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No / Reverse roll coating is probably the most widely used coating operation, much less investigated than its counterpart and inherently unstable forward roll coating. A new data to complement earlier work which was limited to large gaps and thus “thick” films is presented. The intention is to assess the feasibility of reverse roll coating to yield very thin films (<10 μm) at high speeds (>1 m/s) for application in the newer technologies, such as the production of solar cells and plastic electronics. The data obtained demonstrate this is possible but at the lowest permissible gap (25–50 μm) with low-viscosity fluids (∼7 mPa s). The study also developed a new understanding of how instabilities are controlled. It was seen that the size of the inertia forces generated by the applicator roller in relation to surface tension, as expressed by the Weber number and not the applicator Capillary number (viscous forces/surface tension) which is the critical parameter.

Previous applications have shown that a wingtip treatment on a commercial airliner will reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency and the most common types of treatment are blended winglets and raked wingtips. With Boeing currently investigating novel designs for its next generation of airliners, a variable geometry raked wingtip novel control effector (VGRWT/NCE) was studied to determine the aerodynamic performance benefits over an untreated wingtip. The Boeing SUGAR design employing a truss-braced wing was selected as the baseline. Vortex lattice method (VLM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was implemented to analyze the aerodynamic performance of such a configuration applied to a next-generation, transonic, mid-range transport aircraft. Several models were created to simulate various sweep positions for the VGRWT/NCE tip, as well as a baseline model with an untreated wingtip. The majority of investigation was conducted using the VLM software, with CFD used largely as a validation of the VLM analysis. The VGRWT/NCE tip was shown to increase the lift of the wing while also decreasing the drag. As expected, the unswept VGRWT/NCE tip increases the amount of lift available over the untreated wingtip, which will be very beneficial for take-off and landing. Similarly, the swept VGRWT/NCE tip reduced the drag of the wing during cruise compared to the unmodified tip, which will favorably impact the fuel efficiency of the aircraft. Also, the swept VGRWT/NCE tip showed an increase in moment compared to the unmodified wingtip, implying an increase in stability, as well providing an avenue for roll control and gust alleviation for flexible wings. CFD analysis validated VLM as a useful low fidelity tool that yielded quite accurate results. The main results of this study are tabulated "deltas" in the forces and moments on the VGRWT/NCE tip as a function of sweep angle and aileron deflection compared to the baseline wing. A side study of the effects of the joint between the main wing and the movable tip showed that the drag impact can be kept small by careful design. / Master of Science

An optimization algorithm has been developed to study the effectiveness of substituting time tested ODEs with FDEs as applied to ship motions, specifically with an eye toward modeling different forms of roll damping. Relations between the order of differentiation a and damping coefficient b in the FDEs have been drawn for changing damping, added moment of inertia, and initial roll angle. A pitch model has also been studied and compared to the roll model. The error at each of these a and b pairs has also been calculated using an L2-norm. An initial effort was made to correlate the FDE coefficients to differing mechanisms of roll damping as characterized by Himeno. / Master of Science

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att få en inblick i hur pianot används inom den svenska folkmusiken. Bakgrundskapitlet handlar om folkmusikgruppernas och instrumenteringens utveckling inom svensk folkmusik. Jag har intervjuat tre aktiva folkmusikpianister och lyssnat på och analyserat deras spel. Det följer även med en cd-skiva med ljudexempel från intervjutillfällena. Vi pratade om karaktärsdrag som de lyfter fram i spelet, om deras inställning till folkmusiktraditionen, pianots möjligheter och begränsningar samt vilken roll pianot har i den svenska folkmusiken. Mina slutsatser är att pianot har flera roller i ett samspel med andra musiker. Pianisten kan spela melodi, rytmik, harmonik och även alltihop samtidigt. Pianot