Il y a encore quelques années, être homosexuel, en couple et adopter un enfant relevait de l’utopie. Aujourd’hui, l’adoption par des couples homosexuels est devenue une réalité légale et une possibilité concrète dans plusieurs pays du monde.Pourtant, lorsqu’il faut placer les enfants dans des familles adoptives, l’orientation sexuelle des futurs parents demeure une question controversée qui divise l’opinion publique (Patterson, 2009). Souvent, le débat oppose « le droit de l’enfant », défendu par la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant, et « le droit à l’enfant », réclamé par les homosexuels ou sympathisants (Herbrand 2006).Entre les débats socio-politiques, les controverses de nature idéologique et éthique, ces nouvelles familles, de plus en plus nombreuses, affirment haut et fort leur droit à « sortir de l’oubli » et s’engagent dans une bataille dont l’objectif est de normaliser leur contexte familial aux yeux de la société.Malgré l’expansion de l’adoption homoparentale, l’expérience de vie de ces nouvelles familles est à peine abordée dans la littérature scientifique actuelle. En effet, même si, ces quarante dernières années, de nombreuses recherches ont été consacrées à l’homoparentalité, très peu d’études se sont focalisées sur les familles ayant choisi l’adoption comme mode de filiation, surtout dans le contexte européen.L’objectif de la présente recherche était de combler ce vide dans la littérature, en analysant les expériences de la première génération de familles adoptives homoparentales résidant en Europe. Pour ce faire, nous avons donné la parole à 31 familles adoptives homoparentales, sur un total de 62 parents adoptifs (46 gays et 16 lesbiennes) et de 44 enfants adoptés (entre 3 et 18 ans) en Belgique, France et Espagne.Ces trois pays ont été choisis pour les éléments qu’ils partagent ou qui les opposent dans le contexte socio-politique des droits des minorités sexuelles et la procédure d’adoption. La Belgique et l’Espagne sont considérées aujourd’hui comme deux des pays les plus avant-gardistes et gay- friendly en Europe et dans le monde entier. De fait, ces deux pays ont été parmi les premiers à ouvrir l’adoption aux couples de même sexe(respectivement en 2006 et 2005). En revanche, la France n’a légiféré sur cette question qu’en 2013, après des débats longs et houleux qui ont suscité de nombreuses réactions.Etudier les familles homoparentales dans ces trois pays nous a permis d’avoir accès à des situations d’adoption différentes: en effet, tous les participants belges ont adopté des enfants en bas âge via une procédure d’adoption conjointe nationale, tandis que tous les participants français et la plupart des espagnols ont adopté des enfants à l’étranger et généralement plus âgés, via une procédure où seul l’un des deux partenaires adoptait légalement l’enfant.La théorie qui a orienté notre étude est celle du cycle de vie de la famille adoptive (Brodzinsky, Smith & Brodzinsky, 1998; Brodzinsky & Pinderhughes, 2002; Hajal & Rosenberg, 1991). S’inspirant du schéma « classique » du cycle de vie (Carter & McGoldrick, 1980) cette théorie identifie des phases clef à travers lesquelles la famille adoptive transite :la phase pré-adoption, durant laquelle le couple est souvent confronté à l’infertilité et décide d’entamer un parcours adoptif ;la procédure d’adoption, souvent vécue comme un moment de stress et d’incertitude; l’arrivée de l’enfant dans la famille, suivie du processus de « parentage » de l’enfant adopté, différent en fonction de l’âge de celui-ci (préscolaire, scolaire, ou adolescent). Selon cette conception, à chaque étape du cycle de vie, la famille adoptive est confrontée à de nouveaux défis et tâches développementales, qui sont à la fois similaires et différents de ceux vécus par des familles non-adoptives.Cette recherche avait pour but d’éclairer à la fois le vécu des homoparents adoptifs et des enfants adoptés au sein de ces nouvelles familles, en analysant leurs expériences en fonction de l’étape de leur cycle de vie.En ce qui concerne les parents, nous avons analysé trois moments clefs: le processus décisionnel, le parcours d'adoption et leurs expériences en tant qu’homoparents suite à l'arrivée de l'enfant dans la famille. Plus précisément, les questions suivantes ont guidé notre recherche :quel cheminement a été celui des homoparents avant de choisir l'adoption ?Quels sont les enjeux de la transition à l’homoparentalité adoptive ?Et quels sont les défis et les tâches parentales auxquels ils sont confrontés suite à l’adoption ?Concernant les enfants, nous avons analysé leur construction identitaire à différentes étapes de leur développement. Notre attention s’est portée sur les questions suivantes :quelle est l’expérience subjective de ces enfants ?Quelles sont