Αυτή η εργασία ασχολείται και αναλύει τα χαρακτηριστικά του συστήματος Controlled Acoustical Bass System (C.A.B.S.), το οποίο είναι ένα σύστημα βελτίωσης της ακουστικής κλειστών χώρων σε χαμηλές συχνότητες, χρησιμοποιώντας πολλαπλά ηχεία και μια τεχνική διόρθωσης βασισμένη στην ανάλυση του ηχητικού πεδίου στο χρόνο. Πριν όμως προχωρήσουμε σε οποιαδήποτε ανάλυση, θα πρέπει πρώτα από όλα να ορίσουμε πιο ακριβώς είναι το πρόβλημα που δημιουργείται στις χαμηλές συχνότητες σε κλειστούς χώρους, καθώς και ποίες μέθοδοι χρησιμοποιούνται για να το αντιμετωπίσουν. / -

Bakgrund: Vid operationer är patienten utsatt för risk att drabbas av en postoperativ infektion som kan leda till ohälsa och ett ökat lidande för patienten. Operationssjuksköterskan som arbetar förebyggande mot smittspridning behöver ha kunskap om sterila instrument och hur länge de kan vara uppdukade. Detta för att motverka postoperativa infektioner. Idag finns inga nationella riktlinjer för hur länge en övertäckt uppdukning kan stå i uppdukningsrum i väntan på användning.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur tiden påverkar bakteriekontaminationen på ett uppduktat och övertäckt instrumentbord i ett uppdukningsrum.   Metod: Studien utgick från en kvantitativ ansats där experiment utfördes med hjälp av agarplattor under två, fyra och sex timmars intervall. Totalt användes 79 agarplattor under 6 olika experiment.   Resultat: Resultatet visar att efter sex timmar är ett övertäckt instrument bord utan kontamination på agarplattorna. Emellertid finns det andra faktorer som kan påverka en uppdukning som kan leda till en infektion hos patienten och orsaka ohälsa och lidande.   Slutsats: I operationssjuksköterskans ansvar ingår det att ha goda kunskaper kring hantering av sterila instrument samt aseptik eftersom detta kan vara avgörande för smittspridning som kan orsaka patienten ett onödigt vårdlidande. Resultatet kan ge en vägledning för evidensbaserad hantering av sterila instrument och hur länge ett övertäckt instrumentbord kan stå i ett uppdukningsrum, men studien är liten och det behövs mer forskning i ämnet. / Background: At surgery the patient is exposed to develop a surgical site infection. This can cause the patient illness and suffering. The theatre nurse is working to prevent these infections and needs knowledge about how long sterile instruments can be unpacked, covered with a sterile cloth without getting contaminated with bacteria causing surgical site infections. Today there are no national guidelines for how long a covered instrument table can stand in a set-up room before operation.   Aim: The aim of the study is to examine how time affects bacterial contamination of a covered instrument table up in a set-up room.   Method: The study has a quantitative approach were the experiments where conducted on agar in two, four or six hour. A total of 79 agar plates were used in 6 different experiments.   Results: The result shows that after six hours there is no contamination on the agar plates on covered instrument table. However, there are other factors that may affect a covered instrument table and can lead to an infection and cause the patient illness and suffering.   Conclusion: The theatre nurse must have knowledge about how to handle with sterile instruments and aseptic who can be crucial for surgical site infection that may cause the patient an unnecessary suffering from care.  The result can provide guidelines and evidence for how long a covered instrument table can stand in a set-up room, however the study is small and more research is needed in the subject.

