The Great Basin is North America's largest desert, encompassing 135 million acres. Grazing and other anthropogenic activities in the Great Basin have put heavy demands on the landscape over the last 150 years. Heavily grazed areas lack diversity which allows the spread of exotic weed species. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L [Poaceae]) has invaded and shortened fire frequency intervals from historic 30—100 years to as few as three to five years. Post-fire reseeding of native species is requisite for restoration of highly invaded ecosystems thus, preventing complete conversion to exotic weeds. Most native shrubs and grasses are available for restoration projects, but native forbs are largely unavailable or expensive. This situation led to the creation of The Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Increase Project (GBNPSIP). In 2000 this project was initiated as a joint effort between the Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service Research, and the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources in an effort to make native seed more available and less expensive for landscape scale restoration projects. To meet restoration goals the GBNPSIP project promotes cultivation of native species to increase seed supplies. This research focuses on overcoming seed dormancy issues that have hindered cultivation through scarification and evaluating germination, establishment, and seed production in a cultural setting of four lupine species: hairy big leaf lupine, (Lupinus prunophilus M.E. Jones [Fabaceae]); silky lupine, (L. sericeus Pursh); silvery lupine, (L. argenteus Pursh); and longspur lupine, (L. arbustus Dougl. ex Lind) five scarification treatments were evaluated sulphuric acid and mechanical treatments significantly improved germination on three of the four species tested. All other treatments were unpredictable and not significant. No treatments significantly improved germination of L. arbustus and three of the five treatments significantly decreased seed germination from the control. Results demonstrate that scarification method, and exposure interval, differ in effectively increasing % germination among species. Germination, establishment, and seed production were evaluated using two planting methods for each species. Broadcast plots (covered) were covered with N-Sulate fabric™ and 5 cm (2 in) of sawdust. Control plots (uncovered) were drilled and left untreated. Germination was significantly improved for all four lupine species under treatment conditions. Lupinus prunophilus and L. sericeus exhibited the greatest improvement in germination when covered. Germination of L. argenteus and L. arbustus were also significantly improved (p<0.0001 and p=0.004, respectively) by the covered treatment. Higher germination in the covered treatment was mirrored in establishment for every species except L. arbustus. There is an advantage of using the covered treatment, but low yields make cultivation unprofitable.

Invasive species are the third largest cause of biodiversity loss because of their ability to outcompete native species. The Garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) is an invasive species in Sweden and is causing problems for native species by (I) outcompeting smaller plant species in terms of light, (II) it has nitrogen fixing abilities which causes unfavorable conditions for species that demands a more nutrient poor soil and (III) it also decrease the diversity of food sources for pollinators. The seeds of Garden lupine are physically dormant with hard seedcoats that are impermeable to water. In this study, different scarification methods were tested to improve water uptake in seeds and thereby improve germination. Scarification can be applied after a treatment which purpose is to fight the Garden lupine. This is to speed up germination time to determine the effects of the treatment sooner. The main purpose of the study was to examine the effect of scarification methods on germination and also to see if any of the methods could be standardized. The secondary purpose was to investigate how germination might be affected by the movement of soil masses. In the first experiment the effect on germination was tested by scarification with a scalpel, with sandpaper, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and chilling. This was compared to a control group. In a second experiment the effect on germination was tested by shaking the seeds in either sand or gravel for 1, 5 or 15 minutes and was compared to the control. The results of the study showed that seeds scarified with a scalpel and sandpaper had a significantly higher germination percentage (95% and 91% respectively) compared to the control (6%). No difference in germination between treatment or time could be found for seeds that were shaken in sand or gravel. There was however a