les spécificités de leur construction identitaire à l’intersection de la situation adoptive et homoparentale ?Quelles sont leurs questions, leurs demandes tout au long de leur développement ?Ainsi, un intérêt particulier a été consacré à la thématique de la perte des parents de naissance et à l'exploration de dynamiques familiales au tour de cette issue. Plus précisément, nous avons analysé la communication familiale concernant la « double appartenance » des enfants (famille d’origine et famille adoptive) afin de répondre aux questions de recherche suivantes :comment ces familles gèrent- elles la perte des parents d’origine ?Quels sont les sentiments des homoparents et des enfants adoptés vis-à-vis des parents de naissance? Et comment cela impacte-t-il les dynamiques familiales ?Du point de vue méthodologique, nous avons conduit des entretiens semi-structurés et soumis les homoparents et leurs enfants à un test projectif graphique (La Double Lune, Greco 1999). L’entretien visait à approfondir les expériences des participants ;le test projectif, en permettant d’accéder à une dimension «plus inconsciente », a complété les informations obtenues. Cet instrument projectif s’est révélé particulièrement utile pour l’exploration des sentiments et des dynamiques relationnelles autour de la thématique de la perte de la famille d’origine.L’originalité de la présente recherche consiste dans le fait qu’elle est pionnière dans le contexte européen ainsi que dans le domaine psychologique. Notre étude a le mérite de fournir des réponses scientifiques à une question sociale de grande actualité, en recentrant les débats sur les principaux intéressés :les homoparents et leurs enfants. Leurs récits nous ouvrent la porte à un nouvel univers familial, dont les « points de repères » et les critères sont uniques et nouveaux. Les familles adoptives homoparentales sont des avant-gardistes de la société, des petits laboratoires de nouveaux mondes possibles. Ces familles anticipent et précèdent. Par leur exemple, elles accélèrent les changements de la société, elles poussent vers le futur.Les expériences des familles rapportées dans la présente thèse nous amèneront, page après page, à déconstruire nos propres préconceptions de la famille, du couple et de la filiation et à porter de « nouveaux regards » qui permettent de saisir l’incontestable richesse dont ces nouvelles géométries familiales sont dépositaires. Leurs témoignages nous permettront de concevoir une nouvelle manière de faire famille, mais aussi de « repenser » et « réinventer » le principe de l’adoption, sur base de leur expérience inédite. / Only a few years ago, being homosexual, in a relationship, and adopting a child was a utopia. Nowadays, same-sex adoption is a legal reality and a concrete possibility in many countries in the world. However, the right of gay and lesbian people to adopt a child remains a controversial issue that strongly divides public opinion. In the debate there are often those who defend “the right of the child” (according to the International Convention on the Rights of the Child) and those, these being sexual minorities and their sympathisers, who defend “the right to a child” (Herbrand 2006). Among socio-political debates, ideological and ethical controversies, these new families, who are becoming more and more numerous, claim, loud and clear, their right to "emerge from oblivion" and engage in a "battle" of which the objective is to normalise their family context in the eyes of society.Despite the progressive diffusion of same-sex adoption, the life experiences of these new families remain practically unexplored in scientific literature. In fact, even if in the last 40 years a great deal of research was dedicated to same-sex parenting, very few studies focused on families who chose adoption as a pathway to parenthood. Especially in the European context, there is a dearth of data on this topic. In order to fill this gap in literature, the present research aimed to analyse the experiences of the first generation of gay and lesbian adoptive families living in Europe. To this end, we gave the floor to 31 adoptive same-sex families, totalling 62 adoptive parents (46 gay men and 16 lesbians) and 44 adopted children (between 3 and 18 years old) living in Belgium, France and Spain.The choice for these three countries was motivated by the fact that they have a number of elements in common but also differ at some points as to the socio-political context of the rights of sexual minorities and the adoption process.Nowadays, Belgium and Spain are considered to be two of the most avant-garde and gay friendly countries both in Europe and worldwide. These two countries were among the first to open adoption to same-sex couples (respectively in 2006 and 2005). In