abstract: "Too often, people in pain are stuck in limbo. With no diagnosis there is no prognosis. They feel that without knowing what is wrong, there is no way to make it right" (Lewandowski, 2006, p. ix). Research has shown that environmental factors, such as views of nature, positive distractions and natural light can reduce anxiety and pain (Ulrich, 1984). Patients with chronic, painful diseases are often worried, anxious and tired. Doctor's appointments for those with a chronic pain diagnosis can be devastating (Gilron, Peter, Watson, Cahill, & Moulin, 2006). The research question explored in this study is: Does the layout, seating and elements of positive distraction in the pain center waiting room relate to the patients experience of pain and distress? This study utilized a mixed-method approach. A purposive sample of 39 individuals participated in the study. The study employed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Lewandowski Pain Scale (LPS) and a researcher developed Spatial Perception Instrument (SPI) rating the appearance and comfort of a pain center waiting room in a large metropolitan area. Results indicated that there were no significant correlations between pain, distress and the waiting room environment. It is intended that this study will provide a framework for future research in the area of chronic pain and distress in order to advance the understanding of research in the waiting area environment and the effect it may have on the patient. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.D. Design 2012

Room layout generation is the problem of generating a drawing or a digital model of an existing room from a set of measurements such as laser data or images. The generation of floor plans can find application in the building industry to assess the quality and the correctness of an ongoing construction w.r.t. the initial model, or to quickly sketch the renovation of an apartment. Real estate industry can rely on automatic generation of floor plans to ease the process of checking the livable surface and to propose virtual visits to prospective customers. As for the general public, the room layout can be integrated into mixed reality games to provide a better immersiveness experience, or used in other related augmented reality applications such room redecoration. The goal of this industrial thesis (CIFRE) is to investigate and take advantage of the state-of-the art mobile devices in order to automate the process of generating room layouts. Nowadays, modern mobile devices usually come a wide range of sensors, such as inertial motion unit (IMU), RGB cameras and, more recently, depth cameras. Moreover, tactile touchscreens offer a natural and simple way to interact with the user, thus favoring the development of interactive applications, in which the user can be part of the processing loop. This work aims at exploiting the richness of such devices to address the room layout generation problem. The thesis has three major contributions. We first show how the classic problem of detecting vanishing points in an image can benefit from an a-priori given by the IMU sensor. We propose a simple and effective algorithm for detecting vanishing points relying on the gravity vector estimated by the IMU. A new public dataset containing images and the relevant IMU data is introduced to help assessing vanishing point algorithms and foster further studies in the field. As a second contribution, we explored the state of-the-art of real-time localization and map optimization algorithms for RGB-D sensors. Real-time localization is a fundamental task to enable augmented reality applications, and thus it is a critical component when designing interactive applications. We propose an evaluation of existing algorithms for the common desktop set-up in order to be employed on a mobile device. For each considered method, we assess the accuracy of the localization as well as the computational performances when ported on a mobile device. Finally, we present a proof of concept of application able to generate the room layout relying on a Project Tango tablet equipped with an RGB-D sensor. In particular, we propose an algorithm that incrementally processes and fuses the 3D data provided by the sensor in order to obtain the layout of the room. We show how our algorithm can rely on the user interactions in order to correct the generated 3D model during the acquisition process.

