Dans le cadre de projets pétroliers fortement externalisés, il a été demandé de modifier le processus et l’organisation du management des risques liés à cette sous-traitance dans le projet en phase contractualisation et exécution, tout en réduisant les risques de surcoûts et de retard sur le planning initial qui se produisent principalement après la signature des contrats.Les types de contrats actuels (EPC lump sum, EPCC reimbursable …) sont définis d’une manière statique pour tenter de figer les exigences et les paramètres du contrat. Toutefois, les risques peuvent survenir au cours du processus de développement du contrat, avec des conséquences beaucoup plus graves qui se produisent lors de l’exécution du contrat. Les types de contrats actuellement utilisés sont-ils encore adaptés au contexte actuel ?Le projet étant constitué de plusieurs contrats et un contrat faisant intervenir plusieurs parties prenantes, il existe donc une multitude d’interactions entre les acteurs. Elles prennent place à l’intérieure d’un contrat, mais aussi entre les contrats et peuvent se produire avec des temporalités synchrones ou asynchrones. Nous proposerons dans ce mémoire, une nouvelle approche et des moyens pour : aider les décideurs à anticiper les risques associés à ces interactions (à un niveau de détail se focalisant sur les contrats et la stratégie contractuelle), réduire les risques associés à ces interactions multi-phases, multi-domaines et en particulier multi-acteurs.Enfin, le mémoire sera conclu par une conclusion industrielle et académique explicitant aussi les perspectives à donner. / In the context of highly outsourced oil projects, it was requested to modify the process and the organization of the risk management related to this subcontracting in the project in contracting and execution phase, while reducing risks Incremental costs and delays in initial planning that occurs after the contracts are signed. The current contract types are defined in a static way for the purposes of parameters and contract parameters. However, risks can arise during the contract development process, with the far more serious consequences that occur during the performance of the contract. Are the types of contracts currently in use still adapted to the current context?Since the project consists of several contracts and a multi-stakeholder contract, there is a multitude of interactions between stakeholders. They take place inside a contract, but also in contracts and can be produced with synchronic or asynchronous synonyms. We propose in this paper a new approach and means to: help decision-makers anticipate the risks associated with interactions (at a level of detail focusing on contracts and contractual strategy), reduce risks associated with multi-phase interactions, Multi-domain and in particular multi-actor.Finally, the dissertation will be concluded by an industrial and academic conclusion also explaining the prospects to be given.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In studies with competing risks outcomes, misidentifying the event-type responsible for the observed failure is, by definition, an act of misclassification. Several authors have established that such misclassification can bias competing risks statistical analyses, and have proposed statistical remedies to aid correct modeling. Generally, these rely on adjusting the estimation process using information about outcome misclassification, but invariably assume that outcome misclassification is non-differential among study subjects regardless of their individual characteristics. In addition, current methods tend to adjust for the misclassification within a semi-parametric framework of modeling competing risks data. Building on the existing literature, in this dissertation, we explore the parametric modeling of competing risks data in the presence of outcome misclassification, be it differential or non-differential. Specifically, we develop parametric pseudo-likelihood-based approaches for modeling cause-specific hazards while adjusting for misclassification information that is obtained either through data internal or external to the current study (respectively, internal or external-validation sampling). Data from either type of validation sampling are used to model predictive values or misclassification probabilities, which, in turn, are used to adjust the cause-specific hazard models. We show that the resulting pseudo-likelihood estimates are consistent and asymptotically normal, and verify these theoretical properties using simulation studies. Lastly, we illustrate the proposed methods using data from a study involving people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH)in the East-African consortium of the International Epidemiologic Databases for the Evaluation of HIV/AIDS (IeDEA EA). In this example, death is frequently misclassified as disengagement from care as many deaths go unreported to health facilities caring for these patients. In this application, we model the cause-specific hazards of death and disengagement from care among PLWH after they initiate anti-retroviral treatment, while adjusting for death misclassification. / 2021-03-10

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Vattenfödslar har förekommit i över 200 år och fick sitt genombrott på 1970-1980 talet, främst i Frankrike och Ryssland. Det finns ett flertal dokumenterade fördelar för kvinnan att bada under förlossningen såsom ett snabbare förlossningsförlopp, minskat behov av farmakologisk smärtlindring och minskad risk för instrumentell förlossning och kejsarsnitt. På grund av uttalanden från bland andra Amerikanska neonatologer om de potentiella risker som finns för barnet har många obstetriker och barnmorskor valt att undvika vatten som ett alternativ vid förlossning. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande arbete var att kartlägga hur vanligt det är med komplikationer för barnet efter en vattenfödsel. Metod: En litteraturöversikt valdes där sammanlagt 16 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades till resultatet. Artiklarna var peer reviewed och svarade på arbetets syfte. Resultat: Det framkom totalt fem olika kategorier som belyste komplikationer för barnet efter vattenfödsel. Apgarpoäng, fysiska komplikationer, pH-värde och överflyttning till neonatalavdelning och mortalitet. Komplikationerna i vardera kategori varierade i allvarlighetsgrad och förekom mycket sällan i förhållande till det totala antalet deltagare i studierna. Merparten av alla vattenfödslar medförde inte några ökade risker för barnet och infektionsrisken i samband med vattenfödsel visade sig vara lägre än vid landfödslar. Slutsats: För en lågrisk-kvinna med enkelbörd, normal graviditet och förväntat normal förlossning tyder forskningen på att det inte finns några ökade risker för barnet med att födas i vatten.