difference between seeds shaken in sand or gravel compared to the control group. This could indicate that the physical dormancy might break due to movement of soil masses containing seeds and thereby lead to further spread of the species. / Invasiva arter är den tredje största orsaken till förlust av biodiversitet på grund av dess förmåga att konkurrera ut inhemska arter. Blomsterlupinen är invasiv i Sverige och skapar problem genom att skugga ut andra mer lågväxande arter, de fixerar kväve i marken vilket skapar ogynnsamma förhållanden för arter som kräver mer näringsfattig jord samt att de minskar variationen av födokällor för pollinatörer. Lupiner har fysiskt dormanta frön med hårda fröskal som har svårt att ta upp vatten. I denna studie testades olika skarifieringsmetoder för att förbättra vattenupptag och därmed öka frögroning. Skarifiering kan appliceras efter en behandling vilken syftar till att bekämpa lupiner. Detta för att snabba på frögroning och tidigare avgöra om behandlingen haft effekt. Syftet med studien var att pröva effekten av olika skarifieringsmetoder på frögroning samt att undersöka om någon metod kan standardiseras. Delsyftet med studien var att analysera hur frögroning kan påverkas vid förflyttning av jordmassor. Ett första experiment testade effekten på frögroning genom skarifiering med skalpell, sandpapper, svavelsyra (H2SO4), kyla och jämförde mot en kontrollgrupp. I ett andra experiment testades effekten av skarifiering genom skakning av frön i sand eller grus under 1, 5 eller 15 minuter och jämfördes mot kontrollgruppen. Resultaten av studien visade att det var en signifikant skillnad i procentuell frögroning hos frön behandlade med skalpell och sandpapper (95% respektive 91%) jämfört med kontrollgruppen (6%). Det var ingen skillnad i frögroning mellan behandling eller tider för frön som skakats i sand eller grus. Det var dock en signifikant skillnad mellan sand respektive grus jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Frön skakade i sand eller grus skilde sig signifikant från kontrollgruppen vilket kan indikera om att den fysiska dormansen kan brytas vid förflyttning av jordmassor som innehåller frön och därmed främja spridning av arten.

<p>Cette étude remet en question la signification “religieuse” souvent prêtée sans précaution aux pratiques de marquage corporel dans le monde ancien, en analysant la plupart des documents aujourd'hui disponibles sur ces pratiques.</p><p>Une première partie s'attache à inventorier et à localiser dans le temps et dans l'espace les différentes pratiques de marquage corporel indélébile (tatouage, scarifications, cautérisations), et à dégager leurs trois fonctions principales ou “ordinaires” : 1) fonction ornementale ; 2) fonction thérapeutique-prophylactique ; 3) marquage d'appartenance et stigmatisation pénale.</p><p>Dans une seconde partie, après avoir signalé quelques rares cas de marquages provisoires à destination religieuse certaine ou probable (en Égypte ancienne en particulier), sont analysées plusieurs notices anciennes où l'historiographie a voulu reconnaître la mention de marquage rituels indélébiles. Il est montré qu'aucune source ne permet en réalité d'associer les cultes grecs et romains à des pratiques de marquage de ce type.</p><p>Cette seconde partie reprend également le problème de la dénomination baptismale <I>sphragis</I> (sceau). Contrairement à ce qu'ont cru F. J. Dölger et d'autres savants, cette dénomination baptismale n'impliquait au départ aucun rite tangible de marquage corporel. Chez les chrétiens orientaux, les pratiques de marquage corporel encore observables aujourd'hui (tatouage essentiellement), ne proviennent pas du christianisme primitif ; elles perpétuent et adaptent des procédés prophylactiques plus anciens qui sont le propre de certaines populations méditerranéennes restées en marge de la culture gréco-romaine.</p><p>Cette thèse a reçu en 2005 le <I>prix John Jaffé de la Chancellerie des Universités de Paris</I>

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Fine Art, Durban Insititute of Technology, 2006. / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate and critically evaluate the use of skin as a form of identity in Zulu culture. This investigation wil /foc'uu on the historical and contemporary practices of scarification and ear - piercing in Zulu culture. 1 In Chapter One, Section One the candidate will discuss the scarification and tattooing i techniques, and refer to the decline in the practice of scarification in contemporary Africa. 'l The scarification and tattooing techniques have the following elements in common, incisions `made on the body or skin to create scar patterns or shapes. Chapter \xAEne, Section Two the candidate will discuss the different purposes of carification practiced by people in Africa Scarification has traditionally been used for any different purposes, such as rite of passage, tribal/clan identity, civilizing, beauty, sexual atttraction, healing and medicinal. In Chapter Two, Section One the candidate will discuss the concepts of culture and identity and propose a definition of identity and culture for the purposes of this dissertation. In Chapter Two, Section Two the candidate will write a personal history and describe the origins of his identity. Chapter 'two, Section Three will discuss the historical formulation 0. of Zulu identity and culture. Chapter Two, Section ]Foam will investigate how internal and external influences have changed Zulu identity and culture over time. / M

