Le contexte particulier de la pandémie de la COVID-19 a engendré pour tous des bouleversements sociaux et économiques et plusieurs mesures exceptionnelles ont été mises en place, dont celle du couvre-feu, imposée au Québec en date du 9 janvier 2021 à 20 h 00. Les politiques adoptées pour atténuer la propagation de la COVID-19 constituent une expérience sociale sans précédent. La théorie des activités routinières prédit que les mesures qui influencent les activités sociales auront un impact certain sur la criminalité. Le couvre-feu a considérablement réduit les probabilités d’un tel regroupement, du moins pendant une période définie (par exemple, de 20 h 00 à 5 h 00). Il est possible que le couvre-feu ait pu avoir un impact sur la délinquance, mais aussi sur son déplacement dans l'espace et dans le temps. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’évaluer l’impact du couvre-feu imposé en janvier 2021 sur la criminalité dans la ville de Montréal. Plus spécifiquement, ce mémoire vise à évaluer : (1) s’il y a eu une augmentation ou une diminution de la criminalité, tout en examinant l’impact sur les différents types de crimes, (2) les heures de commission des délits et les types de lieux affectés par ces variations. Les analyses de type spatio-temporelles sont basées sur les données officielles de la criminalité du Service de police de la ville de Montréal (SPVM). Alors que la plupart des études disponibles jusqu'à présent se sont penchées sur l'impact du COVID sur le nombre de crimes (enregistrés), celle-ci recherche spécifiquement l'existence de déplacement dans l'espace et dans le temps. Ce mémoire apporte donc une contribution importante à la littérature sur les impacts d’un couvre-feu sur le crime. En effet, les résultats indiquent que la criminalité diminue initialement à la suite de l’imposition du couvre-feu, cependant cette perturbation est temporaire uniquement. De plus, un déplacement temporel est constaté puisque les taux de crimes sont plus élevés dans les heures où la mesure n’est pas en vigueur. Au niveau géographique, il n’y a pas de déplacement spatial de la criminalité observé à la suite du couvre-feu. Il est intéressant pour les décideurs de connaître les impacts de ce type de mesure sur la criminalité. / The particular context of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused social and economic upheavals for all and several exceptional measures have been put in place, including a curfew, imposed in Quebec on January 9, 2021 at 8:00 p.m. The policies adopted to mitigate the propagation of COVID-19 are an unprecedented social experiment. Routine activity theory predicts that measures that influence social activities will significantly impact crime. The curfew has greatly reduced the likelihood of such a gathering, at least for a defined period (e.g., from 8:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m.). It is possible that the curfew could have impacted not only crime but also its movement in space and time. This research aims to assess the impact of the curfew on crime in the city of Montreal. More specifically, it aims to assess: (1) whether there has been an increase or a decrease in crime while examining the impact on different types of crime, (2) the times of commission of the offences and the types of locations affected by these variations. Spatio-temporal analyses are based on official crime data from the police department of Montreal. While most studies available so far have looked at the impact of COVID on the number of (recorded) crimes, this one specifically seeks the existence of displacement in space and in time. This dissertation contributes significantly to the literature on the impacts of a curfew on crime. Indeed, the results indicate that crime initially decreases following the imposition of the curfew, but this disruption is only temporary. Additionally, a temporal displacement is observed as crime rates are higher during the hours when the curfew is not in effect. There are no indicators of spatial displacement due to the curfew. Understanding the impacts of such measures on crime is important for policymakers.

