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The purpose of this research is to identify the factors that influence organizational insiders to violate information security policies. There are numerous accounts of successful malicious activities conducted by employees and internal users of organizations. Researchers and organizations have begun looking at methods to reduce or mitigate the insider threat problem. Few proposed methods and models to identify, deter, and prevent the insider threat are based on empirical data. Additionally, few studies have focused on the targets or goals of the insider with organizational control as a foundation. From a target perspective, an organization might be able to control the outcome of a malicious insider threat attack. This research applied a criminology lens as an organization policy violation is, or resembles, a criminal activity. This research uses the Routine Activities Theory (RAT) as a guide to develop a theoretical model. The adoption of RAT was for its focus on the target and the protective controls, while still taking into account the motivated offender. The study identified the components of the model concerning insider threats, espionage, and illicit behavior related to information systems through literature. This led to the development of 10 hypotheses regarding the relationships of key factors that influence malicious insider activity. Data was collected using a scenario-based survey, which allowed for impartial responses from a third-person perspective. This technique has become popular in the field of criminology, as the effects of social desirability, acceptance, or repudiation will not be a concern. A pilot test verified the survey's ability to collect the appropriate data. The research employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) techniques to analyze and evaluate the data. SEM and CFA techniques identified the fit of the model and the factors that influence information security policy violations. The result of the analysis provided criteria to accept the hypotheses and to identify key factors that influence insider Information System policy violations. This research identified the relationships and the level of influence between each factor.

Syftet med denna studie är att utveckla kunskapen om sambandet mellan ADHD-symptom och utsatthet för brott genom att undersöka sambandet mellan särskilda symptom relaterade till ADHD, rutinaktiviteter och utsatthet för brott. Det finns inte mycket forskning om hur ADHD-symptom kan påverka utsattheten och därav ämnar studien att minska kunskapsluckan. Studien är en kvantitativ studie där 203 respondenter, män och kvinnor, mellan åldrarna 16-100 år besvarar en enkät med olika frågor om ADHD-symptom, rutinaktiviteter och utsatthet för brott. Först gjordes deskriptiv univariat analys av de beroende respektive oberoende variablerna. Vidare gjordes bivariata analyser av ADHD-symtom och utsatthet för brott i kombination med rutinaktiviteter. Slutligen gjordes den binära logistiska regressionsanalysen som undersökte ifall ADHD-symtom kan predicera utsatthet som utfall, vilken jämförs med modeller för rutinaktiviteter. Resultatet påvisar statistiskt signifikanta samband mellan ADHD-symtom och utsatthet för brott, respektive upprepad utsatthet för brott. I den binära logistiska regressionsanalysen framkommer det att både ADHD-symtom och rutinaktiviteter enskilt kan predicera utsatthet för brott, respektive upprepad utsatthet för brott som utfall, men förmågan att predicera utsatthet ökar när symtom och rutinaktiviteter kombineras. Den primära slutsatsen av denna studie är således att kombinationen av ADHD-symtom och rutinaktiviteter är den bästa prediktorn för utsatthet för brott, respektive upprepad utsatthet för brott som utfall. / The aim of this study is to evolve the knowledge of the relationship between symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and crime victimization, by examining correlations between particular symptoms related to ADHD, routine activities and crime victimization. There isn't much research on how ADHD-symptoms can affect victimization and therefore this study aims to reduce the knowledge gap. The study is performed as a quantitative survey, where 203 respondents, male and female, between the ages 16-100 years answer questions about different symptoms related to ADHD, routine activities and crime victimization. The analysis began with a descriptive univariate analysis of the dependent and independent variables, followed by a bivariate analysis of ADHD-symptoms combination with routine activity. Finally the binary logistic regressionanalysis was used to create models of prediction to test if symptoms of ADHD can predict crime victimization and repeated crime victimization in comparison with routine activity. The results show statistically significant associations between symptoms related to ADHD, crime victimization and repeated crime victimization. In the binary logistic regression analysis it appears that both symptoms of ADHD and routine activities individually can predict crime victimization and repeated crime victimization. However, the combination of these increase the ability to predict crime victimization and repeated crime victimization The primary conclusion of this study is thus that the combination of ADHD symptoms and routine activities is the best predictor of crime victimization and repeated crime victimization.

