Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta é uma pesquisa sobre o uso de metáforas na construção de modelos por parte do físico escocês James Clerk Maxwell. O objetivo da pesquisa foi buscar compreender de que maneira o uso de metáforas e modelos é legítimo na ciência e em que medida contribui para seu sucesso. Além disso, busca compreender em que medida o uso de artifícios como modelos e analogias entre ramos distintos da ciência são impulsionadores de sucesso explicativo e preditivo da teoria do físico estudado. Explora as crenças teológicas e filosóficas do autor, que vê o mundo como unidade, permitindo a analogia entre ramos distintos da física. Seus desenvolvimentos em torno de teorias como calor, cores, óptica, magnetismo e eletricidade permitem evidenciar essa visão em todo o seu trabalho. Maxwell é considerado inaugurador de nova metodologia com o uso de modelos e metáforas. Explora o desenvolvimento da teoria das cores, da descrição matemática da estabilidade dos anéis de Saturno e o desenvolvimento da teoria dos gases como preâmbulo à discussão da teoria do eletromagnetismo. Descreve o desenvolvimento teórico do eletromagnetismo em seus diversos momentos. A construção da teoria do eletromagnetismo evidencia paulatino abandono do mecanicismo, uso intenso de modelos e metáforas temporários e ênfase na quantificação e no uso de experimentos. Discute o relacionamento de Maxwell com as discussões filosóficas, sociais e teológicas de sua época, seu engajamento em atividades práticas nesse sentido e suas influências científicas e filosóficas. Descreve e discute os textos filosóficos do cientista, em que se evidenciam sua ontologia, suas crenças teológicas e sua concepção de analogias. Discute a questão do uso de analogias em ciência e compara diversos autores que abordam o tema. A metodologia utilizada foi a de levantamento bibliográfico com análise crítica da literatura do autor e de seus comentadores, além de comentário crítico sobre os textos primários e secundários. Conclui que o sucesso científico de Maxwell deve-se à sua aposta numa unidade do mundo garantida por Deus, bem como na unidade entre o mundo e a mente humana, posturas que mostraram ser bem-sucedidas quando aplicadas à metodologia científica. Conclui também pela legitimidade e necessidade do uso de metáforas e modelos no empreendimento científico. / This is a research about the use of metaphors in the construction of models by the Scotish Physician James Clerk Maxwell. The aim of the research was to comprehend in which way the use of metaphors and models is legitimate in Science, and in what measure it contributes to its success. Also, tries to comprehend in which measure the use of artifices like models and analogies between different branches of Science forward the explicative and predictive success of the physicians theory that is studied here. It explores the theological and philosophycal beliefs of the author, who sees the world as a unity, allowing for the analogy between distinct branches of Physics. His developments with theories like heat, colour, optics, magnetism, and electricity enable to highlight this vision in the whole of his work. Maxwell is considered the starter of a new methodology with the use of models and metaphors. It explores the development of the theory of colours, the mathematical description of the stability of the rings of Saturn, and the development of the theory of gases as an introduction to the discussion of the theory of electromagnetism. It describes the theoretical development of electromagnetism in its several different moments. The theoretical construction of electromagnetism highlights the gradual abandonment of mecanicism, the intense use of temporary models and metaphors, and the enphasis in the quantification and use of experiments. It discusses the relationship between Maxwell and the philosophical, social and theological discussions of his time, his engagement in practical activities in this sense, and his cientific and philosophical influences. It describes and discusses the philosophical texts of the scientist, in which his ontology, his theological beliefs, and his analogy conceptions are highlighted. It discusses the issue of the use of analogies in Science, comparing several authors who deal with the subject. The methodology used was that of bibliographic survey with critical analysis of the authors literature, and of his commentators, and also a critical commentary on the primary and secondary texts. It concludes that the scientific success of Maxwell is due to his wager on the unity of the world guaranteed by God, as well as the unity between the world and the human mind, positions that showed to be well-succeeded when applied to the scientific methodology. It concludes also for the legitimacy and necessity of the use of metaphors and models in the scientific enterprise.

