 to 2015 with semiannual data obtained in the Financial Statements and Risk and Capital Management Documents released by financial institutions, which as selected for being the period after the banking crisis of 2008 and 2009. The methodology adopted is empirical-analytic and the type of research that is characterized as quantitative, descriptive and documentary. The results obtained with the use of Pearson (r) statistical correlation techniques and multiple linear regression in the stepwise method (r2 adjusted), as well as the hypothesis tests, indicated the existence of peculiar characteristics to the studied groups. The group of large banks presented the profit margin rate as the one with the highest explanatory capacity of RAROC with a correlation of 0.982 and r2 of 96.3%, thus demonstrating that the efficient management of the structure costs was presented as a differentiating factor in the Risk-adjusted return on capital. Regarding the group of medium-sized banks, the factors of profitability and profit margin rate profitability presented a modest explanatory capacity and quite similar with r2 of 48.4% and 43.1%, respectively. In the group of small banks, the profit margin rate had a high explanatory power with r2 of 76.1%. It should be considered that the market of medium and small banks is more vulnerable to economic crises and presents a higher cost of funding, thus requiring a continuous search for high specialization, differentiation and flexibility in their businesses. The justification for this work is based on the relevance and timeliness of the theme for the academic community and the representativeness of banking activity in the country's economic development / Os fatores determinantes na geração de retornos de capital investido frente aos riscos assumidos nas instituições financeiras têm sido tema amplamente discutido nas finanças corporativas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender a contribuição dos fatores econômico-financeiros na explicação do desempenho do retorno ajustado ao risco do capital: RAROC (Risk-Adjusted Return On Capital). Neste contexto, a utilização desta métrica teve, como ponto de partida, o fundamento da gestão do capital em instituições financeiras sob os enfoques da alocação em riscos versus a maximização retorno. Para tanto, a pesquisa considera a amostra de onze bancos com ações negociadas na BM&FBOVESPA e distribuídos em três grupos: (i) grande, (ii) médio e (iii) pequeno porte, tendo o porte definido conforme critério do BACEN descrito na Relatório de Estabilidade Financeira. A análise dos fatores econômico-financeiros apoia-se nos fundamentos do modelo DuPont, partindo da decomposição do ROE (Return On Equity) para a calcular o RAROC em instituições financeiras, onde se consideram três fatores: i) alavancagem financeira do capital, sendo a razão entre os ativos alocados em riscos e o capital disponível para riscos; ii) rentabilidade dos ativos, apurada pela razão entre as receitas líquidas e os ativos ponderados pelos riscos, e iii) taxa de lucratividade, medindo a eficiência operacional e tributária a partir da razão entre o lucro econômico e as receitas líquidas. O período selecionado foi de 2010 a 2015, com dados semestrais obtidos nas Demonstrações Financeiras e nos Documentos de Gerenciamento de Riscos e Capital divulgados pelas instituições financeiras, sendo considerado como o período posterior à crise bancária de 2008 e 2009. A metodologia adotada é de natureza empírico-analítica e o tipo de pesquisa caracteriza-se como quantitativa, descritiva e documental. Os resultados obtidos com a utilização de técnicas estatísticas de correlação de Pearson (r) e regressão linear múltipla no método stepwise (r2 ajustado), bem como os testes de hipóteses, onde indicaram a existência de características próprias para os grupos estudados. O grupo de bancos de grande porte apresentou o fator de lucratividade como o de maior capacidade de explicação do RAROC com correlação de 0,982 e r2 de 96,3%, demonstrando assim que a gestão eficiente dos custos da estrutura se apresentou como um fator diferenciador na geração do retorno ajustado ao risco do capital. No que diz respeito ao grupo de bancos de médio porte, os fatores lucratividade e rentabilidade apresentaram moderada capacidade de explicação e bastante similares com r2 de 48,4% e 43,1%, respectivamente. No grupo de bancos de pequeno porte, o fator lucratividade apresentou alta capacidade de explicação com r2 de 76,1%. Deve-se considerar que o mercado de bancos de médio e pequeno porte é mais vulnerável às crises econômicas e com maior custo de captação, exigindo assim a busca contínua da alta especialização, diferenciação e flexibilidade nos seus negócios. A justificativa deste trabalho baseia-se na relevância e atualidade do tema para a comunidade acadêmica e pela representatividade da atividade bancária no desenvolvimento econômico do país

Bakgrund: De flesta svenskarna sparar i form av värdepapper för att investera sina pengar och få en avkastning. Vilket placeringsalternativ ska de välja mellan investering i traditionella eller speciella fonder? De traditionella fonderna har en relativ avkastning och en stor risk, medan de speciella eller hedgefonderna har en lägre risk och en absolut positiv avkastning oavsett marknadsläge.I denna studie kommer att undersökas om hedgefonders avkastningsmönster är trovärdig, och om deras målsättning har uppnåtts under åtta års period. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan olika svenska hedgefonders investeringsstrategier och avkastningsmönster samt undersöka hur dessa hedgefonder skiljer sig från de traditionella fonderna och marknadsindexet. Delsyftet är att studera två olika perioder och urskilja hur fonderna presterar under hög respektive låg konjunktur läge. Metod: Studien är baserad på forskningsstrategin kvantitativa metoden. Sekundär data i form av historiska avkastningssiffror för åttaårsperiod är avhämtad. Olika nyckeltal är valda för uträckningen och analysen. Korrelation, regression och hypotesprövning är de utvalda statistiska metoder som ska leda författaren att analysera och dra slutsats. Slutsats: De hedgefonderna har under de olika perioderna genererat en genomsnittlig positiv avkastning trots de låga värden. De har lägre totalrisk samt marknadsrisk än de traditionella, och en låg korrelation mellan varandra. Vidare har studien visat att räntearbitrage och marknadsneutrala strategier har presterat bäst under låg konjunktur.Sammanfattningsvis hedgefonders avkastningsmönster skiljer sig mellan de olika strategierna och inom varje strategi. Trots på den låga positiva avkastningen anses hedgefonder ett bättre placeringsalternativ än traditionella fonder i tider där marknaden går ner.Avkastningsmönster är en fördom på kortsikt men anses vara en verklighet långsiktigt. / Background: The majority of the Swedish population saves in the form of securities to invest and receive a return. Which investment option should they choose? Should they invest in mutual or special funds? The mutual funds have a relative return and come with a high risk, while the special funds, also known as hedge funds, have an absolute positive return regardless of the market situation and this fund type accounts for a lower risk. This study will investigate whether the return pattern in the hedge funds are valid or not, and if their objective was achieved during this 8 year period. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate if there is a relationship between Swedish hedge funds' investment strategies and their return pattern as well as examining how these hedge funds differ from the mutual funds and the market index. The sub focus is studying two different periods and discerns how the funds perform under high and low economic situation. Methodology: The study is based on results obtained from the research strategy, of a quantitative character. Secondary data in the form of historical returns for the eight-year period is utilized. Different ratios are utilized for calculations and analysis. Correlation, regression, and hypothesis testing are the chosen statistical methods that will lead the author to analyze and draw conclusions. Conclusions: The hedge funds have in the different periods generated an average positive return despite the low values. They have lower total risk and market risk than mutual ones, and a low correlation between each other. Furthermore, the study has shown that rate arbitrage and market neutral strategies perform best under low economy context.In summary, hedge funds' return pattern differs between the diverse strategies and within each strategy. Despite the low positive returns hedge funds are considered a better investment option than mutual funds in times when the market is unstable.The return pattern does not apply to short term investments but it does apply to long term investments.