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A readability survey was carried out on a wide selection of history books, using a computer program, ASTRA 3, developed for the study. The results showed that although the mean readability levels of textbooks provided for 12-14 year olds were appropriate to their readership, there were very large and seemingly random internal fluctuations. This, coupled with an observed lack of scalar correspondence between formulae, has implications for current practices in readability assessment. The responses of readers to readability fluctuations were next investigated, using one subjective measure and three behavioural measures, namely, children's subjective ratings, cloze procedure, reading rate, and stress reaction (Skin Conductance Response). Relatively low cost microcomputer based apparatus was developed for studying the latter two measures. It was found that average 12-14 year old readers were able to perceive variation in difficulty in adjacent passages and these subjective ratings proved to be relatively good predictors of fluctuations in cloze procedure scores. A measure of redundancy based on cloze responses was also shown to be strongly related to children's subjective ratings of contextualised passages. No statistical relationship was found, however, between textual cohesion and either the subjective or the objective indices. These findings raise a number of questions of concern to writers and publishers of school text books. According to the cloze test, all the passages were at frustration level, although this is contrary to what would have been expected from the range of readability indices. Reading rate tended to increase, rather than decrease with difficulty, though in absolute terms the variation was slight. SCR responses tended to be labile and snowed substantial individual. differences. This part of the study opens up a number of questions about the appropriateness of different ways of examining the response of readers to specific 'text features that contribute to readability. In general, the findings in this interrelated series of studies show that a great deal of readability assessment is based on assumptions of dubious validity concerning the distribution of difficulty within texts, the nature of relationships between different readability measures, and the ways in which readers actually respond to hypothesized difficulties.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as maneiras pelas quais alunos de um 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, estudantes de uma escola pública municipal em Osasco, se utilizam das orientações e intervenções da professora para produzir textos escritos na sala de aula. O corpus que compõe este trabalho é composto por: a) textos acadêmicos; b) textos escolares; e c) transcrições dos momentos de aula em que as produções de texto foram solicitadas (bem como as devolutivas das primeiras versões). Com relação aos textos acadêmicos, nosso objetivo consiste em verificar de que maneiras a pesquisa na sala de aula tem sido abordada por pesquisadores e professores-pesquisadores e quais contribuições estamos em condições de apontar neste trabalho. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação, cujos dados produzidos em contexto escolar (textos e transcrições de aula) foram coletados na própria sala de aula em que lecionávamos. As produções escritas dos alunos estão organizadas neste trabalho de acordo com as propostas de texto apresentadas pela professora. Apostamos que, pela interação dialógica entre o gesto de ensinar e o gesto de pesquisar, o professor seja capaz de construir um percurso de escrita e ensino em que o imprevisto é possível. A partir do cotejamento destes dados, bem como da leitura crítica de nossa própria prática pedagógica, verificamos que, ao revisar suas interações, o professor é provocado a sair da posição subjetiva de profissional paralisado e oprimido para, então, despertar em direção a uma nova posição ética. Trata-se de um convite à dezescrita (RIOLFI; BARZOTTO, 2014), a fim de que possamos refletir a respeito de novos modos de nos relacionarmos com os saberes dos alunos. / This dissertation aims to analyze how 5th grade elementary school students from a municipal public school in Osasco use the teacher\'s directions and interventions for the production of written texts in the classroom. The corpus of this dissertation is composed of: a) academic texts; B) school texts; and c) transcripts of class moments in which texts productions were requested (and the returning of the first versions of the texts). Regarding the academic texts, our objective is to verify how classroom researchs has been approached by researchers and teachers-researchers as well as the contributions we may be able to point in this dissertation. It is an action research which data were produced in a school context (texts and class transcriptions), since they were collected in the classroom where we taught. The written productions of the students are organized according to the text proposals presented by the teacher. We consider that by the dialogical interaction between the gesture of teaching and the gesture of researching, the teacher is capable of building a course of writing and teaching in which the unforeseen is possible. From data analysis, as well as the critical reading of our own pedagogical practice, we verified that by revising the interactions, the teacher is provoked to move from the position of stagnant and oppressed professional and arouse to a new ethical position. This is an invitation to dezescrita (RIOLFI; BARZOTTO, 2014), in order to enable a reflection upon new ways of relating to the students\' knowledge.