This thesis deals with realization of modular camera system. Introductory part is focused on market research and concept of the system. Next part is dedicated to the choice of components for realization of the system. Practical part deals firstly with design of printed circuit board for supporting control unit which will be controlling peripherals like motion sensor, IR illuminator, eventually magnetic door contact and also focuses on software creation for main and supporting control unit.

‘Knarkrondellen’, which translates to ‘Drug Roundabout’, is a known hot spot for drug trading in Malmö and the police have implemented several measures to prevent the narcotic crimes. This paper sets out to investigate the impact that the police interventions, namely enhanced police foot patrols, improved street lighting and the installation of a surveillance camera, have on the crime rates and the fear of crime at the roundabout. In a multi-method approach, quantitative data from the police register and police surveys as well as qualitative observations and interviews with the residents are analyzed. The findings show that the police interventions did not reach the desired preventative effect in the given study period and indicate the occurrence of displacement. The citizens’ feeling of safety and perception of the problems did not change significantly as a result of the interventions. Overall, the surveys and interviews suggest that the police are on the right track; however, a longer follow-up period is needed in order to examine the long-term effects of the intervention measures. Additionally, an enhanced involvement of the community in the fight against drug crimes appears necessary.

Criminals often resort to camera tampering to prevent capture of their actions. Many surveillance systems left unattended and videos surveillance system operators lose their concentration after a short period of time. Many important Real-time automated detection of video camera tampering cases is important for timely warning of the operators. Tampering can be defined as deliberate physical actions on a video surveillance camera and is generally done by obstructing the camera view by a foreign object, displacing the camera and changing the focus of the camera lens. In automated camera tamper detection systems, low false alarm rates are important as reliability of these systems is compromised by unnecessary alarms and consequently the operators start ignoring the warnings. We propose adaptive algorithms to detect and identify such cases with low false alarms rates in typical surveillance scenarios where there is significant activity in the scene. We also give brief information about the camera tampering detection algorithms in the literature. In this thesis we compare performance of the proposed algorithms to the algorithms in the literature by experimenting them with a set of test videos.

Infrared (IR) illumination is commonly found in a surveillance camera to improve night-time recording quality. However, the limited available power from Power over Ethernet (PoE) connection in networkenabled cameras restricts the possibilities of increasing image quality by allocating more power to the illumination system.The thesis explored an alternative way to improve the image quality by using strobed IR illumination. Different strobing methods will be discussed in relation to the rolling shutter timing commonly used in CMOS sensors. The method that benefits the evaluation scenario the most was implemented in a prototype which is based on a commercialized fixed-box camera from Axis. The prototype demonstrated how the synchronization of the sensor and the strobing illumination system can be achieved.License plate recognition (LPR) in a dark highway was chosen as the evaluation scenario and an analysis on the car movements was done in a pursue of creating an indoor test. The indoor test provided a controlled environment while the outdoor test exposed the prototype to real-life conditions. The test results show that with strobed IR, the output image experienced brightness improvement and reduction in rolling shutter artifact, compared to constant IR. The theoretical calculation also proved that these improvement does not compromise the average power consumption and eye-safety level of the illumination system. / Infraröd (IR) belysning påträffas ofta i övervakningskameror för att förbättra bildkvalitén vid videoinspelning på natten. Den begränsade tillgängliga effekten från Power over Ethernet-anslutningen (PoE) i nätverksaktiverade kameror sätter dock en övre gräns för hur mycket effekt som kameran tillåts använda till belysningssystemet, och därmed hur pass mycket bildkvalitén kan ökas.I detta examensarbete undersöktes ett alternativt sätt att förbättra bildkvalitén genom att använda blixtrande (eng: ”strobed”) IR-belysning. Olika strobe-metoder undersöktes i relation till rullande slutare, vilket är den slutar-metod som vanligtvis används i CMOS-sensorer. Den metod som gav mest fördelaktiga resultat vid utvärdering implementerades i en prototyp baserad på en kommersiell nätverkskamera av Fixed box-typ från Axis Communications. Denna prototyp visade framgångsrikt ett koncept för hur synkronisering av bildsensorn och belysningssystemet kan uppnås.Registreringsskyltigenkänning (LPR) på en mörk motorväg valdes som utvärderingsscenario och en analys av bilens rörelser gjordes för att skapa en motsvarande testuppställning inomhus. Inomhustesterna gav en kontrollerad miljö medan testerna utomhus utsatte prototypen för verkliga förhållanden. Testresultaten visar att med strobed IR blev bilden från kameran både ljusare och uppvisade mindre artefakter till följd av rullande slutare, jämfört med konstant IR-belysning. Teoretiska beräkningar visade också att dessa förbättringar inte påverkar varken kamerans genomsnittliga effektförbrukning eller ögonsäkerheten för belysningssystemet negativt.

