Au lendemain de la seconde Guerre mondiale, le multilatéralisme est devenu la condition de légitimité des interventions à des fins de protection humaine. Néanmoins le multilatéralisme suscite des problèmes de coopération, de commandement et de contrôle dans une force multinationale composée des contingents ayant des cultures militaires propres. Les échecs successifs de la première moitié de la décennie 1990 générèrent des travaux concentrés sur le maintien de la paix suivant une démarche up-down. Ils proposèrent dans un premier temps, la création d’une doctrine ‘‘robuste’’ qui comprendrait également l’élaboration des règles d’engagement (ROE) fermes et dans un second temps, la mise en oeuvre de mandats sans ambiguïtés. Or, tant que la configuration du Conseil de sécurité restera inchangée, les mandats seront toujours ambigus puisque les résolutions dont ils découlent laissent une part d’ambiguïté afin d’éviter le risque de veto. Chaque opération de paix ayant ses particularités propres, la création d’une doctrine robuste pour le maintien de la paix ne serait pas efficace. Posant les directives déterminant le niveau de force qui peut être utilisé dans diverses situations, les ROE se trouvent au coeur des opérations de paix et affectent la légitimité de celles-ci. Plutôt qu’une doctrine, la création d’un régime des ROE suivant une démarche bottom-up et son intériorisation par les casques bleus entrainerait une harmonisation de leurs comportements. Il serait alors possible de rechercher l’émergence d’une perception commune entre les Etats à l’égard du maintien de la paix et ce à travers une norme safe-efficient qui assurerait un environnement safe pour les soldats et un environnement efficient pour la réussite des opérations de maintien de la paix. Plus les Etats seront conscients des problèmes et des ambiguïtés relatifs aux opérations de paix, plus ils pourront avoir la volonté politique de mettre en oeuvre des mandats plus crédibles par l’intermédiaire de cette norme safe-efficient. / After the Second World War, multilateralism has become the legitimacy condition of interventions for human protection. Nevertheless, multilateralism creates problems of cooperation, command and control in a multinational force, which is composed of contingents having their own military cultures. Successive failures of the first half of the 1990s generate peacekeeping studies following an up-down path. Initially, they had proposed to create a “robust” doctrine that comprehends the drafting of firm Rules of Engagements (ROE), and in later times, they proposed to carry out the mandates without ambiguities for peace operations. Yet, as long as the configuration of the Security Council remains the same, the mandates will always be ambiguous, given that they are derived from the already ambiguous resolutions avoiding the risk of veto. Since every peace operation has its own particularities, the creation of a robust peacekeeping doctrine would not be efficient. ROEs are the directives issued by competent military authority that delineate the circumstances and limitations about the use of force. They are at the core of the peace operations and influence their legitimacy. Rather than a doctrine, the creation of a regime of ROE following a bottom-up path, and its internalization by peacekeepers, lead to a harmonization of their behaviors. It will then become possible to look for the emergence of a common perception between states about peacekeeping, and through this, a safe-efficient norm will emerge. This will secure a safe environment for soldiers and an efficient environment for the success of peacekeeping operations. The more awareness is created about problems and ambiguities concerning peace operations, the more willing will states become to carry out credible mandates through this safe-efficient norm.

Syfte: Då tidigare forskning har visat varierande och motsägelsefulla resultat vad gäller relationen mellan CSP och finansiell prestation, skapar det en förståelse för att andra variabler påverkar relationen. Syftet med följande studie är att undersöka om och hur graden av internt ägande påverkar relationen mellan socialt ansvar och finansiell prestation.   Metod: Denna studie har utifrån en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi, med en deduktiv ansats, antagit en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi. En tvärsnittsdesign har utförts där enbart sekundärdata har tillämpats som hämtats från Thomson Reuters Datastream. Analysering av sekundärdata har utförts genom deskriptiv statistik och multipla regressionsanalyser i statistikprogrammet SPSS.   Resultat & slutsats: Resultatet indikerar att det inte är möjligt att visa hur graden av internt ägande påverkar relationen mellan socialt ansvar och finansiell prestation. Studien visar däremot att det föreligger en negativ relation mellan företags arbete med socialt ansvar och finansiell prestation (ROA och Tobin’s Q), samt mellan socialt ansvar och internt ägande.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Förslag till framtida forskning är framförallt att fortsätta på den nya unika forskningsinriktningen som följande studie belyst, genom att studera hur graden av internt ägande påverkar relationen mellan CSR och finansiell prestation (läs fler förslag under avsnitt 6.5 Förslag till vidare forskning).   Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien bidrar med mer empiriskt material till variationerna som tidigare forskning framställt gällande relationen mellan CSP och finansiell prestation, samt relationen mellan internt ägande och CSP. Studien har även bidragit till en ny forskningsinriktning gällande de interna ägarnas påverkan på relationen mellan socialt ansvar och finansiell prestation. / Purpose: Since previous research has shown diverse and contradictory results regarding the relationship between CSP and financial performance, it creates an understanding that other variables may affect the relationship. The purpose of the study is to examine whether and how the level of insider ownership affects the relationship between social responsibility and financial performance.   Method: This study was based on a positivistic research philosophy, with a deductive approach and adopted a quantitative research strategy. A cross-sectional design has been carried out using only secondary data that was collected from Thomson Reuters Datastream. The secondary data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis in SPSS.   Results & Conclusions: The result wasn’t able to show how the level of insider ownership affects the relationship between social responsibility and financial performance. However, the study showed that there is a negative relationship between the social responsibility and financial performance (ROA and Tobin’s Q), as well as between social responsibility and insider ownership.   Suggestions for further research: Suggestions submitted to future research is to continue on the new unique research approach that this study has shed light on, by studying how the level of insider ownership affects the relationship between CSR and financial performance (read more suggestions under section 6.5 Suggestions for further research).   Contributions of the thesis: The study provides more empirical data to the varying results that previous researchers has shown in attempt to examine the relationship between CSP and financial performance, and the relationship between insider ownership and CSP. The study has also contributed to a new research area regarding the insider ownership and how they influence the relationship between social responsibility and financial performance.