Esta pesquisa insere-se na temática da formação de professores de matemática. Apresenta um estudo sobre a relação entre a ciência e a religião presente nos livros História da Matemática, de Carl B. Boyer, e a Introdução à história da matemática, de Howard Eves, os mais utilizados no curso de licenciatura. Tendo em vista que as atuais propostas de ensino enfatizam que os alunos devem ser formados para serem cidadãos, considera que a forma com que essa relação aparece no material disponível pouco contribui para que isso ocorra. A tese partiu da idéia de que a história das ciências, na formação de professores de matemática, pode dar sustentação a uma educação científica que mostre a complexidade existente entre o pensamento religioso e o pensamento científico. Para isso, foram apresentados episódios da revolução científica causada por pensadores como Kepler, Galileu, Newton e Leibniz. O estudo enfatiza que a educação científica deve incluir uma discussão acerca da natureza do conhecimento científico e sua relação com outros aspectos da cultura, mostrando a existência de descontinuidades e revoluções, como propõe a historiografia atual. Para o enriquecimento do horizonte das discussões o trabalho levanta argumentos envolvendo aspectos sociais e éticos e valores, visando à formação do cidadão. Destaca, também, a tensão entre uma formação do professor mais técnica e uma formação mais ampla. / This research is inserted in the thematic of the graduation of math teachers. It presents a study about the relation between science and religion present in the books History of math, by Carl B. Boyer, and Introduction to the history of math, by Howard Eves, the most used in the graduation course. Having in sight that the current teaching proposals emphasizes that the students must be formed to become civilians, it considers that the way this relation appears in the available material doesn\'t contribute much for it to occur. The thesis stared from the idea that the history of sciences, in the formation of math teachers, can give support to a scientific education that shows the existing complexity between the religious thought and the scientific thought. For this to be made, episodes of the scientific revolution caused by thinkers like Kepler, Galileu, Newton, and Leibniz were presented. The study emphasizes that the scientific education must include a discussion about the nature of the scientific thought and it\'s relation with other aspects of culture, showing the existence of discontinuations and revolutions, as the current historiography proposes. For the enrichment of the discussions\' horizon this work shows arguments involving social and ethical aspects and values, in spite of forming a civilian. Also shows the tension between the more technical formation of a teacher and the most wide formation.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-19T20:12:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiane_Sanches2017.pdf: 1666070 bytes, checksum: a723a4b14d883cf8a73323131c2b2bf8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-19T20:12:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiane_Sanches2017.pdf: 1666070 bytes, checksum: a723a4b14d883cf8a73323131c2b2bf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-02 / The relations between Science and Religion in society and the possibilities of dialogue among them aiming at the construction of knowledge, are themes that still generate many controversies within educational institutions. The obstacles, in general, are product of a school system that has been characterized by the search for scientific rigor that is often not demystified in the school, constituting itself as an absolute and undeniable truth. Such situation tends to provoke confrontation of ideas, especially when themes that present cultural, philosophical and religious explanations are debated. In this scenario the positioning assumed by the teacher in the classroom is notable. Understanding, therefore, some of the factors that influence the development of scientific and religious knowledge, throughout the History of humanity is of fundamental importance for the task of teaching and learning. In this research we focus mainly on the relevance of reflecting the History of Science as one of the essential instruments to combat the cultural shocks that are established between the previous knowledge brought by the students to the classroom, facing the new knowledge that tend to form, also by means of the curricular contents. In this perspective, the defense is that there is no need to deny personal beliefs - in addition to the questions