Syfte: Den svenska befolkningen urbaniserar, invånare flyttar från landsbygden till tätbebyggda områden. Bostadsutformningen blir en viktig del för att vara yt-effektiv utan att försämra levnadsstandarden för de boende. De styrande regelverken utvecklas ständigt för att möta samhällets och teknikens utveckling. Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka hur ökad höjd i en mindre lägenhet kan påverka livsmiljökvalitet. De styrande frågeställningarna som ska leda fram till målet är: (1) Vilka faktorer påverkar livsmiljökvalitet när det gäller mindre bostäder? (2) Hur förändras rummet om man strävar efter minsta möjliga golvyta till förmån för vertikal rumsutformning? (3) Till vilken grad kan man tillfredsställa kraven/föreskrifterna i BBR och SIS med koppling till vertikal rumsutformning? Metod: För att erfara kunskap användes litteratursökning inom förtätning, livsmiljökvalitet, de fysiskt påverkande faktorerna och bostadspreferenser. Dokumentanalys gjordes på referenslägenhetens planlösning och regelverken. En observation av referenslägenheten gjordes och experiment där olika parametrar som takhöjd, golvavtryck, förvaring och fast inredning förändrades. Resultat: De avgörande parametrar som påverkar livsmiljökvalitet när det kommer till bostäder är; möjlighet för arbete, matplats, förvaring, öppenhet och luftighet, genomblick och axialitet, möblerbarhet, originalitet, trivsamhet, funktionalitet och generalitet. Vid begränsad yta går det att kompensera upp detta med en annan parameter från listan på livsmiljökvalitet. Minskas de mätbara och funktionella värdena kan går det att väga upp med de omätbara och estetiska värdena. Tillgänglighetskraven försvårar sammanfallandet av bostadsfunktioner och kräver generellt en större yta. Konsekvenser: Genom att utforma bostäder med högre takhöjd och minskad golvyta men bibehålla livskvalitén går det att koncentrera bostäderna i framtidens förtätning. Genom att tillåta integrering av bostadsfunktioner på höjden blir det möjligt att bygga lägenheter med mindre golvyta innehållandes samtliga basfunktioner för en bostad. Begränsningar: Denna rapport behandlar mindre bostäder om högst 35m2 för en person Vid benämning av rumsupplevelse så menas den rumsliga upplevelsen av lägenheten, vilket huvudsakligen är rumsgeometrin och den fasta inredningen. De regelverk som beaktas är BBR och SIS. Konstruktion och kostnad beaktas inte. Resultat: Genom att utforma bostäder med högre takhöjd och minskad golvyta men bibehålla livskvalitén går det att koncentrera bostäderna i framtidens förtätning. Genom att tillåta integrering av bostadsfunktioner på höjden blir det möjligt att bygga lägenheter med mindre golvyta innehållandes samtliga basfunktioner för en bostad. De avgörande parametrar som påverkar livsmiljökvalitet när det kommer till bostäder är; möjlighet för arbete, matplats, förvaring, öppenhet och luftighet, genomblick och axialitet, möblerbarhet, originalitet, trivsamhet, funktionellt vs. generellt. Vid begränsad yta går det att kompensera upp detta med en annan parameter från ovanstående lista. Minskas de mätbara och funktionella värdena går det att väga upp med de omätbara och estetiska värdena. Tillgänglighetskraven försvårar sammanfallandet av bostadsfunktioner och kräver generellt en större yta. / Purpose: The Swedish population is urbanizing, residents move from the countryside to densely populated areas. Housing design becomes an important part of being surface efficient without impairing living standards for residents. The governing rules limit how to build. As they are constantly evolving to meet the development of society and technology, more reliefs of housing design requirements have been made. This thesis aims to investigate how increased height in a smaller apartment can affect habitat quality. The governing questions are: (1) what factors affect residential quality in terms of smaller housing? (2) How does the room change if one strives for the minimum floor space in favor of vertical room design? (3) To what extent can you satisfy the requirements / regulations of BBR and SIS in relation to vertical room design?  Method: In order to gain knowledge of the subject, literature search was used in densification, habitat quality, the physically influencing factors and housing preferences. Document analysis was made on a reference apartment plan solution and the governing rules. An observation of the reference apartment was performed as well as experiments in which different parameters such as room height, floor imprint, storage and fixed furnishing were changed. Findings: The crucial parameters that affect habitat quality when it comes to housing are; opportunity for work, dining space, storage, openness and airiness, transparency and axiality, the possibility to furnish, originality, comfort, functionality and generality. A limited floor space can be compensated by another parameter from the list of habitat quality parameters. If the measurable and functional values are reduced, it is possible to compensate with the immeasurable and aesthetic values. Accessibility requirements aggravate the convergence of housing functions and generally require a larger floor area. All SIS requirements can be met, even when combining housing functions. Implications: By designing apartments with increased height and reduced floor space but at the same time maintaining the habitant quality, it is possible to concentrate housing in the future densification of cities. By allowing the integration of residential functions at the height, it is possible to build apartments with less floor space containing all basic functions for a home. Limitations: This work aims to investigate smaller apartments up to 35m2 for one person. When mentioning the term “residential quality” it refers to the spatial perception of the apartment, which is mainly the geometry of the room and the permanent furnishing. The regulations considered are BBR and SIS. Construction and cost are not considered.