fungerar väldigt bra som soloinstrument men också som ett samspelsinstrument. Vad som gör att pianots plats i folkmusiktraditionen är väldigt liten är bland annat dess opraktiska storlek. Jag har också kommit fram till att pianot tillför en ny klang, ett nytt sound till svensk folkmusik. / The purpose of this study is to acquire a glimpse of how the piano is used in Swedish folk music. The background chapter deals with folk music groups and the development of instrumentation in Swedish folk music. I have interviewed three active folk music pianists, listened to and analyzed their playing style. There is also a CD with music examples from the interview sessions. We discussed the characteristics of their own playing, their attitudes to folk music tradition, the piano's possibilities and limitations, and the role of the piano in Swedish folk music. My conclusion is that the piano functions on several levels while interacting with other musicians. Pianists can play melody, rhythm, harmony, and all of this simultaneously. The piano works very well as a solo instrument, yet also as an ensemble instrument. The small role of the piano in Swedish folk music may be due to its impractical size. I have also discovered that the piano contributes to a new sound to Swedish folk music.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa vad som kan göras för att undvika konflikter inom band och för att hantera dem, detta genom att undersöka olika konflikter inom band och genom att se vad bandmedlemmarna berättar om dem. Syftet är också att reflektera över på vilket sätt resultaten kan överföras på och vara användbara för organisationer. Metoden består av en induktiv forskningsansats och en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi, dessutom har undersökningen skett i form av en fallstudie. Detta medför att det var möjligt att samla in empirin som sedan kunde tolkas med hjälp av teorin och vidare var det möjligt att undersöka ett fenomen i stället för att bevisa någonting. Det användes kvalitativa intervjuer med medlemmar i ett band där de intervjuade fick prata om sina egna upplevelser för att få fram empiri, samt böcker om Mötley Crüe och Kiss. Studien visar att medvetenhet om olika roller och samspel mellan bandmedlemmar är viktig för hantering av konflikter och för att undvika dem. Studien ger närmare inblick på detta genom att beskriva olika samband mellan konflikter och bland annat gruppdynamik, roller, förväntningar, behov och krav. Vidare så visas det på vilket sätt även organisationer kan ta del av den informationen. / The purpose with this study is to show how to avoid conflicts and if they occur how to handle and manage them, which is done by investigating different conflicts in bands and by having a look at what the band members share about them. The purpose is also to reflect about how the results can be used for organizations. The method chosen is a inductive approach and an qualitative research strategy, further on the study is a case study. All of this makes it possible to collect material for the empiricism of the study which later could be interpreted with help of the theory used. While investigating I was investigating a phenomena instead for proving one. Qualitative interviews with band members were used to collect material, as well as books about both Mötley Crüe and Kiss. The study shows that awareness about different rolls and interaction between band members is important for managing conflicts and even for avoiding them. The study gives a closer insight on this phenomena by describing connections between conflicts and for instance group dynamics, rolls, expectations, needs and demands. Further on it shows in which way organizations can use this information as well.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The purpose of this thesis is to lay the foundation for analyzing structural coupling effects for a proposed trolley interface between a ship and a roll-on roll-off discharge facility (RRDF). Such a facility could allow heavy cargo transfer at higher sea states. Previous studies have analyzed motions assuming that there is no structural coupling between the trolley and the RRDF. A mathematical model that incorporates structural coupling is developed using the principle of virtual work. In order to assess the degree of necessity for the proposed model we conduct a systematic series of numerical experiments. In these calculations we model the trolley through a generalized stiffness coefficient and assess its influence on RRDF motions. It is shown that modeling of structural coupling may be necessary depending on the relative order of magnitude of trolley structural rigidity and trolley placement. / Major, Republic of Singapore Navy