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Title: The men we don’t see, and the women we can’t hear: A qualitative interview study about prostitution and human trafficking in hotel environment. This qualitative interview study aims to put a light on hotel staff’s experiences of how prostitution and human trafficking exist within their workplaces. We examine this on the basis of the Swedish policy ‘Hotellkurage’ as a crime prevention method in the hotel environment in Northern Sweden. The policy is built on the idea of civil courage and aims to include both hotel staff and hotel guests. Thematic analysis was used to collect data and code it to themes describing similarities, differences and patterns in the data. The theoretical framework for this thesis is based on the routine activity theory, the bystander effect, the emotional labor theory, and the halo effect within stereotypes. By interviewing six informants with different work positions we discovered that it seems to be hard for the hotel staff to intervene based on their gut feeling in situations involving violence. We also found that there is an underlying expectation on hotel staff to have knowledge about handling situations of prostitution and/or human trafficking, and cope with their personal emotions through out emotional labor. The role conflict of being service-minded and intervene in situations involving prostitution or human trafficking are severe. The organizational conditions, response from the management and the cooperation with local police seem to be crucial in order to use methods based on civil courage in hotel staff’s working environment. Hotel staff should be more educated and encouraged to act upon their gut feeling in situations involving prostitution and human trafficking. Finally, the study finds that stereotypes of perpetrators in prostitution and human trafficking usually don’t add up to the stereotypical view of a perpetrator due to their often common apperance. Also, the victims of prostitution and human trafficking are viewed in a stereotypical way, which leads to a higher risk of other vulnerable social groups not to be discovered in the hotel environment.

Hintergrund: Psychische Auffälligkeiten beginnen häufig im Kindesalter und können in psychische Störungen münden. Vorhandene Präventionsangebote werden trotz Wirksamkeit nur spärlich in Anspruch genommen. Ziel war zu prüfen, inwiefern durch die Etablierung einer Versorgungskette Risikokinder frühzeitig identifiziert und Präventionsmaßnahmen zugewiesen werden können, sowie inwieweit indikative Präventionsprogramme schlussendlich in Anspruch genommen werden. - Methoden: In einer prospektiven Implementationsstudie wurde während der regulären U9- bis U11-Gesundheitsuntersuchungen (Altersbereich: 5–10 Jahre) der „Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire“ als Screeninginstrument an Familien ausgegeben. Diese erhielten von ihren Kinderärzt*innen unmittelbar eine Ergebnisrückmeldung und im Falle von grenzwertig auffälligen emotionalen oder Verhaltensproblemen eine Empfehlung für ein indikatives Präventionsprogramm. Vor Programmteilnahme fand im Vorgespräch eine Indikationsprüfung statt. - Ergebnisse: Im Raum Dresden beteiligten sich n = 46 (38,7 %) Kinderärzt*innen am Projekt. In n = 28 Kinderarztpraxen nahmen n = 3231 (86,4 %) Familien am Screening teil, n = 864 (26,7 %) Kinder, deren Familien eine Ergebnisrückmeldung erhielten, bekamen eine Präventionsempfehlung. Zur Präventionsprogrammteilnahme meldeten sich n = 118/864 (13,7 %) Familien selbstständig. n = 215/624 (35,5 %) zeigten Interesse nach projektinitiierter Kontaktaufnahme. Über andere Zugangswege kamen n = 139 Teilnahmeanfragen. n = 337 (n = 461; über alle Zugangswege) Vorgespräche wurden geführt. Schließlich nahmen n = 237 (n = 337) Kinder ein indikatives Präventionsprogramm in Anspruch. - Schlussfolgerung: Eine Ausweitung der Vorsorgeuntersuchung auf psychische Auffälligkeiten ist umsetzbar, nützlich und erfährt breite Akzeptanz. Um eine Versorgungskette einzurichten, sollte eine Angebotsstruktur etabliert werden, um damit die Zuweisung zu und Inanspruchnahme von Präventionsmaßnahmen zu ermöglichen. / Background: Mental health problems usually have their onset in childhood. Undiagnosed, they may progress into mental disorders. Despite their effectiveness, existing preventive programs have been rarely used. We aimed to examine to what extent the establishment of a care chain can identify children at high risk at an early stage and assign them to preventive interventions. In addition, prevention program participation was assessed. - Methods: In a prospective implementation study, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was administered as a screening instrument to families during regular pediatric health examinations (U9–U11, child age 5–10 years). Families received feedback directly from the pediatrician, and in the case of borderline abnormal emotional or behavioral problems, a recommendation for an indicative prevention program. Program indication was additionally determined in an entry examination prior to program participation. - Results: In the area of Dresden (Germany), n = 46 (38.7%) pediatricians participated in the project. In n = 28 pediatric practices, n = 3231 (86.4%) families participated in the screening and n = 864 (26.7%) children received a prevention recommendation. Of the families, n = 118/864 (13.7%) self-registered for the prevention programs, n = 215/624 (35.5%) showed interest after being contacted by the study teamn. Through other pathways, n = 139 families requested participation. Clinical evaluation interviews to assess prevention indication were conducted in n = 337 children (n = 461; via all entry pathways). Finally, n = 237 (n = 337) children participated in an indicated prevention program. - Conclusion: Expanding screening to mental health problems during regular health checkups is feasible, useful, and widely accepted. In order to implement a care chain, a supply structure should be established to enable referral to and uptake of preventive interventions.