Introdução: As morbidades e mortalidade relacionadas ao uso de medicamentos (MRM) representam um desafio para a saúde pública e são consequências da utilização não efetiva e insegura dos medicamentos. Estudos internacionais mostram como as MRM afetam pacientes internados no hospital e como podem ser evitadas na maioria dos casos. Entretanto, pouco é conhecido sobre as MRM na prática ambulatorial. Estas pesquisas têm abordado as consequências clínicas negativas para os usuários de medicamentos e sugerem que vultosas somas de recursos financeiros são utilizadas para manejar e resolver estas morbidades ao redor do mundo. Já no Brasil, o conhecimento sobre as MRM é escasso em ambas perspectivas e o seu impacto econômico é desconhecido. Objetivo: O propósito desta Tese foi obter uma estimativa sobre os gastos com morbidade e mortalidade associadas ao uso de medicamentos no Brasil, utilizando modelos farmacoeconômicos (teórico e empírico). Métodos: Foram considerados como morbidades relacionadas a medicamentos os novos problemas de saúde advindos da utilização de uma farmacoterapia (por exemplo, reações adversas, dependência a medicamentos e intoxicação por overdose) e as falhas terapêuticas (por exemplo, efeito insuficiente dos medicamentos e problemas de saúde não tratados). Foram conduzidos dois estudos utilizando abordagens distintas (bottom up e top down) na coleta de dados sobre custos. O primeiro estimou, por meio da análise do tipo microcosting, os custos para resolução de Morbidades Relacionadas a Medicamentos em casos identificados no serviço de emergência de um hospital universitário. Resultados: O custo médio para tratar cada um desses pacientes é de aproximadamente R$ 2.200. Reações adversas a medicamentos, falta de adesão à farmacoterapia e problemas resultantes da administração de doses incorretas foram as causas mais prevalentes das morbidades. No segundo estudo, um modelo do tipo cost-of-illness foi traduzido e adaptado para a realidade brasileira, e então um painel com especialistas (farmacêuticos e médicos) foi realizado para estimar a proporção de pacientes que experimentam uma MRM, a proporção de MRM evitáveis e as consequências clínicas resultantes desta morbidade. A partir disto, o custo das MRM para o sistema de saúde brasileiro foi modelado, baseado em estatísticas nacionais sobre o consumo de serviços de saúde. Os especialistas julgaram as morbidades relacionadas a medicamentos como um evento bastante frequente. De acordo com esta estimativa central, as MRM seriam responsáveis por um uso considerável de recursos, podendo chegar a 23% do orçamento público anual total destinado à saúde no Brasil. Para cada real gasto com medicamentos, pelo Ministério da Saúde no Brasil, cinco reais seriam gastos para resolver as MRM. Da mesma forma foi verificado que mais da metade dos casos seriam evitáveis. Conclusão: As MRM são, de fato, um problema de ordem econômica-orçamentária, clínica e humanística para os usuários de medicamentos e para o sistema de saúde brasileiro, e que é imperiosa a criação de políticas públicas e ações capazes de evitar os danos gerados pelo uso não racional de medicamentos, garantir a segurança dos pacientes, bem como uma melhor alocação de recursos em saúde. / Introduction: Drug related morbidities and mortality (DRM) is a challenge to public health due to the consequences of ineffective and unsafe medicines use. It is well known that the DRM are common among hospitalized patients, and are preventable to some extent, but little is known about DRM outside the hospital. In Brazil, the knowledge on the subject is scarce and its economic impact is unknown. However, international studies suggest that DRM result in considerable amounts of financial resources to manage and resolve these morbidities around the world and the negative clinical consequences for those who use medicines. Aim: In this thesis, the drug related morbidities include: new medical problems arising from the pharmacotherapy (adverse effects, addiction to drugs and intoxication by overdose) and therapeutic failure (e.g. insufficient drug effect and untreated health problems). Methods: Two studies were conducted using different methodologies. The first study was a cross-sectional study, based on a microcosting analysis, where patients admitted to a teaching hospital emergency were identified in order to determine the proportion of people seeking health services due to a DRM, and, consequently, to obtain the cost for manage these patients. Results: It was observed that 14.6% of patients visiting an emergency service, do so because of a DRM and the average cost to treat each of these patients is approximately R$ 2,000. Adverse drug reactions, lack of adherence to pharmacotherapy and problems resulting from the administration of incorrect doses were the most prevalent causes of morbidity. In the second study, a cost-of-illness model was translated to portuguese and adapted, and then a panel of experts (pharmacists and physicians) was conducted to estimate the proportion of patients experiencing DRM, the proportion of preventable DRM, and the negative outcomes resulting from this morbidity. From this, the DRM cost for the Brazilian Health System was modeled, based on national statistics on the consumption of health services. Experts have judged drug-related morbidities to be a fairly frequent event. According to central estimate, the DRM would be responsible for a considerable use of resources, being able to reach 23% of the total annual public health budget in Brazil. For each real (R$ 1,00) spending on medicines, by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, five reais (R$ 5,00) would be spent to manage the DRM. Likewise, in this study it was also verified that more than half of the cases would be avoidable. In the second, a panel of experts (pharmacists and physicians) was performed to estimate the proportion of patients experiencing an DRM, DRM preventable ratio and the clinical consequences of this morbidity. From this, the cost of DRM for the Brazilian health system was modeled, based on national statistics on the consumption of health services. Conclusion: Based on these and many other results presented in this thesis, it is concluded that the DRM are indeed, an economic, clinical and humanistic issue for those who use medicines and to the Brazilian health system, and that is overriding the establishment of public policies and actions to prevent the damage caused by the non-rational use of medicines to ensure patient safety and to the best allocation of health resources.

