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Yes / The fundamentals and preliminary analyses of an innovative future technology referred to as `semi-active steering' (SAS) are presented in this article. The proposed steering system configuration is similar to a conventional electrical power-assisted steering with the replacement of the rigid steering shaft with a low stiffness resilient shaft (LSRS), the presence of which allows `active control¿ to be performed on vehicles similar to the concept of full steer-by-wire (SBW). But, unlike SBW, the LSRS is an integral part of the system characteristics. The advantages of the semi-active system in comparison with SBWand other conventional systems are demonstrated. A mathematical model to predict the mechanical properties of the LSRS has been developed, and experiments were conducted on a medium-sized car fitted with an LSRS to verify that vehicle stability and drivability can be ensured in the event of active system failure. The results have indicated that the vehicle was stable and safe to be driven at low speeds, and is predicted to be driveable and safe at higher speeds. It is concluded that an SAS system of this type has the potential to improve the safety of SBW systems.

Up to 70 percent of rough mill manufacturing expenses stem from raw material (lumber) cost. Rough mill costs can be reduced by optimizing the lumber grade or grades that are purchased. This solution is known as the least-cost lumber grade-mix solution. The least-cost lumber grade-mix solutions has been a topic of great interest to both the secondary hardwood industry and to academia since even small changes in raw material cost can contribute to substantial reduction in rough mill expenses. A statistical model was developed for finding the least-cost lumber grade-mix which uses the rough mill simulator, ROMI-RIP 2.0, and the statistical package, SAS 8.2. The SAS 8.2-based least-cost lumber grade-mix model was validated by comparing SAS 8.2-based least-cost grade-mix solutions to OPTIGRAMI 2.0, a least-cost lumber grade-mix solver that relies on linear modeling. The SAS 8.2-based least-cost lumber grade-mix solver found lower cost solutions in 9 of 10 cutting bills that were tested. The SAS 8.2-based least-cost lumber grade-mix solver was packaged with ROMI 3.0, an updated version of ROMI-RIP, and provided to industry free of charge by the USDA Forest Service. The USDA Forest Service also purchased a SAS server license to allow least-cost lumber grade-mix solver users free access to SAS 8.2. However, industry users were reluctant to use the USDA Forest Service SAS server since it requires the user to enter individual cost and yield data to a government computer. This solution also required the user to have internet access and limited access to one user at any time. Thus, the goal of this research was to incorporate the least-cost lumber grade-mix solver into ROMI using the free, open source statistical package R 2.7.2. An R 2.7.2-based least-cost lumber grade-mix solver was developed and validated by comparing the R 2.7.2-based least-cost lumber grade-mix solutions to the updated SAS 9.2-based least-cost lumber grade-mix solutions. No differences were found in the least-cost lumber grade-mix solutions from either solver. Thus, a new least-cost lumber grade-mix solver using the R 2.7.2 open source statistical package was created. R 2.7.2 is installed on each personal computer on which the USDA Forest Service's ROMI rough mill simulation software is installed and, thus, no external computing resources are needed when solving the least-cost lumber grade-mix problem. / Master of Science

Yes / The analysis of potentially large volumes of crowd-sourced and social media data is central to meeting the requirements of the ATHENA project. Here, we discuss the various stages of the pipeline process we have developed, including acquisition of the data, analysis, aggregation, filtering, and structuring. We highlight the challenges involved when working with unstructured, noisy data from sources such as Twitter, and describe the crisis taxonomies that have been developed to support the tasks and enable concept extraction. State-of-the-art techniques such as formal concept analysis and machine learning are used to create a range of capabilities including concept drill down, sentiment analysis, credibility assessment, and assignment of priority. We ground many of these techniques using results obtained from a set of tweets which emerged from the Colorado wildfires of 2012 in order to demonstrate the applicability of our work to real crisis scenarios.

