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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Precificação de opções financeiras: um estudo sobre os modelos de Black Scholes e Garch

Salomão, Martinho de Freitas 20 May 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martinho de Freitas Salomao.pdf: 1262175 bytes, checksum: ef4dc9b7a603fc2332f25a6fb3d3bcae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-20 / Neste trabalho são analisadas as propriedades teóricas e empíricas de três modelos de precificação de opções financeiras sobre ações: Black Scholes (1973), ad-hoc Black Scholes (Dumas, Fleming e Whaley, 1998), e o modelo GARCH assimétrico proposto por Heston e Nandi (2000), ou HN-GARCH. Os modelos são testados em opções de compra sobre ações preferenciais da Petrobras. É mostrado que o modelo Black Scholes (1973), por supor que a variância do ativo subjacente seja constante, apresentou o pior desempenho de predição comparativamente aos outros dois modelos, que consideram a volatilidade uma variável. Enquanto o modelo ad-hoc Black Scholes precificou melhor as opções muito dentro do dinheiro, dentro do dinheiro e muito fora do dinheiro, o modelo HN-GARCH obteve desempenho superior em opções no dinheiro e fora do dinheiro / This study analyzes the theoretical and empirical properties of three models for pricing options on financial stocks: Black Scholes (1973), ad-hoc Black Scholes (Dumas, Fleming and Whaley, 1998), and the asymmetric GARCH model proposed by Heston and Nandi (2000), or HN-GARCH. The models are tested in call s options on shares of Petrobras. It is shown that the Black Scholes model (1973), by assuming that the variance of the underlying asset is constant, showed the worst performance prediction compared to the other two models that consider volatility a variable. While the model adhoc Black Scholes priced much better options deep in the money, in the money and deep out of the money, the HN-GARCH model had superior performance for at the money and out of the money options
72

Barjero pasirinkimo sandorių įkainojimo metodų tyrimas / The investigation of the barrier options pricing models

Palivonaitė, Rita 11 August 2008 (has links)
Darbe nagrinėjami barjero pasirinkimo sandorių įkainojimo metodai. Barjero pasirinkimo sandorių išmokos sutampa su įprastinių pasirinkimo sandorių išmokomis, jei išpildoma papildoma barjero sąlyga, kurią reikia įvertinti. Įkainojimui naudojami diskretieji modeliai: binominis ir trinominis, tiriama jų konvergavimas į klasikinę Black-Scholes formulę. Dėl modelio diskretumo ir barjero sąlygos konvergavimas tam tikrais atvejais yra lėtas ir nemonotoniškas. Todėl siūloma pritaikyti adaptyviojo tinklelio algoritmą, smulkinant trinominio medžio tinklelį kritinėse srityse. Šiame darbe pateikiami rezultatai, gauti palyginus barjero pasirinkimo sandorio įkainojimo modelius. / In this paper we consider barrier options pricing models. Barrier options are standard call or put options except that they disappear or appear if the asset price crosses a predeterminant set of fixing dates. Barrier options are priced using continuous state Black-Scholes model and numerical approximation techniques, such as binomial and trinomial. Because of the the barrier condition and discreteness of these models the convergence to Black-Scholes model sometimes is slow. It is offered to apply adaptive mesh model grafting small sections of fine high-resolution lattice onto a tree in trinomial model. In this work we present the comparison of the models with some numerical results for barrier options.
73

A equação de Black-Scholes com ação impulsiva / The Black-Scholes equation with impulse action

Everaldo de Mello Bonotto 13 June 2008 (has links)
Impulsos são perturbações abruptas que ocorrem em curto espaço de tempo e podem ser consideradas instantâneas. E os mercados financeiros estão sujeitos a choques bruscos como mudanças de governos, quebra de empresas, entre outros. Assim, é natural considerarmos a ação de tais eventos na precificação de ativos financeiros. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho é obtermos uma formulação para a equação diferencial parcial de Black-Scholes com ação impulsiva de modo que os impulsos representem estes choques. Utilizaremos a teoria de integração não-absoluta em espaço de funções para obtenção desta formulação / Impulses describe the evolution of systems where the continuous development of a process is interrupted by abrupt changes of state. Financial markets are subject to extreme events or shocks as government changes, companies colapse, etc. Thus it seems natural to consider the action of these events in the valuation of derivative securities. The aim of this work is to obtain a formulation for the Black-Scholes equation with impulse action where the impulses can represent these shocks. We use the non-absolute integration theory in functional spaces to obtain such formulation
74