Falar da humanização é retomar a tradição do ocidente de pensar o lugar que o ser humano ocupa no mundo, nas inter-relações com seus semelhantes, na esfera social e também de saúde, em uma ética e solidariedade. Para uma prática de cuidados humanizada, o início destes cuidados deve ocorrer com o acolhimento do usuário em todos os setores, entre eles o Centro Cirúrgico. Este estudo tem como objetivo geral: compreender o processo de acolhimento no cotidiano da assistência de enfermagem no Centro Cirúrgico a partir da diretriz: acolhimento, ambiência e clínica ampliada da Política Nacional de Humanização. E como objetivos específicos: descrever o acolhimento do usuário durante as práticas cotidianas do cuidado de enfermagem no Centro Cirúrgico; analisar as experiências de acolhimento na perspectiva dos usuários no Centro Cirúrgico durante as práticas cotidianas do cuidado de enfermagem e identificar as estratégias utilizadas durante o cuidado de enfermagem no Centro Cirúrgico que concretizam a viabilização da diretriz: acolhimento, ambiência e clínica ampliada. Para dar conta do estudo selecionamos a abordagem etnometodológica, caráter exploratório. O cenário do estudo foi um hospital da rede estadual do Rio de Janeiro e os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada realizada com 18 usuários em pós-operatório e observação participante no Centro Cirúrgico. Em seguida submetidos à análise de conteúdo de Bardin, emergindo três categorias: A recepção do usuário no Centro Cirúrgico; caracterização da realização do acolhimento na recepção do Centro Cirúrgico na perspectiva do usuário e estratégias de cuidado direcionadas para ambiência, acolhimento e clínica ampliada. Conclui-se que compreender o processo de acolhimento no cotidiano da assistência de enfermagem somente foi possível pelo compartilhamento de experiências de usuários que utilizaram os serviços da unidade. O cuidado de enfermagem neste ambiente foi identificado a partir de duas práxis: na recepção do paciente para cirurgia eletiva e diferentemente para cirurgia de emergência. O ambiente do Centro Cirúrgico gera no usuário uma gama de sentimentos e há um imaginário em torno do evento cirúrgico e deste espaço. No que se refere à diretriz, o cuidado de enfermagem neste setor atende parcialmente ao que esta estabelecido. Um caminho para a viabilização da PNH e da diretriz: acolhimento, ambiência e clínica ampliada é a educação continuada em serviço que deve não somente dispor da política em sua teoria, mas desenvolver métodos para que a torne concreta e palpável promovendo melhoria no cuidado de enfermagem. / To talk about humanization is to recapture the western tradition of thinking about the place where the human being occupies in the world, about the interrelationship between its fellow human beings, about the social as well as health care sphere, about ethics and solidarity. To a humanized care practice the beginning of this care must occur with the user embracement in all sectors, including the general surgical ward. The main goal of this study is: to comprehend the user embracement process in the everyday of the nurse assistance in the general surgical ward through the directive: user embracement, ambiance and extended general practice from the Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH). As the specific goals: to describe the user embracement during the daily nursing care practice in the general surgical ward; to analyze the user embracement experiences from the perspective from the users in the general surgical ward during the daily nursing care practice and to identify the strategies used during the nursing care in the general surgical ward that make the feasibility of the directive real: User Embracement, Ambiance and Extended General Practice. In order to carry the study through we chose the ethnomethodological approach with an exploratory research design. The study scenario is a Rio de Janeiro States hospital and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eighteen participants in post-operative care and participant observation in the general surgical ward. Afterwards they were submitted to the Bardins content analysis, from what three categories emerged: the reception of the user in the general surgical ward; characterization of the execution of the user embracement in the general surgical wards reception from the users perspective and strategies of care oriented towards the ambiance, user embracement and extended general practice. Final considerations: comprehending the user embracement process in the everyday of the nurse assistance was only possible through the sharing of the experiences of the users that used the services of the unit. Nursing care in this environment was identified through two praxes: in the reception of the user to elective surgery and differently to the emergency surgery. The ambiance of the general surgical ward creates in the user a range of feelings and there is an imaginary around the surgical event and this space. About the directive, the nursing care in this sector attends partially what is established. A way to the feasibility of the PNH and the directive: user embracement, ambiance and extended general practice is a lifelong learning in work that must not only employ the politics in its theory, but develop methods in order to make it real and tangible, promoting an improvement in the nursing care.