I dagens samhälle har den brottslighet som drabbar företagen blivit vardag och de efterföljande konsekvenserna är många. I Landskrona kommun har ungefär hälften av handelsidkarna blivit utsatta för brott och en majoritet är oroliga för att drabbas. Till följd av denna problematik syftar studien till att fördjupa förståelsen gällande Landskronas handelsidkares upplevelser av oro och utsatthet för brott, hur de arbetar mot problematiken idag samt vilka åtgärder de önskar implementeras. Utifrån resultatet har även åtgärdsförslag utarbetats. För att uppnå studiens syfte tillämpades åtta kvalitativa intervjuer med handelsidkare i Landskrona. En tematisk analys av intervjuerna resulterade i sex teman; oro för utsatthet, utsatthet, förändring, tillämpade åtgärder, rättssystemet och önskade åtgärder. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av handelsidkarna inte upplevde en oro att utsättas för brott samt att det skett en positiv utveckling i Landskrona. Alla deltagare vittnade om en utsatthet för brott där stöldbrottslighet drabbade dem främst. Dock polisanmäldes endast vissa brott och det framkom ett missnöje gällande att anmälningar sällan resulterade i något. Från intervjuerna framträdde även en okunskap gällande hur och när polisanmälningar kan och bör genomföras. Handelsidkarnas åtgärder inkluderar bland annat kamerabevakning, väktare, skalskydd, kommunikation, uppmärksamhet mot kunder och larm. Deltagarna önskar främst mer poliser och väktare i stan, fler bevakningskameror och förbättrad kommunikation. För att öka tryggheten och minska brottsutsattheten bland handelsidkare i Landskrona föreslås 1) utbildningsinsatser om polisanmälan och andra lagar och regler som är av relevans för handelsidkare, 2) ökad kommunikation via appen Säkerhetscenter och 3) ökad samverkan mellan kommun, skola, polis och handelsidkare. Förslag på framtida forskning inkluderar bland annat att liknande studier genomförs i andra städer eller med andra deltagare. / Crime affects businesses everyday, and the consequences that follow are numerous. About half of the retailers in Landskrona were victims of crime, with many fearful of victimization. As a result of this problem, the study aims to deepen the understanding of Landskrona’s retailers’ experiences of fear of crime and crime victimization, how they are currently addressing the problem, and what measures they would want to see implemented. Based on the results, three crime prevention strategies have been proposed. The research questions were answered by conducting eight qualitative interviews with retailers in central Landskrona. A thematic analysis of the interviews resulted in six themes: fear of crime, experiences of victimization, development, implemented measures, the legal system, and desired actions. The results indicated that a majority of retailers did not experience a significant fear of being victimized and that the overall development in Landskrona has been positive. All participants had been victims of crime and theft were the most common. However, few crimes were reported to the police and the retailers expressed discontent with the fact that reports rarely result in anything. The result also showed a lack of knowledge regarding how and when a crime should be reported. Crime prevention strategies used by the retailers include surveillance cameras, security guards, exterior protection, communication, attentiveness to customers, and alarms. There was a desire for enhanced police and security guards on patrol, increased camera surveillance, and communication with other retailers. To reduce fear of crime and victimization among retailers in Landskrona, this study proposes 1) educational initiatives regarding reporting crime, 2) improved communication through an app, and 3) increased collaboration between the municipality, schools, police, and retailers. Proposals for future research include among other things that similar studies are conducted in other cities or with other participants.