of science - neither by the teachers nor by the students, regarding the controversial contents, avoiding the formation of epistemological obstacles on teaching and learning science. Given this context, the study aims to investigate the connections and conflicts between science and religion in the early years of elementary school in the city of Cascavel - PR, Brazil, and whether the network teachers' approach has contributed to the perspective of dialogue between Scientific explanations and religious explanations in the themes Origin and Evolution. The dissertation is consisted on three distinct moments of studies: bibliographic research, document research and field research. The bibliographic research dealt with the reading and analysis of articles, dissertations, theses and scientific publications in general, concerning the teaching of Sciences, the new proposals for this teaching in recent years and the performance of teachers in subjects related to Science and Religion in the initial years and in other teaching modalities. The document research was based on the mapping and analysis of national, state and municipal educational laws, which regulate the teaching of Sciences, having as a guiding axis the Curriculum for the “Rede Pública Municipal” (Municipal Public Network) - Initial Years. The empirical data were collected through the field research, including interviews recorded in audio, performed with teachers from the 4th and 5th years of elementary school. These two stages of teaching were chosen because they represent a space that the content of the Origin of Life and Evolution of the Human Species are discussed, since the document organizes such subjects in the Matter and Energy axis. In this research, a large number of teachers pointed out that these themes are considered difficult to approach, they also mention the lack of initial training, continuing education and a gap of referrals from the curriculum. However, there are records of reports indicating, in some cases, the valuation of previous conceptions as a starting point in controversial debates. This shows the insertion of dialogical bridges between scientific knowledge and religious knowledge. These evidences were confirmed by the analysis of the data collected. / As relações entre Ciência e Religião na sociedade e as possibilidades de diálogo em meio a elas, visando à construção do conhecimento, são temáticas que ainda geram muitas controvérsias no interior das instituições de ensino. Os embates travados, em geral, são por que o sistema escolar tem se caracterizado pela busca do rigor científico que, muitas vezes, não é desmistificado na escola, constituindo-se como uma verdade absoluta e incontestável. Tal situação tende a provocar confronto de ideias, principalmente quando temas que apresentam explicações de ordem cultural, filosófica e religiosa são debatidos. Neste cenário há muito do posicionamento assumido pelo professor em sala de aula. Compreender, portanto, alguns dos fatores que influenciam o desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico e religioso, ao longo da História da humanidade é de fundamental importância para a tarefa de ensino e aprendizagem. Nesta pesquisa nos focamos principalmente na relevância de refletir a História da Ciência como sendo um dos instrumentos essenciais de combate aos choques culturais que se estabelecem entre os conhecimentos prévios trazidos pelos alunos para a sala de aula, frente aos novos conhecimentos que tendem a se formar, por meio, também, dos conteúdos curriculares. Nesta perspectiva, a defesa é de que não haja a necessidade de abnegação de crenças pessoais – para além das questões da Ciência – nem por parte dos professores, nem por parte dos alunos, no que diz respeito aos conteúdos controversos, evitando-se a formação de obstáculos epistemológicos no ensino e aprendizagem em Ciências. Tendo em vista este quadro, o estudo tem por objetivo investigar as conexões e conflitos entre Ciência e Religião nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, na cidade de Cascavel – PR, e se a abordagem dos professores da rede tem contribuído para a perspectiva do diálogo entre explicações científicas e explicações religiosas nos temas Origem e Evolução. A dissertação compôs-se de três momentos distintos de estudos: pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo. A pesquisa bibliográfica tratou da leitura e análise de artigos, dissertações, teses e publicações científicas no geral, referentes ao ensino de Ciências, às novas propostas para este ensino nos últimos anos e a atuação de professores em temas ligados a Ciência