Analýza vybraných modelov kreditného rizika / The analysis of particular models of credit risk

Sedlárová, Michala January 2010 (has links)
The main aim of my final thesis is to familiar reader with different ways of measuring credit risk by means of particular structural models of credit risk. This issue has been already described by foreign authors. Though, neither Czech nor Slovak economists have been deeply involved in this topic so far. For this reason, I have decided to focus on those models and both describe them as well as put them into the practice. My final thesis gradually focus on individual detailed model description in each chapter in following sequence: Credit Metrics, Black-School model, Merton model, KMV, Credit Grades. Moreover, it also targets model's construction as well as practical application. Regarding practical model's application, Black-School model is applied on IBM and KMV on Kraft Foods Company. Admittedly, that proves the fact that structural models are not only theoretical models, but also practical models applyable on real companies. Finally, I will compare all above mentioned models in selected parameters.
75

Performing Culture, Performing Me: Exploring Textual Power through Rehearsal and Performance

Gonzales, Melinda Arteaga 12 1900 (has links)
This thesis project explores Chicana feminist Gloria Anzaldúa's notion of a new mestiza consciousness, in which the marginalized ethnic American woman transcends her Otherness, breaks down the borders between her different identities, and creates a Thirdspace. Through the rehearsal and performance process, three ethnic American women employed Robert Scholes' model of textuality-the consumption and production of texts-as a framework to construct a new mestiza consciousness, and create a Thirdspace. The project set to determine what strategies were significant rehearsal techniques for encouraging the cast members to exercise textual power and claim a new mestiza identity, a Thirdspace. The results reveal four overarching factors involved in assuming textual power through rehearsal and performance in the production-building trust, having appropriate skills, assuming ownership and responsibility, and overcoming performance anxiety. The discussion addresses the direct link between Thirdspace and Scholes' notion of production of original texts.
76

Option pricing models: A comparison between models with constant and stochastic volatilities as well as discontinuity jumps

Paulin, Carl, Lindström, Maja January 2020 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to compare option pricing models. We have investigated the constant volatility models Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) and Merton’s Jump Diffusion (MJD) as well as the stochastic volatility models Heston and Bates. The data used were option prices from Microsoft, Advanced Micro Devices Inc, Walt Disney Company, and the S&P 500 index. The data was then divided into training and testing sets, where the training data was used for parameter calibration for each model, and the testing data was used for testing the model prices against prices observed on the market. Calibration of the parameters for each model were carried out using the nonlinear least-squares method. By using the calibrated parameters the price was calculated using the method of Carr and Madan. Generally it was found that the stochastic volatility models, Heston and Bates, replicated the market option prices better than both the constant volatility models, MJD and BSM for most data sets. The mean average relative percentage error for Heston and Bates was found to be 2.26% and 2.17%, respectively. Merton and BSM had a mean average relative percentage error of 6.90% and 5.45%, respectively. We therefore suggest that a stochastic volatility model is to be preferred over a constant volatility model for pricing options. / Syftet med denna tes är att jämföra prissättningsmodeller för optioner. Vi har undersökt de konstanta volatilitetsmodellerna Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) och Merton’s Jump Diffusion (MJD) samt de stokastiska volatilitetsmodellerna Heston och Bates. Datat vi använt är optionspriser från Microsoft, Advanced Micro Devices Inc, Walt Disney Company och S&P 500 indexet. Datat delades upp i en träningsmängd och en test- mängd. Träningsdatat användes för parameterkalibrering med hänsyn till varje modell. Testdatat användes för att jämföra modellpriser med priser som observerats på mark- naden. Parameterkalibreringen för varje modell utfördes genom att använda den icke- linjära minsta-kvadratmetoden. Med hjälp av de kalibrerade parametrarna kunde priset räknas ut genom att använda Carr och Madan-metoden. Vi kunde se att de stokastiska volatilitetsmodellerna, Heston och Bates, replikerade marknadens optionspriser bättre än båda de konstanta volatilitetsmodellerna, MJD och BSM för de flesta dataseten. Medelvärdet av det relativa medelvärdesfelet i procent för Heston och Bates beräknades till 2.26% respektive 2.17%. För Merton och BSM beräknades medelvärdet av det relativa medelvärdesfelet i procent till 6.90% respektive 5.45%. Vi anser därför att en stokastisk volatilitetsmodell är att föredra framför en konstant volatilitetsmodell för att prissätta optioner.
77