turn, France legislated this aspect only in 2013, after long and controversial social debates. Studying same-sex families in these three countries enabled us to have access to varied adoption situations: in fact, all Belgian participants adopted infants through a joint national adoption procedure, while all the French and most of Spanish participants adopted generally older children abroad, through an international adoption procedure in which only one of the two partners legally adopted the child.Our study was oriented by the adoptive family cycle theory (Brodzinsky et al. 1998; Brodzinsky & Pinderhughes, 2002; Hajal & Rosenberg, 1991). Inspired by the classic theory of the family life cycle (Carter & McGoldrick, 1980), this theory identifies key phases through which the adoptive family transits: the pre-adoptive phase, during which the couple is often confronted with infertility and decides to start an adoption path; the adoption process, often experienced as a period of stress and uncertainty; the arrival of the child in the family, and the successive process of parenting the adopted child which changes according to the child’s age (infancy, preschool, school, or adolescence years). According to this theory, in each stage of the life cycle adoptive families encounter new challenges and developmental tasks, which are both similar and different from those experienced by non-adoptive families.This research aimed to study the experiences of both same-sex parents and the adopted children in these new families, by taking the stage of the family life cycle in which they were into account.On the side of the same-sex parents, we analysed three key moments: the decision-making process, the adoption procedure and their daily experiences as same-sex parents after the arrival of the child in the family.More precisely, the following questions guided our research: What is the personal journey of gay and lesbian people before choosing adoption? What are the main barriers encountered during the transition to same-sex adoptive parenthood? What are the main challenges and parental tasks they face after adoption? On the side of the adopted children, we were interested in exploring their identity construction process at different stages of their development. Our attention was focused on the following research questions: What is the personal experience of these children? What are the specificities of their identity construction at the intersection of their adoptive and family minority statuses? What are their questions and their developmental issues during their growing years?In addition, special attention was paid to the theme of the loss of birth parents and to the exploration of family dynamics surrounding this issue.We particularly studied the family communication concerning the double family connection of adopted children (family of origin and adoptive family), answering the following research questions: How do these families deal with the theme of the loss of the birth family? What are the feelings of same-sex parents and their adopted children towards the birth family? How does this element impact the family dynamics?From a methodological point of view, we conducted semi-structured interviews and applied a projective graphical test (the Double Moon Test, Greco, 1999) to both same-sex parents and their children. The purpose of the interviews was to explore the participants' experiences, while the projective test enriched the information obtained through the interviews, giving access to a more "unconscious" dimension. This projective instrument in particular, proved to be very useful for the exploration of feelings and relational dynamics connected with the theme of the loss of the birth family.The originality of this research is that it is pioneering in the European context as well as in the field of psychology. Our study has the merit of providing scientific answers to a very topical social question, by refocusing debates on the main stakeholders: gay and lesbian parents and their children. Their stories lead us into a new family universe whose distinguishing features and criteria are unique and new. Same-sex families are the avant-garde of society, small laboratories of possible new worlds. These families anticipate and precede. By their example, they accelerate changes in society, they push towards the future. The experiences of the families reported in this thesis will induce us, page after page, to deconstruct our own preconceptions of family, couples and filiation and bring about "a new perspective" that allows us to grasp the undeniable wealth for which these new family geometries are custodians. Their testimonies will allow us to imagine a new way of being a family, but also to "rethink" and "reinvent" the adoption clinic, based