To prevent damage to the cabin crew an optimal coffee- and teapot in a number of aspects in airline catering was developed, so called “SAS-kannan”. It was launched in 1980 and has been manufactured in over 300 000 copies, which has worn out the mold and it is in need of replacement. The mold is advanced and it will be expensive to manufacture a new one. August Lundh who is the manufacture of “SAS-kannan” today, want to develop a new product for serving drinks with a cost-effective manufacturing. It should involve the positive qualities on the “SAS-kannan” and be adapted to today's airline catering. The objective of the thesis was to develop an ergonomic and functional product for serving cold drinks with cost-effective production and the adaptation to today's storage trolleys on aircrafts. The research began with a comprehensive theoretical framework consisting of scientific articles and academic approved books. Interviews were made to complement the theoretical framework and primary data was collected. All the gathered information was examined in the next step to ensure the validity and reliability. A case study was conducted at August Lundh by a product development that was based on the examined information. To do more detailed tests 3Dprintings were created of each development. The result was a pitcher that is designed to enable an uncomplicated and ergonomic use. It is also adapted for efficient and stable storage in the ATLASboxes, easy filling of the beverage and washing. The pitcher holds 1.5 liters and is a perfect combination of the number of servings, refills of the pitcher and a low weight. The pitcher is made with injection molding and is made out of the Bisfenol A free plastic Tritan. The grip is designed to give the pitcher an ergonomic use for different sized hands and it is symmetrical to allow equal use of both left and right handed. The spout provides a controlled and even beam, and a drip free serving by cutting the beam properly. The spout is designed so that the pitcher only needs to be tilted 90 degrees from an upright position to be emptied. The lid is a separate part which is put on the pitcher with press-fit and it helps to control the beam during serving and to prevent spills in case of turbulence. The authors believe that the objective has been accomplished by a thorough theoretical framework and an empirical study through interviews and a case study. / För att förhindra skador på kabinpersonal utvecklades SAS-kannan som var en optimal kaffe- och tekanna i ett flertal aspekter inom flygcatering. Den lanserades på 1980-talet och har idag tillverkats i över 300 000 exemplar vilket har medfört att formverktyget blivit slitet och är i behov av att bytas ut. Det befintliga formverktyget är avancerat och det blir dyrt att tillverka ett nytt. August Lundh som idag tillverkar SAS-kannan vill därför utveckla en ny produkt för servering av dryck med en kostnadseffektiv tillverkning. Den ska kunna jämföras med SASkannans positiva egenskaper och vara anpassad för dagens flygcatering. Syftet med examensarbetet var att ta fram en ergonomisk och funktionell produkt för servering av kall dryck med kostnadseffektiv tillverkning samt anpassning till dagens förvaring i serveringsvagnar på flygplan. Forskningsprocessen påbörjades med en omfattande teoretisk referensram bestående av vetenskapliga artiklar och akademiskt godkända böcker. Intervjuer gjordes för att komplettera den teoretiska referensramen och primärdata samlades in. All insamlad information granskades i nästa steg för att säkerställa validiteten och reliabiliteten. En fallstudie utfördes hos August Lundh i form av en produktutveckling som var baserad på den granskade informationen. För att kunna göra utförligare tester skapades 3D-utskrifter av varje utveckling. Resultatet blev en kanna som är utformad för att möjliggöra en enkel och ergonomisk användning. Den är även anpassad för effektiv och stabil förvaring i ATLAS-lådor, enkel påfyllning av dryck samt rengöring. Då kannan rymmer 1,5 liter ger det en perfekt kombination av antal serveringar, påfyllningar av kannan samt en låg vikt. Kannan är formsprutad och är tillverkad i den Bisfenol A-fria plasten Tritan. Greppet är utformat för att ge kannan en ergonomisk användning för olika stora händer och är symmetrisk för att möjliggöra lika användning av både höger- och vänsterhänta. Pipen ger en kontrollerad och jämn stråle samt en droppfri servering genom att skära av strålen ordentligt. Pipen är utformad så att kannan endast behöver vinklas 90 grader från upprätt läge för att kunna tömmas. Locket är en separat del som sätts på kannan med presspassning och hjälper till att kontrollera strålen under servering samt förhindra spill vid eventuell turbulens. Författarna anser att syftet har uppfyllts genom att en grundlig teoretisk referensram och en empirisk studie genom intervjuer och en fallstudie utfördes.