Health practitioners collect health data on a daily basis at health facility levels in order to monitor and evaluate the performance of priority national health programmes (District Health Plan 2012:6). Routine data quality for health programmes monitoring need a collective intervention to ensure clear understanding for what data to be collected at primary health care setting. The aim of the study is to explore the understanding of routine health data, determine the use of routine data and feedback mechanism at primary health care clinic setting. Quantitative descriptive research design was used to answer the research question on this research study. Structured data collection questionnaire was used for the study to accomplish the research purpose and reach the study objectives. A total of 400 participants was sampled, and 247 responded. One of the findings was that the understanding of routine health data by Health Practitioners was at 82.6% (% = f/n*100, f= 3242 and n= 3926). / Health Studies

Health practitioners collect health data on a daily basis at health facility levels in order to monitor and evaluate the performance of priority national health programmes (District Health Plan 2012:6). Routine data quality for health programmes monitoring need a collective intervention to ensure clear understanding for what data to be collected at primary health care setting. The aim of the study is to explore the understanding of routine health data, determine the use of routine data and feedback mechanism at primary health care clinic setting. Quantitative descriptive research design was used to answer the research question on this research study. Structured data collection questionnaire was used for the study to accomplish the research purpose and reach the study objectives. A total of 400 participants was sampled, and 247 responded. One of the findings was that the understanding of routine health data by Health Practitioners was at 82.6% (% = f/n*100, f= 3242 and n= 3926). / Health Studies

This study investigates the nature of Asperger's Syndrome and specifically the social impairments experienced by learners affected by this syndrome. The incorrect social language, narrow interests and repetitive routines, and the deficits of theory of mind, central coherence and executive functioning of learners with Asperger's Syndrome are also outlined, and an attempt is made to relate these impairments to the social difficulties that learners with Asperger's Syndrome may experience in any inclusive setting. Chapters two and three comprise an in-depth literature study on this specific subject, thus forming a basis for the empirical research reported in chapter five. A qualitative research design is used, first to gain information about and understanding of the nature of the social impairments that afflict learners with Asperger's Syndrome, and secondly to gauge the effectiveness of using social stories as a means to assist the social development of affected learners. More specifically, an ethnographic research design has been chosen for its flexibility which readily permits last-minute adjustments to suit any design, and also because it helps to give meaning to personal encounters. The sensitive nature of the topic is another important reason for choosing this approach (ie. interaction with the researcher could be "fine-tuned" to achieve the ends of this adapted interview situation effectively, circumspectly and safely without undue upset for all concerned). The interview responses of two mothers of learners with Asperger's Syndrome, as well as the observation of these learners are reported. The results of the interviews and observations are checked against the literature study for corroboration in order to bring about a more positive awareness of the impairments experienced by these learners. The technique of social stories was investigated as a method of enhancing the social development of learners with Asperger's Syndrome. Three specific social stories were developed for this research in order to test the effectiveness of this method. Positive outcomes were achieved after implementation of the stories. Results of this study indicated that knowledge and understanding of Asperger's Syndrome, as well as positive attitudes, are critical to ensure the acceptance and accommodation of learners with Asperger's Syndrome in the school environment and in society as a whole. Also, the issue of accommodating learners with Asperger's Syndrome in an inclusive setting should receive concerted attention since it can have major implications for their educational prospects. / Educational Studies / Thesis (D. Ed.)