on their unique experience. / Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse est une modélisation diasystémique de la flexion verbale de cinq langues sames (famille finno-ougrienne), qui s'inscrit dans le cadre théorique des systèmes complexes. Elle se pose à l'intersection entre la complexité flexionnelle, avec pour but de démêler et modéliser les phénomènes intriqués d'allomorphie paradigmatique, et la complexité dialectale, en comparant cinq systèmes flexionnels de langues formant un réseau dialectal pour déterminer les mécanismes de différentiation et les flux interactifs qui entrent en jeu au sein du diasystème. L'analyse morphologique fait usage du modèle Paradigm Function Morphology, une approche réalisationnelle de la complexité paradigmatique développée par G. Stump, qui permet de modéliser le grand nombre d'alternances thématiques qui font la réputation d'extrême complexité de la flexion same. L'analyse des paradigmes débouche sur une taxinomie des verbes sames, sous la forme de classes flexionnelles, dans chacune des langues étudiées (sames du Sud, de Lule, du Nord, d'Inari et same Skolt), et sur un inventaire détaillé des mécanismes de flexion. À partir de ces modélisations comparables, je développe ensuite une analyse diasystémique de la morphologie verbale same en en interprétant les processus d'intrication, d'auto-organisation et d'émergence au sein du système. La configuration qui en ressort, renforcée par une étude dialectométrique, est celle d'un système dialectal à deux pôles décisionnels majeurs, ouest et est, et au centre une zone de transition et de compromis où se produisent des phénomènes de complexification phonologique et morphologique. / This thesis analyzes the verbal inflection of five Saami languages (Finno-Ugric family) in a diasystemic modelization, working within the framework of Complex Systems Theory. It deals with both inflectional complexity, aiming to untangle and model the intricacy of paradigmatic allomorphy in Saami, and dialectal complexity, by comparing the inflectional systems of five languages organized in a dialect continuum, in order to highlight the mechanisms of differentiation and interactive flows within the diasystem.The morphological analysis uses Paradigm Function Morphology, a realizational approach to paradigmatic complexity developed by G. Stump. This framework gives me the tools needed to model the great number of stem alternations that makes Saami inflection renowned for its extreme complexity. From the paradigm analysis, I work to build a taxonomy of Saami verbs, in the form of inflectional classes, in each of the studied languages (South, Lule, North, Inari and Skolt Saami), and a detailed inventory of inflection mechanisms. Based on these comparable models, I then develop a diasystemic analysis of Saami verbal morphology by modeling the processes of intrication, self-organization and emergence happening in the system. The resulting configuration, reinforced by a dialectometric study, is that of a system with two major decision centers, western and eastern, and in the center a transitional zone of compromise where phonological and morphological complexification phenomena arise.

This feminist poststructuralist study explores discourses of gendered and sexualized subjectivity of South African women who self‐identify as bisexual. The discipline of psychology has typically upheld a monosexual binary, where heterosexuality and homosexuality are positioned as the only legitimate categories of sexual identification. Within such a structure bisexuality is not considered a viable sexual identity. In broader public discourses female bisexuality is generally constructed in delegitimising ways, such as through constructions that necessarily equate bisexuality with promiscuity or describe it as an eroticized male fantasy, as a threat to lesbian politics, or as a strategy to retain heterosexual privilege. Data collection entailed conducting individual interviews with thirteen bisexual women and the transcribed texts were analysed using discourse analysis. The analysis focused on how bisexuality is Constructed in the interview texts, how the various constructions of bisexuality function and how Gendered subjectivity intersects with participants’ identity as bisexual. The analysis identifies a number of discourses that impact on, in varied and contradictory ways, participants’ positioning as bisexual. In a post‐apartheid context, participants regard fixing their Identity along strictly defined lines of difference as oppressive and resist bisexuality as being primary To their identity. Participants challenge the traditional gender binary through unsettling the automatic Linking of sex, gender and sexuality in discourses of sexual desire. However, participants