Reporting of sustainability has gained an increasing importance over the past years and companies have begun to take greater responsibility for society. One major reason why sustainability has been recognized is because of the increased climate change in the world. The airline industry, which is seen as an important part of today's tourism, have had a major impact on the social, economic and natural surroundings, which is an contributing factor to today's climate change and air pollution. Airlines can be divided into two categories, low-cost airlines and traditional airlines. These two airlines separates each other by their business ideas and strategies, where low-cost airlines target price-sensitive travelers while traditional airlines are known to have a larger price advantage over the low-cost airlines. Different strategies can lead to separation of the sustainability reports, as companies work in different ways, which has consequences for how they report their sustainability. This is a problem as companies take different social responsibilities. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how sustainability reporting differs between airlines that use different business strategies, by comparing two low-cost airlines with two traditional airlines. The authors first examined already existing theory that has been collected and compared to the companies' sustainability reports. The conclusions of this study have shown big differences between low-cost airlines and traditional airlines reporting of sustainability. An important reason for this is based on the airlines' strategies, where the low-cost airlines apply a low-cost strategy and try to gain competitive advantages by having the industry's lowest costs, while the traditional airlines have a strategy to make the flight as comfortable as possible for the travelers, where high quality and service is important priorities for creating customer satisfaction. The different strategies between the airlines mean that they prioritize different things, which are reflected in their sustainability reports. All airlines have shown clear initiatives to achieve a more sustainable world, but in this study, the traditional airlines have always done a little extra in all the three perspectives.

Face aux problématiques d’accès, de désertification médicale et de qualité des soins, la loi « Hôpital, Patients, Santé, Territoires » (HPST), votée en 2009, représente un socle pour la réorganisation des soins primaires en France. L’accent est mis sur la collaboration entre les professionnels de santé et l’optimisation des compétences de chacun. Le pharmacien d’officine se trouve au coeur de cette loi. Grâce à son accessibilité, sa formation et sa proximité avec les patients sains comme malades, il voit l’opportunité d’étendre ses pratiques au-delà de la simple dispensation des médicaments en fournissant directement des soins au patient. Cette proposition n’est pas une exception française mais s’inspire des expériences internationales et du concept de « soins pharmaceutiques ». Le pharmacien écossais peut désormais être payé à la capitation pour délivrer des consultations pharmaceutiques lors du renouvellement d’ordonnance au patient atteint de maladie chronique; le pharmacien anglais peut prescrire des médicaments dans le cadre d’un plan de gestion clinique et recevoir un honoraire de dispensation; le pharmacien suisse peut organiser des réunions de discussion avec les médecins; et le pharmacien portugais peut vacciner son patient au sein de l’officine. Les illustrations de la diversification des pratiques du pharmacien d’officine sont donc variées et se replacent dans leur contexte national. L’enjeu est aujourd’hui de comprendre les conditions et les effets d’un ensemble d’innovations techniques, organisationnelles et sociales qui pourraient être en faveur du développement des soins pharmaceutiques en France. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de nourrir les débats autour de cette problématique. Un état des lieux de la profession en France et une enquête d’opinion auprès des futurs pharmaciens montrent que le contexte sanitaire, professionnel, économique est propice au développement des pratiques du pharmacien et que l’avenir des soins pharmaceutiques trouve un écho favorable auprès des pharmaciens de demain. Cependant, nombreux sont les facteurs qui peuvent constituer des obstacles à leur diffusion (Chapitres 1 et 2). D’un point de vue économique, d’après une revue de littérature systématique sur l’efficience des soins pharmaceutiques en Europe, les services de surveillance médicamenteuse, de médication officinale, de collaboration entre les professionnels de santé et de promotion de la santé pourraient être, dans certaines conditions, des interventions coût-efficaces d’un point de vue collectif (Chapitre 3). Mais qu’en est-il en France ? On ne dispose pas de travaux sur le sujet. Deux travaux