A principal motivação para o desenvolvimento do presente projeto de doutorado foi comparar as microestruturas e texturas resultantes da liga de alumínio 3003 obtida por lingotamento contínuo e semicontínuo. O processo “roll caster" (lingotamento contínuo em cilindros) tem sido crescentemente utilizado na indústria de laminação de alumínio. Produtos que antes sofriam altos graus de deformação durante seu processamento são hoje obtidos nas dimensões próximas da espessura final. Com o intuito de entender este processo relativamente novo, as microestruturas e as texturas (macrotextura e microtextura), ao longo da espessura, das chapas produzidas por lingotamento contínuo e por lingotamento semicontínuo (placas fundidas com 250 mm de espessura, seguido de homogeneização e laminação a quente) foram analisadas. Foi possível constatar que os materiais provenientes dos dois processos diferem bastante e que ao longo da espessura também há grandes diferenças. Foi possível observar que durante o processamento “roll caster" há considerável deformação plástica, com a formação de células de discordâncias e subgrãos. Foi possível observar, também, que a microestrutura, a morfologia e o tamanho de grão, da amostra “caster" bruta de fundição são mais homogêneos que na amostra laminada a quente. As duas chapas, a laminada a quente e a obtida por lingotamento contínuo, exibem forte gradiente de textura ao longo da espessura. A textura predominante nos dois processos, ao longo da espessura, é a do tipo latão {011}. A evolução da textura do material proveniente do processo “roll caster" também foi caracterizada após laminação e posterior recristalização, revelando a presença de componentes típicas de laminação e de recristalização de alumínio. Após laminação a frio com redução de 91% e posterior tratamento térmico de 400°C por 1 h, a chapa proveniente do processo “caster" apresentou uma textura de recristalização caracterizada pela presença da componente cubo (recristalização) somada à parcela de textura de deformação. No caso do alumínio e suas ligas, sabe-se que esta textura proporciona os melhores resultados para minimizar o efeito de orelhamento durante a estampagem. Outro ponto relevante do trabalho foi o aperfeiçoamento da técnica de extração de precipitados para a liga 3003, uma vez que, a extração de precipitados em ligas de alumínio é especialmente problemática, pois a maioria das partículas presentes dissolve-se até mais facilmente que a matriz de alumínio. Algumas técnicas foram testadas: 1. dissolução química em solução de iodo em metanol; 2. dissolução eletrolítica em solução de ácido benzóico e hidroxiquinolina em clorofórmio e metanol; 3. dissolução eletrolítica em solução de ácido perclórico, butil glicol, álcool etílico e água; 4. dissolução química em solução de fenol. A técnica que apresentou melhores resultados foi a dissolução química com fenol, onde foi possível separar os precipitados da matriz alumínio. Com o auxílio desta técnica foi possível analisar as transformações de fase do composto intermetálico Al6Mn durante tratamentos térmicos. Obtiveram-se dados da completa transformação da fase Al6Mn em alfa-AlMnSi, também conhecida na literatura como, transformação "six to alfa". A precipitação e os precipitados desempenham um papel importante na cinética de recristalização e no tamanho de grão final. Para se entender este comportamento, comparou-se uma chapa que sofreu tratamento térmico antes da laminação com outra chapa que foi laminada no estado bruto de fundição. Os resultados revelaram que a recristalização foi retardada na amostra, inicialmente, bruta de fundição. A precipitação ocorreu simultaneamente com a recristalização, com isso, os dispersóides precipitaram preferencialmente na microestrutura deformada, em subcontornos ou nas discordâncias isoladas, levando a um considerável atraso no rearranjo das discordâncias e na nucleação da recristalização. / The main reason for the development of this PhD Thesis was to compare the microstructures and textures of the 3003 aluminum alloy produced from continuous and semi-continuous casting processes. The roll caster process (continuous casting) has been increasingly used in the aluminum industry. Products usually obtained by means of heavy rolling operations in the past are nowadays obtained with dimensions close to the final ones using the roll caster technology. To understand this new process, microstructures and textures (macrotexture and microtexture) along