also demonstrate the coercive effects of dominant discourse in the gendered positioning of subjects, with Heterosexuality in particular functioning as a normative sexual category with implications for participants’ gendered subjectivity. It then appears that parallel to its ability to disrupt the gender binary, bisexual discourse also acts in ways to support it. The analysis further indicates that in claiming a bisexual identity, participants risk marginalization in The face of delegitimising discourses that construct them in negative terms of promiscuity, hypersexuality and decadence. Powerful silencing discourses further construct same‐sex attraction As un-African and as sinful. The analysis concludes with a discussion of participants’ strategies to Normalize bisexuality. This study contributes to research accounts that explore diversity in sexual identification and creates Greater visibility of bisexual women in South African discourses of sexuality. It also contributes to theories of female sexual identities and adds to theoretical debates around the challenge to dominant gender and sexuality binaries posed by bisexuality. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Psychology / unrestricted

The aim of this diploma thesis was to provide the insight into the issue of housework among same-sex couples from their perspective. The research was conducted in sense of feminist perspective, which main considered advantages are increased reflexivity in relation to power at all stages of research and more space for the perspective of participators themselves. As a basic technique for data collection semi-structured dyadic interviews with each partner of the couple separately were used, they focused on their individual construction of reality in the context of housework among these couples, but also on participants' thoughts about housework in general. Three lesbian and two gay couples participated in this research. The analysis shows that there prevails egalitarian gender ideology in the context of housework which corresponds to the egalitarian view of the division of housework among same-sex couples in minds of the participants. The division of housework within the participating same- sex couples was mainly governed by the principle of fairness of the distribution, which consists of an equal division of household chores and is affected by personal preferences and previous experience in performing household chores. Fairness of the division, however, rather than with actual equal division of housework is...

Cultural socialization has been linked with child development and outcome, but, to date, the majority of research has focused on race and ethnicity. However, since families headed by gay and lesbian parents experience stigma related to parental sexual orientation, socialization practices may be uniquely important for families headed by gay and lesbian parents. The present study examined same-sex parent socialization among 54 families headed by gay and lesbian parents (52 fathers, 43 mothers, 51 school-aged children) using a cultural socialization framework. Findings revealed that parents engaged in socialization along three dimensions: Cultural Socialization, Preparation for Bias, and Proactive Parenting. Children perceived same-sex parent socialization with less frequency than parents reported engaging in these behaviors across all dimensions. In general, same-sex parent socialization was not associated with child behavioral adjustment. Neither same-sex parent socialization nor child behavioral adjustment was associated with whether parents were gay or lesbian. Results from this study justify the need to broaden our conceptualization of cultural socialization to be more inclusive of these diverse family structures.

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Background: Mental illness is a problem in today's society. Research shows that indigenous people are more at risk for mental health problems than their non-indigenous peers. Discrimination can affect individuals' self-image and mental health. Research shows that healthcare professionals lack cultural understanding for ethnic minorities. Aim: The aim of this literature review is to examine differences in mental illness between the Sámi and non-Sámi population and to describe factors associated to mental illness among the Sámi population Method: This literature review was based on nine quantitative articles. Searches were made in Cinahl and PubMed. The results of the articles were analysed and sorted responding to the aim. Results: Results show that there are differences in mental illness between Sámi and non-Sámi, but the context of these are crucial. Being Sámi can come with protective- and risk factors. The Sámi are more exposed to discrimination which in turn can lead to more mental illness.  