Deparar com um sujeito que se corta pode ser, para quem inicia o percurso clínico, muito mobilizador. Uma convocação ao olhar acontece de maneira extremamente pungente. A pergunta que orienta esta pesquisa é: de que de modo o dispositivo analítico pode operar nessa tríade: olhar/palavra/elaboração? Para buscar responder, o recorte deste trabalho se estabeleceu a partir do material clínico de que dispúnhamos. Mais precisamente, abordamos o ato de cortar-se na sua apresentação em sujeitos neuróticos, mas outras investigações se fazem necessárias, por exemplo, quanto ao ato de cortar-se na psicose e na perversão. Até o presente momento, existe parca bibliografia específica sobre o ato de cortar-se em Psicanálise. Sendo assim, fizemos um breve apanhado sobre o tema na Psiquiatria, na Antropologia e na Sociologia. Também apresentamos o ato de cortar-se no seu contexto midiático, uma vez que a internet e as redes sociais são um dos meios pelos quais as pessoas que se cortam publicizam anonimamente seu sofrimento psíquico. Lançando mão da teoria freudiana, mostramos a importância de cunhar o termo ato de cortar-se do ponto de vista metapsicológico. E, depois, apresentamos dois casos clínicos, onde os conceitos de: angústia, acting-out e passagem ao ato, vistos por Freud e Lacan, se fizeram fundamentais para conduzir as análises dos casos. Com isso, esperamos contribuir para a ampliação de um campo de estudo sobre o tema / For those who are just starting clinical practice, coming across a subject who self-cuts can be very disturbing. The gaze is summoned very poignantly. The question that guides this research is: in what way can the analytical device operate in the gaze/ speech/ psychic elaboration triad? To answer this, the focus of this work is based on the clinical material at our disposal. More precisely, we approached the act of self-cutting as it presents itself in neurotic subjects. As this act also appears in psychosis and perversion, further investigations are necessary. In Psychoanalysis, there is scant literature on this specific act to date, so we did a brief survey on the topic in Psychiatry, Anthropology, and Sociology. We also present the act of self-cutting in the context of media, as self-cutters use the internet and social networks as a means to anonymously bring to public notice their psychological distress. Using Freudian theory, we show the importance of coining the term \"act of self-cutting\" from a metapsychological point of view. Afterwards, we present two clinical cases where the concepts of anguish, acting-out and passage to the act, as seen by Freud and Lacan, became fundamental in conducting the analyzes of these clinical cases. With this, we hope to contribute to the expansion of the field of study on the subject

Den här avhandlingen belyser hur avverkning och markberedning påverkar markfloran i den svenska barrskogen. Dessutom utvärderas två inventeringsmetoder som används inom växtekologin. Vid arbetet har både rikstäckande inventeringsdata och fältförsök använts och de likartade resultaten tyder på att rikstäckande inventeringar är en underutnyttjad resurs i forskningen. Ju större andel av träden som avverkas desto större blir förändringen av markflorans sammansättning. Vissa arter, som lingon, ljung, etc., verkar dock inte påverkas i nämnvärd omfattning, medan andra, som blåbär, minskar i relation till hur mycket som avverkats. Gräs och mjölkört ökar efter avverkning, dock visar sig vissa gräs och mjölkört inte reagera om inte avverkningen överskrider ett tröskelvärde på ca 80 %. Avverkning har en liten, men signifikant, effekt på antalet arter, medan artomsättning, d.v.s. arters etablering på och/eller försvinnande från provytorna, framförallt påverkas av andel gran innan avverkning, markens produktionsförmåga och först därefter av hur stor andel av träden som avverkas. Det var också uppenbart att markberedning har en stark effekt som skiljer sig från avverkning. Framförallt gynnas björnmossor av markberedning men även vårfryle, kruståtel och mjölkört. Arter som missgynnas av markberedning var bl.a., en levermossa, lingon, väggmossa och kråkbär. I växtekologi är visuell täckningsbedömning, d.v.s. hur stor del av en provyta som täcks av en växtart, och registrering av