e Religião nos anos iniciais, e em outras modalidades de ensino. A pesquisa documental pautou-se no mapeamento e análise de leis educacionais em nível nacional, estadual e municipal, que regulamentam o ensino de Ciências, tendo como eixo norteador o Currículo para a Rede Pública Municipal – Anos Iniciais. Os dados empíricos foram coletados por meio da pesquisa de campo, compreendendo entrevistas gravadas em áudio, realizadas com professores dos 4º e 5º anos. Estes dois anos do ensino foram escolhidos, pois representam o espaço para que conteúdos sobre Origem da Vida e Evolução da Espécie Humana sejam abordados, uma vez que o documento organiza tais assuntos no eixo Matéria e Energia. A pesquisa aponta que estes temas são considerados de difícil abordagem por boa parte dos professores, que citam, inclusive, a carência na formação inicial, continuada e defasagem de encaminhamentos do Currículo. Entretanto, há registros de relatos sinalizando, em alguns casos, para a valorização das concepções prévias como ponto de partida em debates controversos. Isso mostra a inserção de pontes dialógicas entre o conhecimento científico e o conhecimento religioso. Tais evidências foram confirmadas a partir da análise dos dados coletados.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-08T10:55:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 felipeluismelodesouza.pdf: 1227952 bytes, checksum: f9cfa306b8e5ddcb5a5fc033e18a3b40 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-09T13:37:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 felipeluismelodesouza.pdf: 1227952 bytes, checksum: f9cfa306b8e5ddcb5a5fc033e18a3b40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-09T13:37:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 felipeluismelodesouza.pdf: 1227952 bytes, checksum: f9cfa306b8e5ddcb5a5fc033e18a3b40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-07 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo desta tese é analisar O Livro Vermelho, de C. G. Jung, descrevendo o que ele é, como ele é e o que ele traz. Escrito e rescrito entre os anos de 1913 e 1928, este trabalho foi considerado pelo autor o seu experimento mais difícil, a autoanálise que lhe permitiu encontrar o seu ponto de referência e elaborar a sua psicologia, a Psicologia Analítica. O livro ficou guardado durante muitas décadas e só foi publicado recentemente (2009), o que explica a pouca bibliografia disponível até o momento. O nosso trabalho visa defender a tese de que o central destas experiências, após o rompimento com a psicanálise, consiste na compreensão das polaridades da psique e, concomitantemente, na elaboração de concepções a respeito de Deus. No Livro Vermelho, aparecem concepções de Deus que não se limitam às concepções cristãs dogmáticas, sendo muitas vezes totalmente inusuais e até blasfemas. Ao final, apresenta a ideia do Deus Abraxas, o Deus acima das polaridades, e defende que o homem possui dignidade suficiente para não ter que se submeter aos desígnios divinos. Ao mesmo tempo, ao longo da tese, discorremos sobre a correlação entre o Livro Vermelho e as ideias que serão reunidas nas Obras Completas, como os tipos psicológicos, a anima, o Self, a diferença entre a religião oriental e ocidental e a individuação. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze The Red Book, by C. G. Jung, describing what it is, how it is and what it brings. Written and rewritten between 1913 and 1928, this work was considered by the author to be his most difficult experiment, the self-analysis that allowed him to find his reference point and prepare his psychology, Analytical Psychology. The book was stored away for many decades and was only published recently (2009), which explains the limited bibliography available until now. Our work aims to argue that the central point of these experiments, after the departure from psychoanalysis, consists in comprehending the polarities of the psyche and, simultaneously, in the elaboration of conceptions regarding God. In The Red Book, there appear conceptions of God that are not limited to dogmatic Christian concepts, often of a totally unusual and even blasphemous nature. At its end, it puts forward the idea of God Abraxas, the God above the polarities, and argues that man possesses enough dignity not to have to submit to divine designs. At the same time, over the course of the thesis, we discuss the correlation between The Red Book and the ideas that will be gathered together in the Complete Works, such as the psychological types, the anima, the Self, the difference between western and eastern religions and individuation.