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as maneiras pelas quais alunos de um 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, estudantes de uma escola pública municipal em Osasco, se utilizam das orientações e intervenções da professora para produzir textos escritos na sala de aula. O corpus que compõe este trabalho é composto por: a) textos acadêmicos; b) textos escolares; e c) transcrições dos momentos de aula em que as produções de texto foram solicitadas (bem como as devolutivas das primeiras versões). Com relação aos textos acadêmicos, nosso objetivo consiste em verificar de que maneiras a pesquisa na sala de aula tem sido abordada por pesquisadores e professores-pesquisadores e quais contribuições estamos em condições de apontar neste trabalho. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação, cujos dados produzidos em contexto escolar (textos e transcrições de aula) foram coletados na própria sala de aula em que lecionávamos. As produções escritas dos alunos estão organizadas neste trabalho de acordo com as propostas de texto apresentadas pela professora. Apostamos que, pela interação dialógica entre o gesto de ensinar e o gesto de pesquisar, o professor seja capaz de construir um percurso de escrita e ensino em que o imprevisto é possível. A partir do cotejamento destes dados, bem como da leitura crítica de nossa própria prática pedagógica, verificamos que, ao revisar suas interações, o professor é provocado a sair da posição subjetiva de profissional paralisado e oprimido para, então, despertar em direção a uma nova posição ética. Trata-se de um convite à dezescrita (RIOLFI; BARZOTTO, 2014), a fim de que possamos refletir a respeito de novos modos de nos relacionarmos com os saberes dos alunos. / This dissertation aims to analyze how 5th grade elementary school students from a municipal public school in Osasco use the teacher\'s directions and interventions for the production of written texts in the classroom. The corpus of this dissertation is composed of: a) academic texts; B) school texts; and c) transcripts of class moments in which texts productions were requested (and the returning of the first versions of the texts). Regarding the academic texts, our objective is to verify how classroom researchs has been approached by researchers and teachers-researchers as well as the contributions we may be able to point in this dissertation. It is an action research which data were produced in a school context (texts and class transcriptions), since they were collected in the classroom where we taught. The written productions of the students are organized according to the text proposals presented by the teacher. We consider that by the dialogical interaction between the gesture of teaching and the gesture of researching, the teacher is capable of building a course of writing and teaching in which the unforeseen is possible. From data analysis, as well as the critical reading of our own pedagogical practice, we verified that by revising the interactions, the teacher is provoked to move from the position of stagnant and oppressed professional and arouse to a new ethical position. This is an invitation to dezescrita (RIOLFI; BARZOTTO, 2014), in order to enable a reflection upon new ways of relating to the students\' knowledge.

In the present study, I have analysed changes in writing and genre in grade 9 during the period 1992–2013. My hypothesis requires more informal language and thus poorer adjustment to the right genre. I use a language theory (Teleman 1985) and theories that highlight the chang-es in school and rest of the community. The study material is taken from the years 1992, 2003 and 2013, and consists of 64 essays. The quantitative analysis of student texts reported in study 1 is based on word variation (OVIX), nominal quota value (NQ), percentage of long words, the average graphic sentence length, noun phrases longer than one word and the number of words in student texts. Sub-study 2 is a qualitative genre analysis of six selected essays, in which two from each year were analysed. The selected essays are the closest to and farthest from the prose style genre normally used in society. The analysis showed the following results. OVIX, nominal quota and noun phrases show a negative change in students’ discursive language over time. The differences between the stu-dents declined between 1992 and 2003, but increased during the period 2003–2013. Long words, the average sentence length and the number of words increased between 1992 and 2013. Study 2 showed a result that did not differ much over time. Questions in the texts increased in 2013. The students who wrote mainly in genre-adapted style are also capable of writing about the stances they take on various topics.