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Beef cattle production in the southeastern United States differs in size, practice, and production type from other U.S. regions. Smaller, cow-calf type operations dominate in this region because the climate, forage availability, and other land use practices of farmers make this type of cattle operation more ideal for the Southeast. This research summarizes the current practices and characteristics that define the Southeastern cow-calf operation of today’s market and operating environment; it also examines the factors that influence the variability of beef production in these operations. Results indicate the following major points: 1.) 53.0% of respondents with commercial cows have fewer than 50 head. 2.) Weaning weight and its variability tend to increase as calves get older. 3.) Calves on seedstock operations wean heavier than those typical of cow-calf operations. 4.) Operators that are more financially invested in their operation seem to be more attentive to outcomes of their production process.

Places like nightclubs or pubs are frequently visited in order to find partners for love, sex and relationships. This study examins behavioral patterns and trends among young adults in these environments. A computer-based questionnaire has been implemented on entertainment establishments - two studentclubs, one youth club and three nightclubs - in Malmoe and Lund in southern Sweden. The emprical material contains at most 149 answers, and at least 109. Sex, love and relationships are less important than expected, but are still some of few big reasons for visiting nightclubs. Expectations of meeting somebody for sex are medium, the sexual encounter is expected to take place within the next 24 hours, in one of five cases directly on site, containing primarily intercourse, kissing and petting, and resulting in love or a ”fuck-buddy”-relationship. Most of the respondents are looking forward to see their new sexual partner again, while the sex is expected to feel less positive one week later, especially among the regular visitors. Most of the respondents assume they will be able to influence the type of sexual actitvity, and most of them consider reducing risks of STI transmittion. Still, many respondents never consider reducing risks, and quite few think they are not going to reduce the risks, or don´t know how to reduce them. Disinterest and lack of knowledge are the main reasons not knowing how to reduce the risks. The theoretical frame consists of Goffmans ”The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life”.

Background: Breastfeeding amongst HIV-infected and HIV-exposed mother-infant dyads is a wide-ranging and persistent field in which more investigation is needed. The literature widely recognizes the multifactorial and syndemic nature of HIV and infant feeding, specifically pertaining to maternal and other breastfeeding-associated risks. Findings differed regarding breastfeeding and general developmental outcomes amongst HIV-exposed and HIV-infected infants when compared with HIV-unexposed infants. Evidence, however, suggests slight neurodevelopmental differences in HIV-exposed infants when compared with HIV-unexposed infants, suggesting possible feeding differences. Recent literature also indicated a lack of knowledge among allied health care staff regarding evidence-based counselling content to be provided to mothers concerning single option feeding, breastfeeding outcomes and risks in HIV-affected mother-infant dyads in South Africa. Owing to these varied findings related to HIV-affected mother-infant dyads, synthesising of knowledge regarding HIV, infant breastfeeding outcomes and associated risk factors is warranted. Objective: To critically appraise recent literature regarding breastfeeding outcomes and associated risks in HIV-infected and HIV-exposed infants using the PRISMA-P statement guidelines. Method: Five electronic databases were systematically searched to obtain English publications from the last ten years pertaining to breastfeeding outcomes and associated risks of HIV-infected and HIV-exposed infants and children. Grey literature sources were also included. Data were extracted according to various data items and were synthesised using thematic synthesis. Results: Of the initial 7151 sources identified, 42 articles were deemed eligible for final inclusion. The final selection included 19 cohort studies and two expert committee reports, classified as grey literature. The remaining 21 studies compromised of case-control, cross-sectional, and randomized controlled trial studies. The following themes were identified from the review objectives: breastfeeding outcomes, breastfeeding risk factors, infant growth and developmental outcomes and barriers and facilitators to feeding decisions. Most studies focused on HIV-exposed infants’ growth and developmental outcomes. Exclusive breastfeeding was confirmed to have the best outcomes for all infants, regardless of their HIV status, which in turn supports national and international policies. The most prevalent factors that made it difficult for mothers to breastfeeding were maternal factors affecting decision-making for breastfeeding, followed by biological risk factors. Conclusion: Knowledge regarding breastfeeding outcomes in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected infants remains lacking and further research is necessary. This review emphasised that the majority of HIV-affected mother-infant dyads reside in sub-Saharan Africa, illustrating that health professionals, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), have to look beyond their traditional assessment and management focuses to include the factors that can impact successful exclusive breastfeeding. Addressing both infants’ needs and maternal HIV-related needs and risks on macro, meso, and microsystem levels is necessary. / Dissertation (MA (Speech-Language Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / MA (Speech-Language Pathology) / Unrestricted

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Russia today presents potentially lucrative business opportunities and markets for any company interested in expanding internationally. Together with the opportunities and potential profits, however, Russia also presents formidable challenges and risks to any Western or American company considering doing business there. The purposes of this thesis are: to explain how Russia's unique and tortured history has impacted the business culture of modern Russia; to describe the primary business risks that any Western company entering Russia will face; and to offer recommendations to any Western company considering doing business there.

The world is currently experiencing an extraordinary explosion of data due to the advancements in digitalization, this has made the decision-making processes become increasingly complex. Modern decision-making incorporates various technologies such as AI, big data, and machine learning and they offer significant advantages in terms of speed, scalability, and granularity. However, the adoption of AI technology also has drawbacks. This paper sheds light on the potential negative outcomes that AI can produce, by systematically reviewing and synthesizing the literature. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of privacy, aversion, accountability, transparency and explainability, and bias, to give insight on the dark side of using AI in decision-making. The findings indicate that to address these issues in the dark side of AI, transparency and explainability are central. By providing explanations, ensuring privacy, and promoting transparent algorithms, we can mitigate these problems and create sustainable AI. Allowing us to embrace its potential while minimizing risks and maximizing benefits. In this paper, the aim is to contribute to the existing literature on AI-supported decision-making by presenting a broad picture and understanding of this area. Based on the findings, directions for future research in AI decision-making are presented to improve the knowledge about how to mitigate the risks of using AI in decision-making.