[pt] As relações entre ciência e religião não se restringem aos dias de hoje, remontando ao surgimento da chamada ciência moderna no século XVI. Um importante capítulo dessa história é a publicação do livro A origem das espécies de Charles Darwin em 1859. Passados 150 anos de seu lançamento, vivemos em um mundo não menos religioso. Nesse sentido, supomos que o professor de biologia que professa uma fé religiosa cristã lida com duas construções sociais diferentes: religião e ciência. Assim, partindo de uma concepção pluralista da verdade e de uma proposta de educação intercultural baseada no conceito de tolerância, investigamos os conflitos e os arranjos que os professores de biologia que professam uma fé cristã encontram entre o criacionismo e o evolucionismo, num mundo que é ao mesmo tempo religioso e secularizado. Para isso, fizemos entrevistas semi-estruturadas com dez professores/as e analisamos o conteúdo de suas falas. Ficou evidenciado que os/as professores/as aceitam a evolução biológica, porém negam o acaso como uma etapa importante nesse processo. Em seu lugar, acreditam que Deus é quem dirige a evolução. Os/as professores/as reconhecem a importância da evolução para a biologia, mas se dividem quanto ao ensino do criacionismo. Indicamos também, com base na literatura de referência e nas falas dos sujeitos de pesquisa, que uma proposta de educação intercultural com base na tolerância pode ajuda a resolver conflitos envolvendo religião e ciência em sala de aula. / [en] The relationship between science and religion are not restricted to the present day, tracing the emergence of so-called modern science in the sixteenth century. An important chapter of this history is the publication of the book The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1859. After 150 years of its publication, we live in a world no less religious. Therefore, we assume that the biology teacher who professes a Christian religious faith deals with two different social constructs: religion and science. Thus, from a pluralistic conception of truth and a proposal for intercultural education based on the concept of tolerance, we investigated the conflicts and arrangements that biology teachers who profess a Christian faith find between creationism and evolution in a world that is both religious and secular. For this, we did semi-structured interviews with ten teachers and analyze the content of their speech. It was shown that the teachers accept the biological evolution, but deny the chance as an important step in this process. Instead, they believe that God drives the evolution. The teachers recognize the importance of evolution to biology, but are divided over the teaching of creationism. We also point that, based on the reference literature and the statements of the subjects of research, a proposal for intercultural education based on tolerance can help solving conflicts involving religion and science in the classroom.

The thesis analyzes the thinking, legacy and the second life of the work of a prominent mathematician, cosmologist and the Catholic priest Georges Lemaître. The patterns of his thinking (expecting the intelligibility of the cosmos, assuming the hidden nature of God for research of natural science, seeing indeterminism in the evolution of the cosmos and separating the scientific and religious approach to reality) are presented on the basis of sources and literature based on Lemaître's texts and texts of scholars who dealt with his life and work. Everything is further complemented by the opinions of authors writing about the broader contexts of the history of cosmology and its interferencee with religion. Those long-term tendencies are drawn in more detail and further connected and compared with more general European ideas (the book of nature, the question of human free will, light as a backdrop of creation, appreciating the simplicity of hypotheses). Special emphasis is placed on the religious connotations of Lemaître's thinking - these are also presented with regard to the development of time, to which insights are further applied using modern models of the relationship between science and religion. It is the temporal transformation of that relationship within Lemaître's life path and the resulting...

Darwinian evolution is a robustly supported scientific theory. Yet creationists continue to challenge its teaching in American public schools. Biology teachers in all 50 states are responsible for teaching science content standards that include evolution. As products of their backgrounds and affiliations teachers bring personal attitudes and beliefs to their teaching. The purpose of this study was to explore how biology teachers perceive, describe, and value their teaching of evolution. This research question was explored through a heuristic qualitative methodology. Eight veteran California high school biology teachers were queried as to their beliefs, perceptions, experiences and practices of teaching evolution. Both personal and professional documents were collected. Data was presented in the form of biographical essays that highlight teachers' backgrounds, experiences, perspectives and practices of teaching evolution. Of special interest was how they describe pressure over teaching evolution during a decade of standards and No Child Left Behind high-stakes testing mandates. Five common themes emerged. Standards have increased the overall amount of evolution that is taught. High-stakes testing has decreased the depth at which evolution is taught. Teacher belief systems strongly influence how evolution is taught. Fear of creationist challenges effect evolution teaching strategies. And lastly, concern over the potential effects of teaching evolution on student worldviews was mixed. Three categories of teacher concern over the potential impact of evolution on student worldviews were identified: Concerned, Strategist, and Carefree. In the final analysis teacher beliefs and attitudes still appeared to he the most important factor influencing how evolution is taught.

No description available.