Esta pesquisa, inserida nos campos da Educação, Linguagem e Psicanálise, toma, a partir da análise de produções infantis, o estilo como objeto de estudo. Tem por objetivo depreender os recursos linguísticos e discursivos que possibilitem descrever o estilo na escrita de alunos do 3º ao 6º ano do ensino fundamental. Busca, assim, responder à seguinte questão norteadora: Quais recursos linguísticos ou discursivos podem apontar para manifestações do estilo em textos produzidos por alunos do ensino fundamental? Para tanto, defende a tese segundo a qual o estilo emerge quando, abrindo mão de um posicionamento potencialmente seguro, os sujeitos exploram as diversas possibilidades de transcender as normas que regem uma cultura. A perene desconstrução dos ideais de si e do outro é condição necessária para assumir o risco. Esse aspecto remete ao título desta pesquisa: a(r)riscar-se. A partir da homofonia entre a riscar e arriscar, postula-se que as manifestações do estilo estão relacionadas à aposta incerta de desconstruir um Outro absoluto (LACAN, 1960/1998), riscá-lo. Considerando a possibilidade de, ao analisar longitudinalmente os textos produzidos por um mesmo grupo de crianças, localizar traços idiossincráticos (MURRAY, 1922/ 1956) que pudessem ser considerados marcas de estilo, foram coletadas produções dos mesmos alunos, no período em que cursavam do 3º ao 6º ano do ensino fundamental. Esses textos, coletados em quatro turmas de uma escola municipal localizada na zona leste da cidade de São Paulo, foram resultantes de 10 propostas de produção textual. As atividades foram elaboradas a partir dos conteúdos previstos nos planos de ensino de cada ano/ série, de modo que a coleta de dados não interferisse na rotina das turmas. O corpus final foi composto pelas produções dos alunos que participaram de todos os anos da pesquisa e que produziram ao menos seis, das dez atividades propostas. Totalizando, assim, 436 textos, escritos por 51 participantes. A partir de um referencial teórico que conjuga as contribuições da psicanálise de orientação lacaniana, educação e linguagem, verificou-se que o estilo, na escrita de crianças, manifesta-se: a) nos recursos linguístico-estilísticos mobilizados nas produções, os quais sugerem um trabalho com os efeitos estéticos do significante e; b) nas recorrências no que se refere ao gerenciamento das diferentes vozes que compõem o dizer (DUCROT, 1987). Conclui-se, portanto, as manifestações do estilo presentes em textos escolares evidenciam que as crianças, apesar de estarem escrevendo no contexto de uma instituição escolar, sustentam o risco necessário para fazer passar sua singularidade por meio de suas produções. / This research, inserted in the fields of Education, Language and Psychoanalysis, focuses on style, studied from the analysis of childrens writings. It aims to deduce the linguistic and discursive resources that would enable the description of the style in primary school children writing. Thus, it quests the following research question: Which linguistic or discursive resources may be expressions of style in texts written by primary school students? For this purpose, it defends the thesis that style arises when, resigning from a potentially safe place, the subjects explore the different possibilities of transcending the standards of a culture. The constant deconstruction of the ideal image of oneself and of the other is the necessary condition for running the risk. This aspect alludes to the title of this research: (To) risk. Considering the homophony between risk (verb) and risk (noun), it is assumed that the expressions of style are related to an uncertain bet that consists of deconstructing an absolute Other (LACAN, 1960/ 1998), making a risk on it. On the assumption that by means of analysing the texts produced by the same group of children, it would be possible to find idiosyncratic marks (MURRAY, 1922/ 1956), writing samples were collected for three years, from 3rd to 6th grades of primary school. Those writing samples were written by four groups from a public school in the city of São Paulo. The writing prompts, 10 in total, were elaborated considering the programme content of each school year, so the activities would not interfere in the routine of the groups. The final corpus (436 samples, written by 51 research participants) consists of the writing samples written by the students that participated in each of the three years the research was conducted and wrote, at least, six samples. The theoretical framework combines the contributions from the fields of Lacanian psychoanalysis, language and education. The analysis demonstrated that style, in childrens texts, expresses through a) the linguistic and discursive resources employed in the writing samples, which suggest an effort in exploring the aesthetic effects of the signifier and; b) the recurrence related to the different voices that compose an enunciation (DUCROT, 1987). It concludes that the style expressions in school texts show that children, even writing under the rules of an institution, are able to sustain the risk that is necessary to support their singularity.