Muitos dos locais onde as atividades são realizadas nas academias de ginásticas são salas pequenas e fechadas com sistema de climatização artificial, freqüentados por um grande número de alunos realizando seus exercícios e profissionais auxiliando as atividades. Com isso, há uma intensa transpiração desses indivíduos, uma freqüente rotina de limpeza do piso e de equipamentos com pequenos intervalos, possibilitando a alterações da qualidade do ar indoor. O presente trabalho busca mostrar as tendências de variações nos valores das concentrações dos poluentes atmosféricos BTEX em ambiente indoor, especificamente na sala de spinning de uma academia de ginástica do Rio de Janeiro. Para o monitoramento da qualidade do ar foram utilizados cartuchos de carvão ativado SKC, acoplado a uma bomba KNF com vazão de 1l min. Para a extração de cada amostra foi feita a análise cromatográfica com cromatógrafo a gás modelo 6890 acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa modelo 5973 da marca Agilent. Foram analisadas 34 amostras coletadas na salas de spinning durante as aulas com atividades aeróbicas, o que intensificava a respiração dos indivíduos, possibilitando uma maior inalação destes COVs. Em contrapartida, também foram coletadas 5 amostras outdoor, 4 delas pareadas indoor/ outdoor para uma análise comparativa das concentrações destes poluentes. Dentre os compostos orgânicos voláteis analisados, o tolueno é o BTEX mais abundante obtido neste trabalho, representando 81% destes COVs indoor. Todas as amostras medidas em pares indoor/ outdoor tiveram concentrações maiores no interior, exceto para o benzeno no dia 3/12/2010. Simples atividades usualmente realizadas pelo homem, como a inserção de piso emborrachado, manutenção do sistema de climatização artificial, e limpeza podem alterar o ar indoor. As conclusões alcançadas após as medições das concentrações de BTEX foram de que o ar indoor estava mais poluído do que o outdoor. Este monitoramento da qualidade do ar indoor ainda é escasso no Brasil. Alguns esforços tem sido feito em relação a ambientes confinados como a Portaria n˚3523 do Ministério da Saúde, regulamentando o controle dos ambientes climatizados e a Resolução n˚9 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, além da Resolução CONAMA n ˚3 estabelecendo padrões de qualidade do ar para alguns compostos químicos, porém muitos compostos químicos ainda não são legislados ou não possuem a devida atenção, não sendo suficientes para contemplar a complexidade do assunto / In many gyms work-out activities take place in small enclosed rooms where the climate is controlled artificially. Normally, those rooms are full of students doing their workout and trainers helping them. Intense human transpiration requires a frequent floor and equipment cleaning routine. This routine, performed at short intervals can affect the indoor air quality. This study is aimed at showing varying concentration levels of the BTEX air pollutant at a gym in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, specifically the spinning room. To monitor the air quality, activated charcoal cartridges (SKC) were used, coupled to a KNF pump with a flow rate of 1l min. For the extraction of each sample, a gas chromatographic analysis machine model 6890 was used coupled to an Agilent mass spectrometer model 5973. We analyzed a total of 34 air samples collected in the spinning room during active aerobic classes; the increased respiration from the subjects allow for a greater inhalation of VOCs. In Contrast, five samples were also collected outdoors; four of them were paired indoor / outdoor for comparative analysis of these pollutants. Among the volatile organic compounds analyzed, toluene was the most abundant BTEX found in this study, representing 81% of indoor VOCs. In all the indoor / outdoor paired samples, the concentration was higher in the interior samples, with one exception, benzene on 3/12/2010. Simple changes that can easily be done by man, such as the installation of rubberized flooring, regular maintenance of the air acclimatization equipment, and general cleanliness can greatly affect the indoor air quality. The conclusion achieved after looking at the BTEX measurements was that the indoor air was more polluted than the air outdoors. This air quality monitoring is still scarce in Brazil. Some efforts have been made in relation to confined spaces such as Ordinance n˚ 3523 from the Ministry of Health, which regulates the air of air-conditioned environments and Resolution n˚ 9 of the National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance, as well as Resolution CONAMA n˚ 3 by setting standards for air quality for some chemical compounds, unfortunately many chemical compounds are not yet legislated or receive proper attention in this matter, therefore not giving this indoor air pollution matter enough grounds to address the complexity of the subject