the thickness of the sheet produced by continuos casting and semi-continuous casting (plates with 250 mm thickness, followed by homogenization and hot rolling) have been investigated. It was possible to verify that materials coming from these two processes did differ each other a lot mainly across the thickness. During roll casting the plastic deformation was large enough to promote the formation of dislocation cells and subgrains. It was also possible to notice that the microstructure, morphology, and grain size from as-cast sample are more homogenous than the ones found in hot rolled samples. Both the sheets obtained by hot rolling and continuous casting have shown a strong texture gradient across the thickness. The predominant texture in both processes is the Brass component {011} . The texture evolution from sheets obtained by roll casting was also determined after rolling and subsequent recrystallization. It shows the presence of typical components of rolling and recrystallization of aluminum. After 91% cold rolling and subsequent recrystallization at 400°C for 1 h, the cube component (recrystallization texture) and the deformation texture were observed. It is well known that this texture minimizes earing effects during deep drawing of aluminum products. Another relevant point in this work was the development of the technique for the extraction of precipitates for the aluminum 3003 alloy. The extraction of precipitates extraction is particularly problematic in aluminum because most of the particles tend to dissolve more readily than the aluminum matrix. Some of the techniques performed are the following: 1. chemical dissolution with iodine in methanol solution; 2. electrolytic dissolution with benzoic acid and hydroxyquinoline in chloroform and methanol; 3. electrolytic dissolution with perchloric acid, butyl-glycol and ethanol; 4. chemical dissolution with phenol solution. Chemical dissolution with the phenol solution was the technique that provided the best results. It was possible to separate precipitates from the aluminum matrix. With this extraction technique it was possible to analyze phase transformations of the intermetallic compound Al6Mn during heat treating of this alloy. The phase transformation of the Al6Mn compound into alfa-AlMnSi, also known as 6-to-alfa transformation, could be followed in detail by means of this technique. Precipitation plays an important role in the recrystallization kinetics and final grain size. Therefore, to understand this behavior, the roll cast aluminum alloy was cold rolled from two distinct starting conditions: as-cast and heat-treated (homogeneized) conditions. It was shown that recrystallization was delayed in the sheet rolled from the as-cast condition. Precipitation has occurred simultaneously with recrystallization, in such a manner that dispersoids did precipitate in the deformed microstructure, preferentially, at subgrain boundaries or at free dislocations. As a result, the rearrangement of the dislocations and further recrystallization nucleation has been significantly retarded.

Ce travail présente une étude multi-échelle et multi-technique sur la caractérisation des oxy-hydroxydes de fer dans trois types de gisements d’uranium et leur encaissant. Le choix des sites d’études s’est porté sur un gisement de type roll front : Zoovch Ovoo dans le bassin crétacé de East Gobi (Mongolie) ; un autre de type tectono-lithologique : Akola/Ebba dans le bassin de Tim Mersoï (Niger) et enfin un type discordance protérozoïque : Kiggavik en bordure du bassin du Thelon (Canada). Une nouvelle approche a été mise en œuvre pour caractériser les oxy-hydroxydes de fer sur échantillons macroscopiques : la spectroscopie infrarouge de terrain en utilisant le spectromètre ASD TerraSpec®. À partir d’indices originaux calculés sur les spectres, il a été possible à la fois de caractériser les oxy-hydroxydes de fer ; seules l’hématite et la goethite ont été identifiées dans les parties oxydées des différents fronts uranifères, et de visualiser les différentes zonations d’altération le long des fronts redox. De plus, la partie visible du spectre a été utilisée pour quantifier la couleur des échantillons à travers les paramètres des systèmes ITS (Intensité – Teinte – Saturation) et de Munsell. L’étude des paramètres de couleurs a permis d’identifier une teinte spécifique pour les échantillons minéralisés étudiés : un mélange de jaune et de rouge (2,5 à 10 YR en notation de Munsell). A l’échelle des cristaux, les oxy-hydroxydes de fer ont été caractérisés par la spectroscopie micro-Raman. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence une différence de cristallinité des cristaux d’hématite dans les différents gisements. D’un point de vue morphologique, les cristaux de goethite du gisement de Zoovch Ovoo, seul oxy-hydroxyde de fer authigène décrit dans ce front, sont maclés en forme d’étoile à six branches, ce qui témoigne d’une cristallisation de basse température, comparé aux gisements du Niger et de Kiggavik. Cette cristallisation est principalement contrôlée par la disponibilité des ions Feᴵᴵᴵ dans le fluide, libérés par la dissolution de la pyrite en milieu oxydant et le pH. D’un point de vue chimique, les oxy-hydroxydes de fer enregistrent le passage du fluide uranifère de part leur teneur eu uranium. Et d’autre part la composition en éléments en trace qui marque la typologie du gisement, par exemple de la teneur en zirconium dans les oxy-hydroxydes de fer provenant du gisement du Niger, source d’origine volcanique. Cette typicité de la mobilité du zirconium est particulièrement bien exprimée dans les fronts uranifères d’Ebba par la précipitation de cristaux authigènes de zircon contemporains de la pechblende. Les données minéralogiques et géochimiques obtenues dans ce travail sur le gisement de Zoovch Ovoo permettent de proposer un modèle original pour sa formation : l’uranium n’a pas précipité massivement en amont du front puisqu’il n’y a pas d’auréole d’irradiation observable en cathodoluminescence dans les minéraux détritiques dans la zone oxydée. L’uranium a précipité lorsque l’eau oxydante a rencontré un faciès sédimentaire ayant un pouvoir réducteur assez fort pour permettre la réduction de l’uranium. La précipitation a lieu dans un endroit particulier de la formation : un paléo-lac où la matière organique et la pyrite sont abondantes. / This work presents a multi-scale and a multi-technical study for the characterization of iron oxi-hydroxides in three uranium-type deposits and host rock. The choice of sites has focused on a roll front deposit: Zoovch Ovoo in a Cretaceous basin of East Gobi (Mongolia); a tectonic-lithological type: Akola/Ebba in Tim Mersoï basin (Niger) and a Proterozoic unconformity type: Kiggavik in Thelon basin (Canada). A new approach has been implemented to characterize the iron oxi-hydroxides on macroscopic samples: field infrared spectroscopy using the ASD TerraSpec® spectrometer. From the original indexes calculated on the spectra, it was possible both to characterize the iron oxi-hydroxides; only hematite and goethite were identified in the different parts of oxidized uranium fronts, and visualize the alteration zonation along the redox front. In addition, the visible part of spectrum was used to quantify the color of samples through the IHS system parameters (Intensity – Hue – Saturation) and the Munsell system. The color setting of the study identified a specific hue for mineralized samples studied: a mixture of yellow and red (2.5 to 10YR in Munsell notation). At the crystals scale, the iron-hydroxides were characterized by µ-Raman spectroscopy. The study highlighted a difference in crystallinity of hematite crystals in different fields. From a morphological point of view, the crystals of goethite in the Zoovch Ovoo deposit, is only authigenic iron oxi-hydroxides described in this uranium front, are twinned in the form of six-pointed star, reflecting a low crystallization temperature, compared to Niger and Kiggavik deposits. This crystallization is mainly controlled by the availability of Feᴵᴵᴵ ions in the fluid, released by pyrite dissolution in an oxidizing environment and pH. From a chemical point of view, iron oxi-hydroxides record the fluid passage owing their uranium content. Secondly, the composition in trace elements marks the type of deposit, for example zirconium content in oxi-hydroxides from Niger deposit, volcanic source. This typical mobility of zirconium is particularly expressed in the uranium front in Ebba deposit by the precipitation of authigenic crystals of zircon contemporary of pitchblende. The mineralogical and geochemical data obtained in this work on the Zoovch Ovoo deposit (Mongolia) allow us to propose an original model for its formation: uranium did not precipitate massively in upstream edge of front, because not radiation halo is visible in cathodoluminescence in detrital minerals in the oxidized area. Uranium precipitated when the oxidizing water met with sedimentary facies having a fairly strong reducing power to allow uranium reduction. The precipitation occurs in a particular location of the formation: paleo-lake where organic matter and pyrite are abundant.