På grund av Covid-19 infördes ett alkoholförbud i syfte att minska smittspridningen i Sverige. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns ett samband mellan alkoholanvändning och våldsbrottslighet. Det är därmed av intresse att undersöka vilken påverkan alkoholförbudet haft på antalet misshandelsbrott i den offentliga miljön i Lund och hur det eventuellt förändrat arbetsuppgifterna för polisanställda med operativ inriktning respektive strategisk inriktning. Antalet anmälda samt självrapporterade misshandelsbrott har minskat mellan 2017 och 2021. Arbetsuppgifterna för de polisanställda skiljer sig åt eftersom vissa har ett strategiskt fokus och andra ett operativt fokus. Av resultatet i denna studie framgår det att misshandelsbrotten misnkat, både utfirån statistik av Polismyndigheten samt polisanställdas upplevda biild. Utifrån de fem semistrukturerade intervjuerna framgick det att arbetsuppgifterna för polisanställda med operativ inriktning förändrats mer än arbetsuppgifterna för polisanställda med strategisk inriktning. Samtliga polisanställda utför krogrelaterade arbetsuppgifter i mindre omfattnning och mer tid kan avsättas för andra relevanta arbetsuppgifter. Polisanställda med operativ inrikning hanterar samt förebygger en större mängd ungdomsbrott samt narkotikabrott medan polisanställda med strategisk inritkning i större utsträckning arbetar med grannsamverkan och att främja kontaktnätet med lokalsamhället. / Due to the Covid-19 the Swedish governement introduced an alcohol prohibition in an aim to reduce the spread of infection in Sweden. Previous research demonstrates that there is a conjunction between alcohol use and violent crimes. It is therefore of interest to investigate what impact the alcohol prohibition has had on the amount of assault crimes in the public environment in Lund and how it eventually have effected operational police officers and strategic police officers tasks of employment. The number of reported crimes and selfreported assault crimes has decreased between 2017 and 2021. The police officers tasks of employment differ because some have a operational focus and others have a strategical focus. The results in this study demonstrates that the assault crimes have decreased, both from statistics from the police department and police officers experience. From the five semistructured interviews it turned out that the operational police officers tasks of employment has changed more than strategical police officers. Both the strategical and the operational police officers perform restaurant-related tasks to a lesser extent and more time can be set aside for other relevant tasks. The operational police officers handle and prevent a large number of juvenile- and drugcrimes while the strategical police officers to a greater extent work with neighborhood cooperation and to promote the network of contact with the local community.

A minority of the research conducted on the geography of crime has considered crime as a vectored event, consisting of multiple locations of interest and straight-line connections between them. Within this small literature, very little attention has been paid to relationships between the various 'journey' vectors available for consideration. Recently several studies have resurrected the notion of Mobility Triangle Analysis as a method for examining crime as a multi-vectored event. The research described here illustrates that geometric configuration of multi-vector homicide events drives prior findings related to mobility triangle analyses, and demonstrates a two-stage method for reconciling this issue. In addition to examining the geometric configuration of homicide, the research also examines issues of orientation, extent, and the impact of contextual factors in multi-vector models of homicide geography. / Criminal Justice

Sexual homicide is a rare occurrence. Little is known about the offending perspective of sexual homicide from a criminological standpoint. Recently, Chan, Heide, and Beauregard (2011) proposed an integrative theoretical framework using concepts and propositions of Social Learning Theory (differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement or punishment, and imitation) and Routine Activities Theory (a motivated offender, an attractive and suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian or guardianship) to elucidate the sexual homicide offending dynamics. According to this integrative model, the individual-level view of the sexual murderers is explained by the social learning principles, while the offending process is complemented by the routine activities propositions from a micro-level to provide a better explained sexual homicide offending model. However, this model has yet to be tested empirically. In addition to testing the Chan et al.'s model, this study proposes and tests an alternative model by incorporating the construct of pre-crime precipitators to better explain the motivating factor of an offender to commit a sexual homicide. To empirically test both models, this study utilizes the dataset collected by a group of Canadian researchers on 230 incarcerated non-serial homicidal (N = 55) and non-homicidal (N = 175) sex offenders in the province of Quebec, Canada for the period between 1995 and 2005. Using step-wise logistic regression, four regression models are tested to examine the offending process of sexual homicide by investigating the effects of the offender's motivation, the target suitability and attractiveness, the absence of a capable guardian or guardianship, and the pre-crime precipitating factors in deciding the lethal outcome of a sexual offense. The theoretical model proposed by Chan and colleagues received some support. Consistent with Chan et al.'s theoretical propositions, findings suggest that the sex offender's sexually deviant behaviors and attitudes serve as a motivating factor, and the presence/absence of a capable guardian or guardianship at the immediate crime surroundings are significant factors in deciding the survival rate of the victim. Methodological limitations of the study, practical implications for offender profiling and crime preventive measures, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The purpose of the study was to examine concern and exposure to crime in relation to the individual’s close relative’s/close friend's exposure to crime. Two binary logistic regressions were used based on data from a crime survey done by the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention. Previous research and victimological theories indicated that additional factors could be relevant to risk of exposure to crime. The identified factors were gender, age, academic achievements, occupation and whether the respondent was living alone. However the main focus of the study was close relative’s/close friend’s exposure to crime and its effect on the individual's concern and exposure to crime, in relation to the lifestyle and routine activities theory. The logistic regressions were used to analyse the data and the results indicated that risk for concern and exposure to crime was substantially higher if the individual had a close relative/close friend who was exposed to crime. The control variables and their effect on the aforementioned relationship were as previous research suggested it would be, and were used to explain some of the variance. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan individens oro och utsatthet för brott och individens närståendes utsatthet för brott. För att undersöka det här användes data från Brottsförebyggande rådets nationella trygghetsundersökning och det genomfördes två logistiska regressionsanalyser. En genomgång av tidigare forskning och viktimologiska teorier indikerade att ett flertal faktorer påverkar risken för utsatthet. De faktorerna som identifierades och användes som kontrollvariabler var kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå, sysselsättning och boendesituation. Det primära fokuset i studien var om risken för oro och utsatthet påverkas av en närståendes utsatthet och om det kan förklaras av rutinaktiviteter och livsstil. Resultatet utifrån de logistiska regressionsanalyser visade att risken för att individen var orolig och/eller utsatt för brott ökade om individen hade en närstående som var utsatt för brott. Kontrollvariablernas påverkan stämde överens med förväntningar från tidigare forskning och bidrog till att förklara en del av variansen i respektive beroende variabel.

Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka hur brottsutsattheten hos taxiförare i Örnsköldsvik, Sundsvall, Hudiksvall och Gävle ser ut, att undersöka om situationella åtgärder kan tänkas minska risken för brottsutsatthet samt att få en inblick i taxiförarnas egna tankar kring hur risken för brottsutsatthet kan minskas. Detta har gjorts genom en enkätundersökning och materialet har analyserats genom univariat analys och innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att brottsutsattheten skiljer sig mellan taxiförarna kopplat till ålder, kön, etnicitet och yrkeserfarenhet, att larm och kamera kan tänkas minska risken för brottsutsatthet samt att taxiförarna föreslår brottsförebyggande åtgärder såsom att installera övervakningskamera och att få utbildning i kundbemötande. De viktigaste slutsatserna som har dragits är att brottsutsatthet hos taxiförare fortfarande är ett problem och att säkerhetsåtgärder i form av larm och övervakningskamera samt utbildning i kundbemötande är önskvärt. / The purpose of this study has been to examine how the crime victimization among taxi drivers in Örnsköldsvik, Sundsvall, Hudiksvall and Gävle looks, to examine if situational measures conceivably reduce the risk of crime victimization and to get insight in what the taxi drives themselves think about how to reduce the risk of crime victimization. This has been examined through a questionnaire survey and the data has been analyzed through univariate analysis and content analysis. The results show that the crime victimization differs between the taxi drivers regarding age, sex, ethnicity and professional experience, that alarms and surveillance cameras conceivably reduce the risk of crime victimization, and that the taxi drivers suggest crime prevention measures such as installing surveillance cameras and education in customer service. The most important conclusions that have been drawn are that crime victimization among taxi drivers is still a problem and that safety measures in terms of alarms and surveillance cameras as well as education in customer service are desirable.

This thesis addresses a significant knowledge gap in the existing literature on bias-crime, which primarily focuses on minorities while neglecting the experiences of majorities. The primary objective of this study is to shed light on bias-crimes targeting majorities and compare their impact on fear of crime with those experienced by minorities. By analysing data from a sample of 1,616 victims, this research reveals that both minority and majority bias-crime victims exhibit similar patterns in terms of fear of crime. Notably, both groups experience heightened levels of fear compared to victims of non-bias crimes, with no significant difference observed between the two. Moreover, this study identifies several factors associated with fear of crime in both minority and majority victims, including recent victimisation, intersectionality, indirect victimisation, and the presence of visibility/visual identifiers. Although this thesis initially aimed to identify differences between the two groups, it ultimately found striking similarities. The discussion section critically examines the potential role of methodological limitations in shaping these findings and offers insights into their implications. By addressing this research gap, this thesis contributes to the criminological field by offering a more comprehensive understanding of bias-crime and its impact on fear of crime among both minority and majority populations.

Text in English / As an external cause of death, strangulation represents an extreme and particularly pernicious form of violence. Following the evidence gap in the extant literature, the current research examined the incidence, distributions, individual and situational predictors, and structural determinants of homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg for the period 2001-2010. The thesis is structured around four discrete but interrelated studies, which collectively offer an initial contribution to the body of scholarship on homicide generally, and on the characteristics and patterns of strangulation homicide specifically. The research drew on data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System and the South African National Census. Study I is a descriptive study that quantifies the extent of homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg and describes its distribution by characteristics of person, time, place and alcohol consumption. The remaining studies are analytical in focus, and are aimed at explaining homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg in terms of its determinants. These studies are differentiated by their focus on individual-level and neighbourhood-level risks. Study II assesses overall homicide strangulation risk in relation to all the other leading causes of homicide. Study III undertakes further disaggregation to investigate homicidal strangulation risk by gender specifically. Study IV considers the socio-structural correlates and geographic distributions of fatal strangulation. The study engages select micro-level and macro-level theories that focus on the intersection between vulnerability and routine activities, gender and neighbourhood derivatives of violence to explain the social ecology of lethal strangulation. The research findings demonstrate that homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg is a unique phenomenon that is distinct from overall homicide. As the fourth leading cause of homicide in the City of Johannesburg, fatal strangulation exhibits a marked female preponderance in victimisation and distinctive socio-demographic, spatio-temporal, sex-specific and neighbourhood-level variation in risk. The study is aligned with the increasing trend towards disaggregating overall homicide into more defined and conceptually meaningful categories of homicide. The study may represent one of the first empirical investigations that also attempts to offer theoretically-derived explanations of homicidal strangulation in South Africa. Fatal strangulation is a multi-faceted phenomenon that requires multi-dimensional and multi-level interventions directed at several points of its social ecology. / Psychology / D. Phil. (Psychology)