Risker och möjligheter med teckningsoptioner : En kvalitativ studie om användning av teckningsoptioner i svenska riskkapitalägda startups

Gustafsson, Alma, Lewander, Hanna January 2020 (has links)
Syfte: Denna studie avser att undersöka vilka som är de huvudsakliga problemen och riskerna med teckningsoptioner för de anställda och företagen, samt eventuella åtgärder för att öka användbarheten.   Teori: Studien utgår från teorier som kopplas till teckningsoptioner. De teorierna som tillämpas är belöningssystem, optionsprogram, optionsteori, Black-Scholes-modellen, företagsvärdering och principal-agent-teori. Metod: Denna studie utgår från ett kvalitativt angreppssätt och den metod som tillämpas är semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta personer som har kompetens inom optionsprogram och/- eller använder teckningsoptioner är respondenter i denna studie. Empiri: Samtliga respondenter kunde nämna olika fördelar med teckningsoptioner och majoriteten anser att det är ett bra och flexibelt instrument. Ett flertal problem och risker belystes och det är problem och risker som drabbar den anställde, företaget eller båda parter. För den anställde handlar det framförallt om att optionerna förfaller värdelösa och att det är problematiskt att finansiera köpet. För företaget krävs det mycket administration och kostnader för att utforma optionsprogrammet. Även ett flertal åtgärder för samtliga risker och problem berördes för att kunna öka användbarheten.   Slutsats: Teckningsoptioner är ett lämpligt instrument men det kan medfölja många risker som bör beaktas och medvetenheten om dem bör vara större. Genom att öka medvetenheten om riskerna ökar chanserna för att kunna minimera dem i tid. / Purpose: This study aims to investigate the main problems and risks of stock warrants for employees and companies and potentially the measures that may increase the usability. Theory: The study is based on theories related to stock warrants as incentive scheme: reward system, option theory, Black-Scholes model, company valuation and principal-agent theory. Method: This study will be based on a qualitative approach through eight semi-structured interviews with people who have expertise in stock warrants and/or use stock warrants as incentive schemes.  Empirics: All respondents could mention various advantages of stock warrants and the majority consider it to be a good and flexible tool to use. A number of problems and risks were highlighted, as well as problems and risks that affect the employee, the company or both parts. For the employees, it is primarily about that the stock warrants expire worthless and it is problematic to finance the purchase. The companies require a lot of administration and it involves large costs to design the incentive schemes. The respondents did also mention some measures to increase the usability of incentive schemes.     Conclusion: Stock warrants are a good instrument but it may entail many problems and risks that should be considered, and the awareness of them should be greater. If the awareness of the risks increases, then the bigger the chances gets to minimize them in time.
78

A Generalized Bivariate Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Model for Financial Assets

Krämer, Romy, Richter, Matthias 19 May 2008 (has links)
In this paper, we study mathematical properties of a generalized bivariate Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model for financial assets. Originally introduced by Lo and Wang, this model possesses a stochastic drift term which influences the statistical properties of the asset in the real (observable) world. Furthermore, we generali- ze the model with respect to a time-dependent (but still non-random) volatility function. Although it is well-known, that drift terms - under weak regularity conditions - do not affect the behaviour of the asset in the risk-neutral world and consequently the Black-Scholes option pricing formula holds true, it makes sense to point out that these regularity conditions are fulfilled in the present model and that option pricing can be treated in analogy to the Black-Scholes case.
79

Hedging Foreign Exchange Exposure in Private Equity Using Financial Derivatives / Hedging av valutaexponering inom  private equity med finansiella derivat