Le travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre de la lexicographie historique et consiste en la conception et la rédaction du lexique du corpus de textes de l’École poétique sicilienne, sur la base de l’édition complète, critique et commentée « I Poeti della Scuola siciliana », publiée en 2008 pour la série « I Meridiani » de la maison d’édition Mondadori, sous le patronage du « Centro di Studi filologici e linguistici siciliani », édité par Roberto Antonelli, pour ce qui est du premier volume (entièrement consacré a Giacomo da Lentini), Costanzo Di Girolamo, pour le deuxième (qui comprend les textes des poètes de la cour de Frédéric II) e Rosario Coluccia pour le troisième (ce qui contient les poèmes des Siculo-toscani).Compte tenu de l’importance extraordinaire de la tradition de la poésie sicilienne pour le développement de la littérature et de la langue poétique italiennes, le Lexique de l’Ecole poétique sicilienne considère toutes les couches stratigraphiques de cette tradition à plusieurs manuscrits, en récupérant et organisant le lexique qui résulte du texte et les leçons écartées par les éditeurs modernes et enregistrées dans les apparats ; il prend en considération aussi la très riche tradition éditoriale moderne de ces textes, en laissant la place aux interprétations proposées par différents éditeurs / The research consists on editing the glossary of the Sicilian School texts, with reference to the most recent edition: I Poeti della Scuola siciliana, published in 2008, in the series «I Meridiani» of Mondadori publishing company, edited by Roberto Antonelli (Giacomo da Lentini), Costanzo di Girolamo (Poeti della Corte di Federico II) and Rosario Coluccia (Poeti siculo-toscani).Given the extraordinary importance of the manuscript tradition of Sicilian poetry for the development of Italian literature and poetic language, the Glossary of the Sicilian School considers the stratigraphy of this tradition, by recovering and organizing the lexicon that results from the critical text and the variants rejected by modern editors and recorded in the critical apparatus; it also takes into consideration the very rich modern editorial tradition of these texts, reporting interpretations proposed by different editor

This thesis deals with the assessment of school texts by students in Swedish upper-secondary school or in the corresponding adult education and concentrates on what differs between the grades Pass and Fail. The 60 texts used in the survey come from the 1997 archives of the national test construction group. A questionnaire to teachers asks what criteria are most important when distinguishing between Pass and Fail. The five criteria pointed out are Holistic scoring, Relevant content, The connecting thought, Sentence structure and How the student has followed the instructions. The most salient result regarding grades is the difference between grades from the students’ own teachers and from the independent assessors. Ten texts have received a Fail from the student’s own teacher, but as many as 35 get an average Fail from three assessors. There is variation in assessment, but 18 Fail texts and 18 Pass texts get a unanimous grade. Quantitative analyses of the 60 texts show a definite correlation between grade and number of words. However, the Fail-groups among narrative, expository and argumentative texts contain both the shortest and the longest texts. School texts are longer now than thirty years ago, especially texts with low grades. Sentences and words have become shorter. Coherence is investigated by a method of reference cohesion. No clear difference between Pass and Fail texts can be found, but between types of essay topics. Also important is the organization of the text and its paragraphs, a factor which separates Fail and Pass texts. Various aspects of sentence structure show better results in the Pass texts. The thesis is concluded with a commentary on the demands of the last compulsory course in Swedish. The needed level is argued to be the ability to write for an unknown reader.