J’explore de nouvelles façons d’étudier l’histoire et l’historicité de la perception, à travers un double portrait du psychologue francophone Albert Michotte, et de la collection de ses disques en papier. Leur interaction produit de nouvelles images expérimentales, éclaircissant les complexités de la perception. J’ai navigué différents archives, archives d'objets et collections d’instruments en Belgique, en France et en Allemagne. La découverte de nouvelles sources et mes ré-animations historiques m’ont permis de combiner l’histoire des sciences et l’étude des médias, touchant sur l’histoire de la philosophie et de la religion. Le portrait de Michotte dévoile une figure qui fait le pont entre différents paradigmes psychologiques, science et religion, filmologie et phénoménologie expérimentale, aussi bien qu’un diplomate des sciences traversant deux guerres, des politiques religieuses et des changements institutionnels. Etudier les paradoxes qu’il incarnait devient ainsi un outil d’historiographie. Le portrait des disques, contextualisé en termes de 'contextes d’action', montre comment ils sont liés à la pratique expérimentale, le cinéma, l’art et la culture matérielle du laboratoire. Ce double portrait montre comment Michotte et les disques créèrent ensemble des images en mouvement afin d’étudier les perceptions dynamiques, telle que la perception de la causalité. Le mouvement est essentiel à cette thèse, car il permet de comprendre comment de telles perceptions son générées et transportées. L’étude de ces perceptions permet de saisir comment la perception dépend d’un contexte, se forme à travers des inter-actions, et change – montrant son historicité. / I explore new ways to study the history and historicity of perception, through a double portrait: of the francophone psychologist Albert Michotte, and of a set of well-preserved rotating paper discs. In their interaction, new experimental images were generated, shedding light on the intricacy of perception. I have searched different archives, object-archives and instrument collections in Belgium, France and Germany. Newly discovered sources, together with my historical re-animations, allowed me to combine history of science with media studies, in close interaction with the history of philosophy and religion.The portrait of Michotte shows a bridging-figure between different psychological paradigms, science and religion, filmology and experimental phenomenology, performing science diplomacy to navigate two wars, religious politics and institutional change. Studying the paradoxes he embodied is developed into a historiographical tool. The portrait of the discs, contextualised in terms of 'action contexts', shows how they related to experimental practice, cinema, art and the material culture of the laboratory. This dynamic double portrait shows how Michotte and the discs together create moving images for the study of dynamic perceptions, such as the perception of causality. Motion is central to this thesis, not only for explaining the dynamic perception of movements, but especially for understanding how such perceptions are generated and transported. Studying these 'movement-perceptions' makes it possible to grasp how perception is context dependent, how it is shaped through inter-actions, and how it changes – giving it a history.

Ibn Jumay''s (d. c. 594/1198) commentary on the Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sīnā (d. 428/1037) occupies an important place in the history of medicine for it is the first Canon commentary written by a physician and thus stands at the start of a tradition extending over 500 years. In addition, it is a so-far neglected source for our understanding of mediaeval Islamic medicine. The present thesis analyses the commentary with the aims of (1) determining the methods by which the court physician composed his treatise and (2) understanding why Ibn Jumay' undertook to prepare a commentary on one of the most thorough medical compendia of the middle ages. Chapter One presents the biography of Ibn Jumay', reveals that his religion had little impact on his writings and surveys his library which played a pivotal role in the composition of the commentary. Chapter Two investigates Ibn Jumay''s methodology in the entire commentary; it reveals that with his philological and source-critical methods Ibn Jumay' wanted to establish an authoritative reading of the Canon and to demonstrate the high degree of his erudition. Chapter Three focuses on selected passages in the commentary in form of three case studies. Ibn Jumay''s comments on anatomy/dissection, assorted materia medica and headaches demonstrate the court physician’s reverence for ancient authorities and his quest to revive and refine their teachings. Chapter Four contextualises Ibn Jumay''s methods and agenda by comparing them to those of other relevant scholars of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The thesis concludes by arguing that Ibn Jumay''s commentary was part of his revival of the art of medicine and his attempt to gain power in the medical tradition by attaching his name to one of the greatest scholars of his time — the ra'īs Ibn Sīnā.