Kwetczer, Filip, Åkerlind, Carl January 2018 (has links)
This thesis sets out to examine if and how private equity funds should hedge foreign exchange exposure. To our knowledge the field of foreign exchange hedging within private equity, from the private equity firms’ point of view, is vastly unexplored scientifically. The subject is important since foreign ex-change risk has a larger impact on private equity returns now than historically due to increased competition, cross-boarder investments and foreign exchange volatility. In order to answer the research question a simulation model is constructed and implemented under different scenarios. Foreign exchange rates are simulated and theoretical private equity funds are investigated and com-pared under different performance measures. The underlying mathematical theory originates from the work of Black and Scholes. The main result of this thesis is that private equity funds cannot achieve a higher internal rate of return on average through hedging of foreign exchange exposure independent of the slope of the foreign exchange forward curve. However, hedging strategies yielding the same mean internal rate of return but performing better in terms of performance measures accounting for volatility of returns have been found. Furthermore, we found that the conclusions are independent of whether the current or forward foreign exchange rate is a better approximation for the future foreign exchange rate. / Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om och i sådana fall hur private equity fonder ska hedgea valutaexponering. Ämnet är såvitt vi vet ej tidigare undersökt inom vetenskaplig forskning ur private equity företagens synvinkel. Ämnet är viktigt eftersom valutarisk har fått en större påverkan på private equity företagens avkastning jämfört med hur det har sett ut historiskt på grund av högre konkurrens, mer internationella investeringar samt ökad volatilitet i valutakurser. En simuleringsmodell har konstruerats och implementerats under olika scenarier för att besvara forskningsfrågan. Valutakurser simuleras och teoretiska private equity fonder undersöks samt jämförs utefter olika nyckeltal. Den underliggande matematiska modelleringen härstammar från Black och Scholes forskning. Uppsatsens viktigaste resultat är att private equity fonder inte kan uppnå en högre avkastning genom att hedgea valutaexponering oavsett lutningen av den förväntade valutautvecklingskurvan. Vi har dock funnit att det existerar hedgingstrategier som ger samma avkastning med lägre volatilitet. Vidare är slutsatserna oberoende av om nuvarande eller förväntad framtida valutakurs är den bästa approximationen av den framtida valutakursen.
80

The Predictive Power of Implied Volatility in Option Pricing / Den Prediktiva Kraften av Implicit Volatilitet vid Optionsprissättning

Berglund, Lovisa January 2023 (has links)
During the last few years, financial derivatives have been growing in trading volume. There seem to be a high demand and supply of derivatives on the market and one common derivative is the option contract. The option contract is frequently the subject of studies and many different pricing models have been created for options. One popular model is the Black-Scholes model, that prices European call options. This project will look closer at the Black-Scholes model and its assumption that volatility remains constant. The project will try to establish what predictive power the implied volatility has for the sign of the price changes in the option’s daily closing price. The implied volatility is defined as the value of volatility that can be used in an option pricing formula to yield the current market price and goes against the assumption of constant volatility. The model consists of a dependent variable that is the binary variable for the sign of the price changes, 1 if positive and 0 if negative. The independent variables are implied volatility, volume, price of the underlying, and VIX. The models used for testing are logistic regression, CART, random forest and XGBoost. The research question is: Can the sign of option price jumps be predicted with the implied volatility? The answer to the research question is that there are indications for the implied volatility having predictive power when predicting the sign of the price changes in the option, even though the results are not conclusive across all models. / Under de senaste åren har finansiella derivat ökat i handelsvolym. Det verkar finnas en hög efterfrågan och tillgång på derivat generellt på marknaden och ett vanligt sådant derivat är optionskontraktet. Optioner är ofta föremål för forskning och många olika prissättningsmodeller har skapats för optioner. En populär modell är Black-Scholes modellen som prissätter europeiska köpoptioner. Detta projekt kommer att titta närmare på Black-Scholes modellen och dess antagande om att volatiliteten förblir konstant. Projektet kommer att försöka fastställa vilken prediktiv kraft den implicita volatiliteten har för tecknet på prisförändringarna i optionens dagliga stängningskurs. Den implicita volatiliteten definieras som värdet av volatiliteten som kan användas i en optionsprissättningsformel för att ge det aktuella marknadspriset och går emot antagandet om konstant volatilitet. Modellen består av en beroende variabel som är en binär variabel för tecknet på prisförändringarna, 1 om positivt och 0 om negativt. De oberoende variablerna är implicit volatilitet, volym, pris på det underliggande instrumentet och VIX. Modellerna som används för att genomföra testen är logistisk regression, CART, random forest och XGBoost. Projektets frågeställning är: Kan tecknet på en options prisförändringar förutsägas med den implicita volatiliteten? Svaret som projektet kommit fram till är att det finns indikationer på att den implicita volatiliteten har prediktiv kraft när det gäller att förutsäga tecknet på prisförändringarna i optionen, även om resultaten inte är helt överensstämmande för alla modeller.

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