förekomst/icke förekomst, d.v.s. finns en växtart på en provyta eller inte, de två vanligaste metoderna vid vegetationsinventering. Vid registrering av förekomst/icke förekomst missas upp till en tredjedel av förekomsterna, vanligaste orsaken till missade registreringar verkar vara att man inte upptäcker arten snarare än att den inte kan identifieras. Det var stora variationer mellan arter, där arter med få exemplar på provytan missas oftare. Både den visuella täckningsbedömningen och förekomst/icke förekomst visar sig ha personberoende fel, d.v.s. att olika personer genomgående ger högre eller lägre värden än andra. Trots det personberoende felet visar sig täckningsbedömningar ha ett större informationsvärde än registrering av förekomst/icke förekomst när det gäller att särskilja olika typer av vegetation. Erfarenhet har en förvånansvärt liten effekt på kvaliteten av täckningsbedömningar. / This thesis has two main focuses; first, the response of forest ground layer flora on forestry, mainly harvesting and secondly, the quality of the vegetation assessment methods, cover estimates by eye and presence/absence data. The effect of harvesting intensity was evaluated with survey data from permanent plots as well as vegetation data from a field trial fourteen years after harvesting. Both data sets confirmed that response of ground layer flora increased with increasing logging intensity. Thereby, indicating that survey data is possible to use in research. From the survey data set, existence of a time lag was evident for several species and also a threshold level was evident in cutting intensity needed to affect a number of species. Logging had a modest, but significant positive effect on the change in species number per plot. Species turnover was influenced by the proportion of Picea abies in the tree canopy; site productivity; and logging intensity. In the field trial scarification had a strong effect that was different from the one created by cutting. In plant ecology cover estimate by eye and presence/absence recording are the two most frequent methods used. The methods were evaluated with survey data and a field trial. In the first data set vegetation was recorded independently by two observers in 342 permanent 100-m2 plots. Overall, one third of each occurrence was missed by one of the two observers, but with large differences among species. Species occurring at low abundance tended to be frequently overlooked. Observer-explained variance in cover estimates was &lt;10% in 15 of 17 species. In the second data set, 10 observers independently estimated cover in sixteen 100-m2 plots in two different vegetation types. The bias connected to observer varied substantially between species. The estimates of missing field and bottom layer had the highest bias, indicating that missing layers are problematic to use in analysis of change. Experience had a surprisingly small impact on the bias connected to observer. Analyses revealed that for the statistical power, cover estimates by eye carries a higher information value than do presence/absence data when distinguishing between vegetation types, differences between observers is negligible, and using more than one observer had little effect.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Soil scarification means lot to the regeneration of the forest because a good soil scarification boost the increment of the plants and it also makes the plants less attractive to dangerous insects. The surveys purpose was to investigate how different site factors influence the soil scarifications results. The goal was to see if any scarification method was better adapted to a certain site then the other. In order to see a result the survey investigated the bearing capacity of the stands, the surface structure and the slope of the terrain. The surveys material has been collected during august - October 2013 on SCA: s forest in Ångermanland in Sweden. Totally has 65 harrowed sites and 35 scalped sites been visited and material collected from. The survey result shows that the scarification quality after scalping was higher than after harrowed sites. The number of 5: s and 4: s was more frequent after scalping but the number of mineral 3: s was higher after harrowing. The analysis of the results shows that scalping was more sensitive to the site slope and surface structure then harrowed sites, but when used on the the right ground it will provide a better quality result. The conclusion of the survey was that harrowing is the better choice of the scarification methods because it showed a more stable result then scalping that is more depending on the terrain conditions. Harrowing should not be used on moist ground due to the risk of Hylobius abietis attacking the plants. Scalping on the other hand showed a better result of the scarification quality and on the right ground it is the optimal choice.