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The musician needs to properly perceive the sound in rooms where it operates, either in an environment designed to be performed or to studying and practice music. For this, it is necessary that these sites are acoustically appropriate, enabling the development and enhancement of musical sound perception. In this study six classrooms of the music school of UFSM were characterized by acoustic impulse response measurements and computer simulation, and considered the user s feedback through questionnaires. The questionnaires enabled to understand the preferences of students and music teachers regarding the acoustic quality of a total of twenty rooms for music practice and teaching. Three study rooms and three collective classrooms were the most cited out of those available for the course, which were evaluated by acoustic impulse response, resulting in achieving specified objectives of the main parameters to assess the acoustic quality of rooms by ISO 3382: 2009. The information provided by the musicians proved to be coherent with the measurement data, as the rooms considered dry had presented reverberation times around 0.4 s, and the rooms considered reverberants had reverberation times (RT) around 1.5 s. The six rooms were characterized as clear and well defined rooms, with values for Clarity ranging between 1.0 and 2.0 dB for live rooms and around 22 dB for dry rooms. The definition has remained above 43% for all rooms with Central Time below 50 ms for rooms of greater clarity and less reverberant, and above 90 ms for the live rooms. In general, most rooms were considered weak in relation to acoustic conditioning, and only two out of twenty rooms were considered adequate by most musicians, without receiving considerable negative criticism, being one a study room with a volume of 79.9 m³ and TR equal to 0.4 seconds, and the other a collective classroom with a volume of 327.85 m³ and TR equal to 1.6 s. The computer simulation was efficient for the prediction of the acoustic behavior of the rooms in study and the data obtained in the simulations were compared to the just noticeable difference (JND) for acoustic parameters investigated (T30, EDT, C80, D50 and Ts). A good correlation was observed between measured and simulated data, particularly for parameters related to noise energy in the frequency range from 63 to 8.000 Hz. / O músico necessita perceber adequadamente o som nos recintos onde atua, seja em ambientes destinados à performance, seja em ambientes destinados ao estudo e prática musical. Para que isto seja possível é necessário que estes locais estejam acusticamente adequados, permitindo o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento da percepção sonora musical. No presente trabalho seis salas de aula do curso de graduação em Música da UFSM foram caracterizadas através de medições acústicas da resposta impulso e de simulação computacional, além de considerar a opinião dos usuários mediante questionários. Os questionários aplicados permitiram compreender as preferências dos estudantes e professores de música no que se refere à qualidade acústica de um total de vinte salas para prática e ensino musical. Três salas de estudo e três salas de aula coletiva foram as mais citadas dentre as disponíveis para o curso, as quais foram avaliadas acusticamente através da resposta impulso, resultando na obtenção dos principais parâmetros objetivos especificados para a avaliação da qualidade acústica de salas pela norma ISO 3382: 2009. As informações fornecidas pelos músicos se mostraram coerentes com os dados das medições, de forma que e as salas consideradas secas apresentaram tempos de reverberação (TR) em torno de 0,4 s, e as salas consideradas reverberantes apresentaram tempos de reverberação em torno de 1,5 s. As seis salas se caracterizaram como salas claras e definidas, com valores para Clareza variando entre 1,0 e 2,0 dB para as salas vivas e em torno de 22 dB para as salas secas. A Definição se manteve acima de 43% para todas as salas, com Tempo Central abaixo de 50 ms para salas mais claras e