<p>Svensk musikindustri har under de senaste årtiondena åtnjutit stora framgångar på den internationella marknaden. Export Music Sweden grundades för att stötta och marknadsföra svensk populärmusik utomlands. VD Christer Lundblad sade 2003 att intäkter från konserter ökar kraftigt. Anledningar till detta kan vara att den ökande illegala nedladdningen av musik ger ett ökat ekonomiskt utrymme för konserter, samt att människor idag värderar upplevelser högre än tidigare. Eftersom mer pengar spenderas på konserter blir prissättningen mer betydelsefull. Ur ett rent ekonomiskt perspektiv borde konsertbiljetter prissättas för att maximera vinsten. Ett sätt att göra detta är att prisdiskriminera. Vi har funnit att detta inte görs i så stor utsträckning inom kon-sertindustrin, vilket har lett oss till att ta reda på varför så inte är fallet.</p><p>För att ta reda på varför inte prisdiskriminering sker i större utsträckning har vi intervjuat sju personer inom de grupper, i konsertindustrin, som påverkar prissättningen. Dessa grupper är artister, management, turnéproduktionsbolag och skivbolag. Vi har även studerat litteratur rörande prisdiskriminering och konsertindustrin, i form av ve-tenskapliga artiklar, böcker och rapporter.</p><p>Uppsatsen diskuterar hur prisdiskriminering av konserter går till, vilka som är inblandade i prissättningsbeslutet, samt deras syn på prisdiskriminering. Den tar även upp andra faktorer som påverkar prissättningen av konserter.</p><p>I uppsatsen kommer vi fram till att det finns två anledningar till att konserter inte prisdiskrimineras i större utsträckning. En anledning är praktisk och innebär att konsertplatsens attribut inte tillåter platsindelning och således prisdiskriminering. Den andra anledningen bygger på konsertarrangörers lättja samt artisters invändningar mot pris-diskriminering. Vi redogör även, utifrån undersökningens resultat, för att utvecklingen pekar på att konserter kommer att prisdiskrimineras i större utsträckning i framtiden.</p> / <p>Swedish music industry has, during the latest decades, been highly successful interna-tionally. Export Music Sweden, ExMS was founded to support and market Swedish music abroad. ExMS Managing Director Christer Lundblad said in 2003 that the income made from concerts is growing rapidly. The reason for that development might be that the illegal downloading of music leave people more money left to spend on concerts. Furthermore, the development might spawn from the fact that people value experiences higher than before. Moreover, when more money is spent on concerts the pricing becomes more important than ever. Concert tickets should, if seen in an economical perspective, be priced to maximize revenue. One way of doing that is to price discriminate. We have, through a pre-study on the subject, established that concerts are not price discriminated as extensively as they could. That fact has made us curious as to why that is.</p><p>In order to find out why concerts are not price discriminated more extensively we have interviewed seven people belonging to groups involved in the pricing process of concerts. These groups are artists, managers, concert arrangement agencies and record labels. Furthermore, we have studied literature on price discrimination and the concert industry.</p><p>The thesis discusses the pricing of concerts; which people who is involved in the decisions concerning the pricing of concerts and their views on the subject. In addition, the thesis also contains other factors influencing the pricing of concerts.</p><p>In conclusion, we find that there are two reasons explaining why concerts are not price discriminated more extensively. One is practical and involves the fact that some concert venue attributes does not allow price discrimination, since the crowd cannot be divided into different sections. The other reason is the fact that concert arrangement agencies are to comfortable to price discriminate, and that artists are unwilling to price discriminate for different reasons. Furthermore, the thesis’s results indicate that concerts will be price discriminated more extensively in the future.</p>