<p>The purpose with this essay is to examine how arts and politics integrate to raise urgent messages and call upon social changes. Performance art as an artistic manifestation against the surveillance society has been studied to clarify this integration and through an empirical examination of the anarchistic performance group <i>The Surveillance Camera Players</i>. This group formed in New York City 1996 as a manifestation against the increased use of surveillance cameras in public places in Manhattan. Through performance in front of these cameras, The Surveillance Camera Players are able to express their protest against the surveillance society which, occurring to them, violates citizens constitutionally right to privacy. The development and signification of the surveillance society are examined through theoretical perspective by foremost Michel Foucault, but also by contemporary scientist in that field. Theories about political art have been studied for the understanding of the work of <i>The Surveillance Camera Players</i>.</p> / <p>Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur konst och politik integreras i syfte att föra fram ett budskap och på så sätt försöka påverka till samhällsförändringar. För att tydliggöra detta studeras performancekonst som ett konstnärligt motstånd mot övervakningssamhället och detta exemplifieras genom en empirisk undersökning av den anarkistiska teatergruppen <i>The Surveillance Camera Players, SCP</i>. Denna grupp bildades i New York City 1996, som en manifestation mot det ökande användandet av övervakningskameror på offentliga platser på Manhattan. Genom performance, framför dessa kameror, ger SCP uttryck för sitt motstånd mot övervakningssamhället, som enligt dem, kränker medborgarnas konstitutionella rätt till privatliv. I uppsatsen studeras övervakningssamhällets utveckling och betydelse genom ett teoretiskt perspektiv av framförallt Michel Foucault och även samtida forskare inom området. För förståelsen av <i>The Surveillance Camera Players</i> verksamhet studeras teorier kring politiskt medveten konst. </p>

The purpose with this essay is to examine how arts and politics integrate to raise urgent messages and call upon social changes. Performance art as an artistic manifestation against the surveillance society has been studied to clarify this integration and through an empirical examination of the anarchistic performance group The Surveillance Camera Players. This group formed in New York City 1996 as a manifestation against the increased use of surveillance cameras in public places in Manhattan. Through performance in front of these cameras, The Surveillance Camera Players are able to express their protest against the surveillance society which, occurring to them, violates citizens constitutionally right to privacy. The development and signification of the surveillance society are examined through theoretical perspective by foremost Michel Foucault, but also by contemporary scientist in that field. Theories about political art have been studied for the understanding of the work of The Surveillance Camera Players. / Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur konst och politik integreras i syfte att föra fram ett budskap och på så sätt försöka påverka till samhällsförändringar. För att tydliggöra detta studeras performancekonst som ett konstnärligt motstånd mot övervakningssamhället och detta exemplifieras genom en empirisk undersökning av den anarkistiska teatergruppen The Surveillance Camera Players, SCP. Denna grupp bildades i New York City 1996, som en manifestation mot det ökande användandet av övervakningskameror på offentliga platser på Manhattan. Genom performance, framför dessa kameror, ger SCP uttryck för sitt motstånd mot övervakningssamhället, som enligt dem, kränker medborgarnas konstitutionella rätt till privatliv. I uppsatsen studeras övervakningssamhällets utveckling och betydelse genom ett teoretiskt perspektiv av framförallt Michel Foucault och även samtida forskare inom området. För förståelsen av The Surveillance Camera Players verksamhet studeras teorier kring politiskt medveten konst.

Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka hur brottsutsattheten hos taxiförare i Örnsköldsvik, Sundsvall, Hudiksvall och Gävle ser ut, att undersöka om situationella åtgärder kan tänkas minska risken för brottsutsatthet samt att få en inblick i taxiförarnas egna tankar kring hur risken för brottsutsatthet kan minskas. Detta har gjorts genom en enkätundersökning och materialet har analyserats genom univariat analys och innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att brottsutsattheten skiljer sig mellan taxiförarna kopplat till ålder, kön, etnicitet och yrkeserfarenhet, att larm och kamera kan tänkas minska risken för brottsutsatthet samt att taxiförarna föreslår brottsförebyggande åtgärder såsom att installera övervakningskamera och att få utbildning i kundbemötande. De viktigaste slutsatserna som har dragits är att brottsutsatthet hos taxiförare fortfarande är ett problem och att säkerhetsåtgärder i form av larm och övervakningskamera samt utbildning i kundbemötande är önskvärt. / The purpose of this study has been to examine how the crime victimization among taxi drivers in Örnsköldsvik, Sundsvall, Hudiksvall and Gävle looks, to examine if situational measures conceivably reduce the risk of crime victimization and to get insight in what the taxi drives themselves think about how to reduce the risk of crime victimization. This has been examined through a questionnaire survey and the data has been analyzed through univariate analysis and content analysis. The results show that the crime victimization differs between the taxi drivers regarding age, sex, ethnicity and professional experience, that alarms and surveillance cameras conceivably reduce the risk of crime victimization, and that the taxi drivers suggest crime prevention measures such as installing surveillance cameras and education in customer service. The most important conclusions that have been drawn are that crime victimization among taxi drivers is still a problem and that safety measures in terms of alarms and surveillance cameras as well as education in customer service are desirable.

L’état de surveillance dans lequel est plongée la société contemporaine contraint à ériger des dispositifs spécifiques de sécurité. Les méthodes de surveillance utilisées relèvent principalement de l’observation et de l’écoute. De ce fait, le septième art, jouant sur « l’audio – visuel », se serait réapproprié certains de ces dispositifs comme celui de la caméra de surveillance.Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le courant des Visual Culture Studies, etcherche à faire l’archéologie puis l’analyse d’un regard particulier, tel que le cinéma de fiction l’actualise très souvent depuis plusieurs années, celui des caméras de surveillance. Ainsi, la prolifération de ces images de surveillance dans les filmsmontre l’impact de phénomènes sociaux dans la représentation tant des images desautorités, que celles produites par les citoyens A travers les concepts de la surveillance, en passant par ceux de la sousveillance, la caméra de surveillance aucinéma apporte des points de vues divers sur le monde qui nous entoure en puisantégalement dans des représentations hybrides via l’intermédialité proposée par les films. / The contemporary society is immersed in a state of surveillance, which forces it to set up specific security devices. The surveillance techniques used are mainlybased on observation and listening. Thus, cinema, as an audio and visual art has adopted some of these devices, such as the surveillance camera.This research takes part in the Visual Culture Studies, and aims to offer anarcheological description followed by the analysis of a specific gaze, that of the surveillance cameras, which has often been actualized over the past several years through narrative cinema. Consequently, the increased presence of thesesurveillance images in the movies shows the impact of social phenomenons in the representation of images produced by the authorities and those produced by private citizens. With the notions of surveillance and sousveillance, the surveillance camerain cinema displays several points of view of the world that surrounds us, using also hybrid representations through the intermediality offered by films.

This master's thesis is focused on fully automatic calibration of traffic surveillance camera, which is used for speed measurement of passing vehicles. Thesis contains and describes theoretical information and algorithms related to this issue. Based on this information and algorithms, a comprehensive system design for automatic calibration and speed measurement was built. The proposed system has been successfully implemented. The implemented system is optimized to process the smallest portion of the video input for the automatic calibration of the camera. Calibration parameters are obtained after processing only two and half minutes of input video. The accuracy of the implemented system was evaluated on the dataset BrnoCompSpeed. The speed measurement error using the automatic calibration system is 8.15 km/h. The error is mainly caused by inaccurate scale acquisition, and when it is replaced by manually obtained scale, the error is reduced to 2.45 km/h. The speed measuring system itself has an error of only 1.62 km/h (evaluated using manual calibration parameters).