originaux - une étude de cohorte (exposés/non exposés) et une analyse coût-efficacité -, que nous avons menés, se focalisant sur l’implication du pharmacien d’officine dans le dépistage d’une maladie chronique (le syndrome d’apnées du sommeil) montrent que les coûts engendrés par la mise en place d’une telle intervention sont sous certaines conditions compensés par les gains générés, et les résultats sont en faveur de l’implantation du service en pratique de routine (Chapitre 4). / Facing the issues of access, quality and proximity, the "Hospital, Patients, Health and Territories" (HPST) law, passed in 2009, constitutes a basis for the reorganization of primary care in France. The healthcare reform emphasizes on the collaboration between healthcare professionals and the optimization of their skills. The community pharmacist is on the forefront of this reform. Through its accessibility, its training and its proximity with healthy and sick patients, community pharmacists have the opportunity to broaden the scope of their practices beyond the merely dispensing of medication by delivering patient care. This proposal is not a French exception but takes inspiration from international experiences and the concept of "pharmaceutical care." The Scottish pharmacist can now be paid by capitation to renew a prescription for a patient with chronic illness; the English pharmacist can prescribe medication as part of a clinical management plan and receive a dispensing fee, the Swiss pharmacist can organize meetings with general practitioners and in Portugal, pharmacists can vaccinate a patient in the pharmacy. Pharmaceutical care practices are diversified and depend on national context. The challenge today is to understand the conditions and consequences of technical, organizational and social innovations that could be in favor of the development of pharmaceutical care in France. The objective of the thesis is to feed into the debates around this problematic. An overview of profession in France and an original opinion survey of future pharmacists show that the healthcare, professional and economic contexts are suitable to develop pharmaceutical care and future pharmacists are in favor of it. However, there are many barriers to their spread in routine practice (Chapters 1 and 2). From an economical perspective, a systematic review of the literature on the efficiency of pharmaceutical care in Europe show that drug monitoring services, prescription for minor ailments, collaboration between health professionals and health promotion interventions could be cost-effective from a collective point of view under certain conditions (Chapter 3). What about France? There is no study on this topic. We conducted two original studies - a cohort study (exposed / unexposed), and a cost-effectiveness analysis which focused on the involvement of the pharmacist in screening for chronic disease (sleep apnea syndrome). We show that the costs of implementing such an intervention are offset by the gains under certain conditions, and the results are in favor of the implementation of the service in routine practice (Chapter 4).

Miljömedvetenhet är ett begrepp som används flitigt idag både i företagsvärlden och privat. Detta har lett till att kundernas medvetenhet om miljön och det sociala ansvaret har ökat och de ställer allt högre krav på företagens produkter och tjänster.Allt eftersom de bildas nya moderna företag ökar konkurrensen och många företag väljer att lägga stora resurser inom hållbar utveckling för att uppnå konkurrensfördelar. För att företagen ska kunna kommunicera sitt miljöansvar till omvärlden skapar dem en hållbarhetsredovisning där dem talar om sitt ansvar för omvärlden. De tre vanligaste ansvaren som man finner i en hållbarhetsredovisning är det sociala ansvaret, det ekonomiska ansvaret och miljöansvaret.Hur en hållbarhetsredovisning ska utformas är frivilligt och variationen gör att det kan bli svårt för ett otränat öga att tolka och jämföra informationen Vi tror att en stor del till variationen inom hållbarhetsredovisning är att företagen väljer att rikta sig till olika intressenter som dem finner intressanta för bolaget.Syftet med denna uppsats är att granska och tolka hållbarhetsredovisningarna från nordens tre största flygbolag; SAS, Norwegian Airlines och Finnair för att få svar på frågan till vem deras hållbarhetsredovisning är skriven.För att uppnå vårt syfte med uppsatsen har vi kopplat den information vi fått från bolagens hållbarhetsredovisningar till olika teorier för att skapa oss en uppfattning om företagen. Vi har då kommit fram till att bolagens hållbarhetsredovisningar lägger fokus och riktar sig till olika intressenter. En anledning till detta kan vara att det inte finns ett internationellt ramverk för hur hållbarhetsrapporterna skall se ut, att det är företagets egna ambitioner för hur mycket resurser de vill lägga ner på forskning och utveckling.