Text in English / As an external cause of death, strangulation represents an extreme and particularly pernicious form of violence. Following the evidence gap in the extant literature, the current research examined the incidence, distributions, individual and situational predictors, and structural determinants of homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg for the period 2001-2010. The thesis is structured around four discrete but interrelated studies, which collectively offer an initial contribution to the body of scholarship on homicide generally, and on the characteristics and patterns of strangulation homicide specifically. The research drew on data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System and the South African National Census. Study I is a descriptive study that quantifies the extent of homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg and describes its distribution by characteristics of person, time, place and alcohol consumption. The remaining studies are analytical in focus, and are aimed at explaining homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg in terms of its determinants. These studies are differentiated by their focus on individual-level and neighbourhood-level risks. Study II assesses overall homicide strangulation risk in relation to all the other leading causes of homicide. Study III undertakes further disaggregation to investigate homicidal strangulation risk by gender specifically. Study IV considers the socio-structural correlates and geographic distributions of fatal strangulation. The study engages select micro-level and macro-level theories that focus on the intersection between vulnerability and routine activities, gender and neighbourhood derivatives of violence to explain the social ecology of lethal strangulation. The research findings demonstrate that homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg is a unique phenomenon that is distinct from overall homicide. As the fourth leading cause of homicide in the City of Johannesburg, fatal strangulation exhibits a marked female preponderance in victimisation and distinctive socio-demographic, spatio-temporal, sex-specific and neighbourhood-level variation in risk. The study is aligned with the increasing trend towards disaggregating overall homicide into more defined and conceptually meaningful categories of homicide. The study may represent one of the first empirical investigations that also attempts to offer theoretically-derived explanations of homicidal strangulation in South Africa. Fatal strangulation is a multi-faceted phenomenon that requires multi-dimensional and multi-level interventions directed at several points of its social ecology. / Psychology / D. Phil. (Psychology)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is a key maternal and child health intervention in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in South Africa. Accordingly, the PMTCT programme has been incorporated in the District Health Management Information System (DHMIS) that collects monthly facility-based data to support the management of public health services. To date, there has not been a comprehensive evaluation of the PMTCT information system. By comparing the experiences in two health districts, using the Performance of Routine Information System Management (PRISM) framework and tools, this study seeks to evaluate the availability, quality and use of process and output indicators for monitoring PMTCT interventions. A comparative analytical and observational study was undertaken using a multi-method approach which included: a self-administered survey of health information personnel to assess confidence and competence levels for routine health information system (RHIS) tasks, an assessment of the routine PMTCT data for quality, completeness, accuracy, and data use; and a facility survey of RHIS processes and resources. In addition, in-depth interviews with 22 key informants and observations in health facilities were conducted. Data were collected from 57 health facilities in a convenience sample of two health districts, and also from 182 health information personnel in the 57 health facilities, three sub-districts, and two district offices. Descriptive statistics, χ2-test, correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted using STATA® Version 13. A general inductive approach was also used to analyse the qualitative data, which was used for triangulation. The study revealed considerable data quality concerns for the PMTCT information with an average accuracy between the register and routine monthly report of 51% and between the routine monthly reports and DHMIS database of 84% suggesting that the primary point of departure for accurate transfer of data is during the collation process. The importance of human factors was emphasised by the observation that the average confidence level for performing RHIS-related tasks (69%) was not commensurate with the average competence levels (30%). Education was found to be associated with competence, implying that levels of education may be associated with the level at which RHIS competencies are acquired; and that three years or more of post-matriculation education is necessary. Motivation, on the other hand was not associated Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iv with competence. The study observed the absence of processes such as data-quality checks and data-analysis in place in facilities. There was a general absence of a culture of information use, as a result of lack of trust in the data, and the inability of programme and facility managers to analyse, interpret and