menos reverberantes e acima de 90 ms para as salas mais vivas. Em geral, a maioria das salas apresenta deficiências em relação ao condicionamento acústico, sendo que somente duas das vinte salas foram consideradas adequadas pela maioria dos músicos, sem receber críticas negativas consideráveis, sendo uma sala de estudo com volume de 79,9 m³ e TR igual a 0,4 s, e uma sala de aula coletiva com volume de 327,85 m³ e TR igual a 1,6 s. A simulação computacional se mostrou eficiente para predição do comportamento acústico das salas em questão e os dados obtidos nas simulações foram comparados em relação à diferença no limite do observável (JND) para os parâmetros acústicos investigados (T30, EDT, C80, D50 e Ts). Uma boa correlação foi observada entre dados medidos e simulados, principalmente para os parâmetros relacionados à energia sonora na faixa de frequência de 63 a 8.000 Hz.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:42:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 hayashi_eap_dr_mar.pdf: 242016 bytes, checksum: 0f95d575ace5c6c38ed5b18b071cd5b7 (MD5) / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram os de capacitar professores da sala de reforço, do Ensino Fundamental, para a utilização da metodologia da equivalência de estímulos com seus alunos, por meio de um programa informatizado e, por meio da aplicação da metodologia da equivalência, verificar a história de interação de dois alunos com as figuras referentes às palavras de treino e comparar o desempenho deles com os demais, quanto à leitura generalizada. Participaram três professoras do Ensino Fundamental (sendo duas da mesma escola) e quatro alunos, dois de cada escola, apresentando dificuldades de leitura e escrita, como omissão da leitura e/ou da escrita de sílabas, troca de sílabas ou não conseguir ler e/ou escrever nem parte da palavra. As escolas ficam situadas em Londrina, Paraná. Inicialmente realizou-se a seleção dos participantes, que ocorreu por meio de indicação das supervisoras, um pré-teste de leitura com os alunos para estabelecer a linha de base e o pré-treino. No pré-treino, foram apresentadas figuras correspondentes a cada palavra que seria ensinada (palavra de treino) e solicitado à criança que dissesse o nome da figura e, para dois alunos, um de cada escola, que leram menos palavras no pré-teste, foi pedido que falassem o que conheciam sobre cada figura que estava sendo apresentada. Paralelamente, as professoras participaram de encontros para a discussão de questões teóricas relativas à metodologia, bem como para conhecer o software e aprender a manuseá-lo. Em seguida, conduziram as sessões experimentais com os alunos para a aplicação da metodologia de equivalência de estímulos, para o ensino de leitura de palavras. / The objectives of this work were the ones of qualifying teachers of the reinforcement room, of the Fundamental Teaching, for the use of the methodology of the equivalence of incentives with your students, through a computerized program and, through the application of the methodology of the equivalence, to verify the history of two students' interaction with the referring illustrations to the training words and to compare their acting with the others, with relationship to the widespread reading. Announced three teachers of the Fundamental Teaching (being two of the same school) and four students, two of each school, presenting reading and writing difficulties, as omission of the reading and/or of the writing of syllables, change of syllables or not to get to read and/or to write nor it a part of the word. The schools are located in Londrina, Paraná. Initially was realized the participants' selection, that it happened through the supervisors' indication, a reading initial test with the students to establish the base line and the initial training. In the initial training, were presented illustrations corresponding to each word that would be taught (training word) and requested the child that said the name of the illustration and, for two students, one of each school, that read less words in the initial read, was asked for they spoke what knew about each illustration that was being presented. Parallel to that, the teachers participated of encounters for the discussion of relative theoretical subjects to the methodology, as well as to know the software and to learn to handle. Soon after, they led the experimental sessions with the students for the application of the methodology of equivalence of incentives, for the teaching of reading of words.