On considère des méthodes de Galerkin stochastiques pour des systèmes hyperboliques faisant intervenir des données en entrée incertaines de lois de distribution connues paramétrées par des variables aléatoires. On s'intéresse à des problèmes où un choc apparaît presque sûrement en temps fini. Dans ce cas, la solution peut développer des discontinuités dans les domaines spatial et stochastique. On utilise un schéma de Volumes Finis pour la discrétisation spatiale et une projection de Galerkin basée sur une approximation polynomiale par morceaux pour la discrétisation stochastique. On propose un solveur de type Roe avec correcteur entropique pour le système de Galerkin, utilisant une technique originale pour approcher la valeur absolue de la matrice de Roe et une adaptation du correcteur entropique de Dubois et Mehlmann. La méthode proposée reste coûteuse car une discrétisation stochastique très fine est nécessaire pour représenter la solution au voisinage des discontinuités. Il est donc nécessaire de faire appel à des stratégies adaptatives. Comme les discontinuités sont localisées en espace et évoluent en temps, on propose des représentations stochastiques dépendant de l'espace et du temps. On formule cette méthodologie dans un contexte multi-résolution basé sur le concept d'arbres binaires pour décrire la discrétisation stochastique. Les étapes d'enrichissement et d'élagage adaptatifs sont réalisées en utilisant des critères d'analyse multi-résolution. Dans le cas multidimensionnel, une anisotropie de la procédure adaptative est proposée. La méthodologie est évaluée sur le système des équations d'Euler dans un tube à choc et sur l'équation de Burgers en une et deux dimensions stochastiques / This work is concerned with stochastic Galerkin methods for hyperbolic systems involving uncertain data with known distribution functions parametrized by random variables. We are interested in problems where a shock appears almost surely in finite time. In this case, the solution exhibits discontinuities in the spatial and in the stochastic domains. A Finite Volume scheme is used for the spatial discretization and a Galerkin projection based on piecewise poynomial approximation is used for the stochastic discretization. A Roe-type solver with an entropy correction is proposed for the Galerkin system, using an original technique to approximate the absolute value of the Roe matrix and an adaptation of the Dubois and Mehlman entropy corrector. Although this method deals with complex situations, it remains costly because a very fine stochastic discretization is needed to represent the solution in the vicinity of discontinuities. This fact calls for adaptive strategies. As discontinuities are localized in space and time, stochastic representations depending on space and time are proposed. This methodology is formulated in a multiresolution context based on the concept of binary trees for the stochastic discretization. The adaptive enrichment and coarsening steps are based on multiresolution analysis criteria. In the multidimensional case, an anisotropy of the adaptive procedure is proposed. The method is tested on the Euler equations in a shock tube and on the Burgers equation in one and two stochastic dimensions