use information. We observed differences in the data accuracy by organisational authority, and multivariate analysis and qualitative information suggested that feedback may be an essential process to ensure quality. Although the PRISM framework has been developed from a multi-disciplinary evidence base, this study has been able to validate some of the internal assumptions but has also found some aspects that were not supported such as motivation and data display. Data collected from a larger number of facilities will be required to investigate this further. Institutional capacity to improve RHIS processes, ensure core competencies for RHIS-related tasks are needed, and in the longer term, measures to tackle problems associated with low pass rates in numeracy subjects among high school learners are needed. Further exploration of the possible factors that may influence data accuracy, such as supervision, training and leadership are needed as well as investigating the relationships between human and institutional agency-related aspects, in particular, how individual actions can bring about changes in institutional routines. Further study is needed to determine how decision for planning and evaluating key programmes such as PMTCT are made, and what informs such decisions if not routine data. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die lig van Suid Afrika se MIV/VIGS-pandemie kan ’n ingryping op gesondheidsvlak ’n belangrike rol speel om moeder-na-kind-oordrag (beter bekend as PMTCT) van MIV te voorkom. ’n Inligtingstelsel vir distriksgesondheidsbestuur – die DHMIS – was ontwerp vir die invordering van maandelikse fasiliteitsdata, wat gebruik kan word om die bestuur van openbare gesondheidsdienste en -programme te ondersteun. Die inligtingstelsel self was nog nie omvattend evalueer nie. Hierdie studie het die ervarings van twee gesondheidsdistrikte vergelyk met behulp van die PRISM- (Performance of Routine Information System) raamwerk en -instrumente. Derhalwe het hierdie studie die beskikbaarheid, gehalte en gebruik van proses- en uitsetaanwysers probeer bepaal om die PMTCT-ingrypings te monitor. ’n Vergelykende analitiese en waarnemingstudie is onderneem met behulp van ’n veelvuldige benadering. Die verskillende metodes het ’n selfopname onder gesondheidsinligtingspersoneel ingesluit om hul selfvertroue en bevoegdheid in roetinegesondheidsinligtingstelsel (RHIS)-take te evalueer. Daar was ook ’n assessering van die PMTCT-roetinedata om datagehalte, -volledigheid, -akkuraatheid en -gebruik te beoordeel.’n Fasiliteitsopname oor RHIS-prosesse en –hulpbronne was ook gedoen. Ander navorsingsmetodes het diepte-onderhoude met 22 sleutelpersone ingesluit, sowel as waarnemings in gesondheidsfasiliteite. Data is van 182 gesondheidsinligtingpersoneel van die 57 gesondheidsfasiliteite in ’n geriefsteekproef van twee gesondheidsdistrikte ingesamel. Deskriptiewe statistiek, χ2-toetsing, korrelasie en veelvoudige regressie is met behulp van STATA® weergawe 13 ontleed. ʼn Algemene induktiewe benadering is ook gevolg om die kwalitatiewe data te ontleed. Die studie toon dat menslike faktore ’n impak op datagehalte en -inligting kan hê, met ’n gemiddelde akkuraatheidsyfer van 51% van beide die register en roetine maandelikse verslae. Die akkuraatheid van die maandelikse verslae en RHIS databasis is 84%, wat aandui dat akkuraatheid slegs toegepas word indien inligting uit die staanspoor korrek aangeteken word. Die impak van menslike hulpbronafaktore was beklemtoon toe daar bevind was dat hoewel 69% van RHIS-dataverwerkers vertroue getoon het in die gebruik van RHIS-verwante take, slegs 30% wel bevoeg was om die werk te doen. Opvoeding was grootliks geassosieer met bevoegdheid, wat moontlik voorstel dat sekere vlakke van opvoeding benodig word vir spesifieke RHIS-bevoegdhede. Minsten drie jaar tersiêre opleiding word aanbebeel. Motivering was nie met Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za vi bevoegdheid geklassifeer nie. Die studie het bevind dat daar te min aandag aan datagehalte en –analise gegee word in fasiliteite. Oor die algemeen was daar nie ’n ordentlike kultuur van inligtinggebruik nie, a.g.v. die feit dat daar nie vertroue in die data was nie. Terselftertyd was program- en fasiliteitbestuurders nie bevoeg om inligting te analiseer en ontleed nie. Ons het verskille in die akkuraatheid van data opgetel wat deur organisasie-hoofde gedoen was. Meervoudige analise en kwalitatiewe informasie stel voor dat terugvoering ’n belangrike deel van die proses moet wees om kwaliteit te verseker. Hoewel die PRISM-raamwerk saamgestel was uit ’n multi-dissiplinêre bewyslewering, kon hierdie studie sommige van die interne voorneme valideer, maar daar was aspekte wat nie gestaaf kon word nie. Inligting van ’n groter aantal fasiliteite sal benodig word om verder hierna ondersoek in te stel. Institusionele kapasiteit word benodig om RHIS-prosesses te verbeter en basiese vaardighede vir RHIS-verwante take te verseker. Op langtermynvlak moet daar ook gekyk word na probleme wat lei tot laë slaagsyfers in syfervaardighede in hoërskoolleerders. Verdere ondersoek moet ingestel word om vas te stel watter faktore moontlik akkurate data teweeg kan bring. Dit sluit toesig, opleiding en leierskap, asook die verhoudings tussen menslike en agentskap-verwante aspekte in. Die feit dat optrede op individuele vlak veranderings in institusionele roetines kan aanbring, moet spesifiek na gekyk word. Verdere studies kan help om vas te stel hoe besluite vir beplanning en evaluaring vir hoofprogramme soos PMTCT gemaak word – asook hoe die besluite gemaak word indien hulle nie roetine voorafgaan nie.