Conclusion: The Sámi culture and being Sámi affects mental health in both positive and negative ways. In order to provide equitable care more knowledge and research regarding the Sámi culture and consideration to cultural factors is needed. / Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa är ett utbrett problem i dagens samhälle. Forskning visar att etniska minoriteter och urfolk har en ökad risk för psykisk ohälsa. Diskriminering kan påverka individers självbild och psykiska ohälsa. Forskning visar att vårdpersonal ofta har otillräcklig kulturell kunskap om etniska minoriteter. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka skillnader i psykisk ohälsa mellan samer och icke-samer och beskriva faktorer associerade med psykisk ohälsa hos samer. Metod: Denna litteraturstudie var baserad på nio kvantitativa artiklar. Sökningar gjordes i Cinahl och PubMed. Artiklarna analyserades sedan och sorterades i relation till syftet. Resultat: Resultaten visar att det finns vissa skillnader mellan samer och icke-samer, men kontexten för dessa är viktigt. Att vara same kan komma med både skydds- och riskfaktorer. Forskningen visar även att samer i större utsträckning blir diskriminerade vilket i sin tur kan leda till en försämrad psykisk hälsa. Konklusion: Att vara same påverkar den psykiska hälsan på positiva och negativa plan. För att kunna ge en god personcentrerad vård behövs mer kunskap, forskning samt hänsyn till samernas kultur och de faktorer som påverkar deras psykiska hälsa. / Duohke: Sielulasj dávdda l stuor vuorrádis udnásj sebrudagán. Åtsådallam vuoset etnalasj unneplågo ja álggoálmmuga la lasse váhtá sielulasj dávdav oadtjot. Nuppástallam máhttá vájkudit ájnegasj ulmutjij iesjgåvåv ja sielulasj dávdav. Åtsådallam vuoset skihpasujtára dábálattjat e ane nuoges kultuvralasj máhtov etnalasj unneplågoj birra. Ulmme: Ulmme dán låhkusåhpadusájn la guoradallat sieradusájt sielulasj dávdav sámij ja ma älla sáme gaskan ja tjielggit faktåvråjt ma gulluji sámij sielulasj dávddaj. Vuohke: Avtse kvantitatijva artihkkala li vuodon årrom dán låhkusåhpadusán.  Åhtsåmusá li dagádum Cinahlan ja PubMedan. Dan maŋŋela artihkkala guoraduvvin ja juogeduvvin gasskasasj ulmmáj.   Boados: Boados vuoset gávnnuji muhtem sieradusá sámij ja ma älla sáme gaskan, valla kontäksta dasi la ájnas. Sábmen årrot de båhti goappásj suodje ja váhtáfaktåvrå. Åtsådallam aj vuoset sáme ienep dásen tjuoldeduvvi, vaj dat máhttá sjaddat nievrep psyhkalasj varresvuohtaj. Konklusjåvnnå: Sábmen årrot vájkuda psyhkalasj varresvuodav goappátjin positivalattjat ja negativalattjat. Vaj máhttet vaddet buorre persåvnålasj huvsov de dárbaj ienep máhtov, åtsådallamav ja árvvon adnet sáme kultuvrav ja faktåvråjt majt sijá psyhkalasj varresvuodav vájkut.

This study deals with Karin Stenberg's importance for Lappstaden in Arvidsjaur and how this has affected the identity of the Sami. The theoretical focus is on ethnicity and the method used is semi-structured interviews. Without Stenberg's battle for Lappstaden, the Sami identity would have been weakened in Arvidsjaur. Lappstaden is an important cultural carrier both for the Sami in groups and individually and as a natural hub for the Sami. Storstämningshelgen, a weekend for Sami people to meet, that takes place in Lappstaden every year is important for tradition, identity, and the Sami affiliation.

No / The family as a social institution is often said to be undergoing rapid change or even crisis. Commentary in the media and by policy-makers sometimes claims a `breakdown¿ of the family, asserting that intimate ties of loving and caring are becoming more individualised and self-centred, even selfish. Some scholars see this as part of a broader process whereby traditional social ties such as class, religion and family are fading away. Instead, they argue, people are `compelled to choose their own biographies¿ and personal relationships are being individually and actively chosen from a diverse range of possibilities. Statistically speaking, marriage is decreasing in popularity, whilst living alone, cohabitation and births outside marriage are increasing. But what do trends like this mean? Does this mean `family breakdown¿ or, as much in-depth family research has argued, just that the outward form of families is changing but the inner core - the value people attach to their family relationships ¿ remains central? This project tried to answer this question by examining the British public¿s attitude to different family relationships and parenting arrangements. It looked particularly at cohabitation and marriage, partnering, divorce, solo living, living apart together, same sex relationships and friends.

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