Att öka den ekonomiska tillväxten hos företag är ett komplext uppdrag att bli tilldelad. Många variabler och faktorer skall tas till hänsyn. Denna studie bygger på en fallstudie utav en analysmodell. Analysmodellen är avsedd att bedöma företags tillväxtpotential. Plattformen och modellen har försetts av Timråkommun och använts för att uppfylla studiens syfte. Studiens syfte är att vetenskapligt pröva sambandet mellan den unika kriterieuppsätningen i analysmodellen med ekonomisk tillväxtpotential. För att hitta ett sådant samband användes en regressionsanalys. Regressionsanalysen försåg studien med en ekvation för viktningar utav tillväxthindren. ROE användes som ett mått för att bedöma ekonomisk tillväxt och företagen med högst ROE-värde ansågs besitta störst tillväxtpotential. I ekvationen användes ett GAP-värde för respektive tillväxthinder vilken kunde uppskatta tillväxten hos ett företag. Skulle det visa sig att den uppskattade tillväxten stämde med ROE skulle analysmodellen vara korrekt uppbyggd. Resultatet visade att detta inte var fallet, istället fanns stora brister i analysmodellen. Flera av företagen som analysmodellen hade framtagit visade på negativ tillväxt enligt ROE och endast ett företag hade visade på ROE-värde bland topp 20. Det konstaterades därmed att sambandet mellan analysmodellens kriterieuppsättning och tillväxtpotential hade låg korrelation. K-kvadrat värdet fann endast ett samband på 0,00008. Detta anses vara för svagt för utveckling utav den unika uppsättning kriterier. Istället rekommenderas helt nya kriterier för framtida modeller. / To increase the economic growth of a company today is a complex task to be assigned. Many variables and factors to be taken into account. This study is based on a case study out of an analysis model made by Timrå County to assess corporate growth potential. Purpose of this study was to examine the unique set of criteria in the model. The study intendeds to scientifically validate the link between the unique criterion-set in the analysis model and economic growth potential. ROE as a measure to assess economic growth and the companies with the highest ROE value was considered to possess the greatest growth potential. The study was conducted to find a correlation between the models criteria and increased economic growth for companies. A regression analysis between economic growth and the criteria’s in the model was performed, to find a connection. The regression analysis provided the study with an equation where weights of the growth obstacles were distributed. The equation used a GAP value for respective growth barriers, which could appreciate the growth of a company. Sued the estimated growth with the ROE value the analysis model to be properly structured. The results showed that this was not the case, but it appeared instead that there were large gaps between the analysis model and economic growth. Several of the companies analyzed by the model showed negative growth value according to ROE, and only one company had a ROE value among top 20. The relationship between the models set of criteria and growth potential, had very low correlation. K-squared only found a correlation of 0.00008. This is considered too weak for the development of the unique set of criteria. The study instead recommends new set of criteria for future analyze models.

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Magistro darbe tiriama lauko – krūmynų stirnų (Capreolus capreolus) populiacijos būklė ir tvarkymas Vilkaviškio rajono savivaldybės teritorijoje. Darbo objektas – lauko – krūmynų stirnų populiacijos bei jų naudojimas Vilkaviškio rajono savivaldybės teritorijoje. Darbo tikslas - išnagrinėti lauko-krūmynų stirnų populiacijų būklę Vilkaviškio rajono savivaldybės teritorijoje. Darbo metodai – literatūros loginės ir statistinių duomenų analizė. Darbo rezultatai – Vilkaviškio rajono savivaldybės teritorijos medžioklės ploto vienetai vieni iš palankiausių veistis lauko – krūmynų stirnoms. Šioje teritorijoje buvo sumedžiota 1,39 % stirnų Lietuvos mastu per tiriamus septynerius metus. Kai kuriuose medžioklės ploto vienetuose stirnų populiacija turi tendenciją mažėti. Yra medžioklės plotų, kuriuose dėl išmintingo ūkininkavimo yra palaikoma stabili stirnų populiacija. / This postgraduate thesis examined the field - shrub reo - deer (Capreolus capreolus) population status and management Vilkaviškio the district municipality. Object of the thesis - field - shrub reo - deer population and their use Vilkaviškio the district municipality. Purpose of the thesis – analyse field-shrub Stirnų populations of the state Vilkaviškio the district municipality. Methods of the thesis - logical literature and statistical data anglysis. Rezults of the thesis – Vilkaviškio district units of the territory of the hunting area one of the most favorable reproducing the field – shrub roe deer. In this territory has been hunted the field – shrub roe deer 1.39% level during the seven years in Lithuania. Some of the hunting area units the field – shrub roe deer population has a tendency to decrease. There are hunting areas, where farming is a prudent the field – shrub roe deer maintained a stable population.

The diploma thesis includes an economic analysis of Kofola a.s. between 2009 and 2014. The aim of this work is to perform an economic analysis of the company, to assess its financial health and make a comparison with market developments. Own part of the work is divided into two main parts. The first is methodological section which describes used methods and models. In the practical part is applied methods from the theoretical part on observed enterprise. It is mainly based on financial reports. The financial analysis consists of an analysis of absolute indicators and ratios. Furthermore, the practical part contains rules of balance working capital analysis and DuPont analysis of ROE, cost and inventory analysis, comprehensive evaluation of business models and the intercompany comparison. In conclusion there are summarized and evaluated the results of practical part and deduced appropriate recommendations.

Diploma thesis on topic "Economical analysis of the corporation" consists of theoretical and practical part. Theoretical basis is focused on explanation of concept (and its meaning) of economical/financial analysis and construction of individual markers in terms of selected methods of economical/financial analysis (analysis of absolute, relative, differential and value indicators, balance rules, creditworthy and bankruptcy models, decomposition of top indicators, economical normal, branch comparison., Spider analysis). Practical part rests on application of chosen methods of economical/financial analysis on Asseco Solutions corporation.

Diploma thesis deals with evaluation of company performance. The opening part describes the theoretical points, which is followed by introduction of the company. Using the financial analysis methods the financial condition of the company is evaluated. The results are compared to other five competitors. In the closing part are suggested recommendations to improve company performance.