Orientador: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Banca: Kuniko Iwamoto Haga / Banca: Marcelo Andreotti / Banca: Valdemir Antonio Laura / Banca: Ceci Castilho Custódio / Resumo: O uso de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha tem aumentado, no entanto a qualidade fisiológica das sementes disponibilizadas ao produtor é ainda um fator limitante para um bom desempenho das culturas. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar os efeitos do condicionamento fisiológico (CF), escarificação química e diferentes períodos de envelhecimento artificial na qualidade fisiológica, superação de dormência e lixiviação de íons no exsudato do teste de condutividade elétrica, em sementes de B. brizantha cv. MG-5 Vitória. O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análises de Sementes da Unesp - Campus de Ilha Solteira. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizados e o estudo foi constituído por três experimentos. Experimento 1 - verificou-se o efeito do condicionamento osmótico (CO) com soluções mistas constituídas por Polietileno glicol 8000 + solução com nutriente ou regulador de crescimento ou bioestimulante e associação entres eles. Experimento 2 - verificou-se os efeitos de diferentes períodos de envelhecimento artificial. Experimento 3 - verificou-se os efeitos da escarificação química, diferentes períodos de envelhecimento artificial e CF. Conclui-se que o aumento dos teores de potássio e cálcio nas sementes é proporcionado através do CO com KNO3 e Ca(NO3)2, respectivamente. A escarificação química é um método eficaz para superação de dormência, porém as sementes apresentam menor potencial de armazenamento. A utilização da escarificação com um período curto de exposição à alta temperatura e umidade é eficaz para o aumento da expressão do vigor e superação de dormência das sementes. O CF com KNO3 atua positivamente na qualidade fisiológica das sementes e proporciona menor perda de constituintes celulares. O lixiviado de potássio parece ser um parâmetro adequado para a identificação da qualidade ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of Brachiaria brizantha seeds has been increased, yet the physiological quality of seed available to farmer is still a limiting factor for good crop performance. The objective was to investigate the effects of priming, chemical scarification and different periods of artificial aging on physiological quality, dormancy and leaching of ions in the exudate of the electrical conductivity test seeds of B. brizantha cv. MG-5 Vitória. The work was carried out at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis - Unesp Ilha Solteira. The experimental design was completely randomized and the study consisted of three experiments. Experiment 1 - it has the effect of priming mixed solutions consisting of polyethylene glycol 8000 + with nutrient solution or growth regulator or plant growth regulator and association among them. Experiment 2 - it has the effect of different periods of artificial aging. Experiment 3 - it has the effect of chemical scarification, different periods of aging and priming. We conclude that increased levels of potassium and calcium in the seed provided by the priming with KNO3 and Ca(NO3) 2, respectively. Chemical scarification is an effective method for breaking dormancy, but the seeds have a lower storage potential. The use of scarification with a short period of exposure to high temperature and humidity is effective to increase the expression of vigor and dormancy of seeds. Priming with KNO3 acts positively on seed physiological quality and provides lower loss of cellular constituents. The leaching of potassium seems to be a suitable parameter for identifying the physiological quality of seeds scarified B. brizantha / Doutor

Orientador: Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello / Resumo: O emprego de técnicas racionais de preparo do solo vem se tornando fundamentais para garantir a máxima exploração do potencial produtivo das culturas agrícolas e reduzir os problemas de degradação dos solos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, para as culturas de soja e do milho, qual sistema de preparo do solo proporciona melhor condição para a descompactação do solo e retomada do plantio direto em área anteriormente conduzida sob este sistema. O experimento foi realizado nos anos de 2014, 2015 e 2016. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e quatro tratamentos na safra 2014/2015 e passou a ter oito tratamentos a partir da safra outono/inverno de 2015 constituídos por: Plantio direto contínuo (PDC); Preparo convencional com arado de aiveca (AA); Preparo convencional com grade pesada implantado na safra verão 2014/2015 (GrPa); Preparo convencional com grade pesada implantado na safra outono/inverno de 2015 (GrPb); Cultivo mínimo com escarificação do solo (CM); Plantio direto sobre gradagem da safra verão 2014/15 (PD-GrP); Plantio direto sobre aração (PD-AA); Plantio direto sobre escarificação (PD-ESC). Os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados a partir dos atributos: macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, densidade do solo, parâmetros de desenvolvimento e produtividade das culturas da soja e do milho. As condições físicas do solo encontradas no plantio direto contínuo (PDC) restringiram a produtividade da cultura do mi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor