Cette thèse porte sur la valeur philosophique des représentations de la science et de la mythologie dans la science-fiction postmoderne, selon une étude du cycle du Pont d’Élisabeth Vonarburg. L’ensemble des mondes possibles présentés à travers ces œuvres se prête à une lecture épistémologique. Ces mondes, dépourvus de lien significateur avec une réalité sous-entendue, sont autosuffisants ; l’abord de ce type de texte pose ainsi un défi à la connaissance. La codification des œuvres de Vonarburg s’érige selon la constitution d’une <em>xéno</em>encyclopédie. La xénoencyclopédie s’exprime surtout à travers des métaphores, qui occupent par la représentation figurée une fonction épistémologique. Le tout s’assemble en structure cohérente par moyen d’un processus cognitif de projection cartographique effectué par le lecteur. Dans les œuvres du cycle du Pont, la science et la mythologie sont décortiquées pour révéler leurs imprécisions inhérentes. Ces systèmes sont tous les deux enracinés dans le langage, ce qui entraîne une représentation fragmentée et incomplète de la réalité qu’ils veulent figurer. Les représentations de la science et la mythologie, suscitent une investigation empirique qui tente d’élucider leur capacité de soutenir l’apprentissage. L’exposition des contraintes représentatives propres à la science et à la mythologie se manifeste à travers la juxtaposition et la superposition des mondes du cycle du Pont. Nous soulèverons une question finale : des limitations des systèmes de codification, découle-t-il un épuisement potentiel de l’imaginaire ? Pour y répondre, nous invoquerons l’apport de la métafiction, qui relève de l’interaction du lecteur avec le récit. / Master of Arts (MA)

In this dissertation, I argue that contemporary cultural narratives are infused with ongoing ideologies of Euro-American imperialism that prioritizes Western bodies and ways of engaging with living and nonliving beings. This restriction severely hinders possible responses to the present environmental crisis of the era often called the 'Anthropocene' through constant creation and recreation of imperial power relations and the presumed superiority of Western approaches to living. Taking inspiration from postcolonial theorist Edward Said and theories of cultural studies and empire, I use interdisciplinary methods of narrative analysis to examine threads of imperial ideologies that are (re)told and glorified in popular American science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager (1995-2001). Voyager follows the Star Trek tradition of exploring the far reaches of space to advance human knowledge, and in doing so writes Western imperial practices of difference into an idealized future. In chapters 2 through 5, I explore how the series highlights American exceptionalism, Manifest Destiny, a belief in endless linear progress, and the creation of a safe 'home' space amidst the 'wild' spaces of the Delta Quadrant. Each of these narrative features, as presented, rely on Western difference and superiority that were fundamental to past and present Euro-American imperial encounters and endeavors. Through the recreation of these ideologies of empire, Voyager normalizes, legitimizes, and universalizes imperial approaches to engagement with other lifeforms. In order to move away from this intertwined thread of past/present/future imperialism, in my final chapter I propose alternatives for ecofeminist-inspired narrative approaches that offer possibilities for non-imperial futures. As my analysis will demonstrate, Voyager is unable to provide new worlds free of imperial ideas, but the possibility exists through the loss of their entire world, and their need to constantly make and remake their world(s). World making provides opportunity for endless possibilities, and science fiction television has the potential to aid in bringing non-imperial worlds to life. These stories push beyond individual and anthropocentric attitudes toward life on earth, and although such stories will not likely be the immediate cause of change in this era of precarity, stories can prime us for thinking in non-imperial ways. / Doctor of Philosophy / In this dissertation, I argue that contemporary cultural narratives feature continuing Euro-American imperialism that prioritizes Western bodies and ideas. These embedded narratives recreate centuries of Western imperial encounters and attitudes, and severely hinder possible responses to the present environmental crisis of the 'modern' era. Taking inspiration from postcolonial theorist Edward Said, I use interdisciplinary methods of narrative analysis to examine threads of imperialism written into popular American science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager (1995-2001). Voyager follows the Star Trek tradition of exploring the far reaches of space to advance human knowledge, and in doing so inscribes Western imperial practices of difference and power into an idealized future through features of exploration, modernity, and progress. In order to move away from these imperial modes of thinking, I then propose alternatives for new narrative approaches that offer possibilities for non-imperial futures. As my analysis will demonstrate, Voyager is unable to provide new worlds free of imperial ideas, but the possibility exists through the loss of their entire world, and their need to constantly make and remake their world(s). World making provides opportunity for endless possibility, and science fiction television has the potential to aid in bringing non-imperial worlds to life. These stories push beyond individual and human centered attitudes toward life on earth, and although such stories will not likely be the immediate cause of change in this era of environmental crisis, stories can prime us for thinking in non-imperial ways.

In the last 50 years, the ocean has been experiencing a rapid increase in human use and exploitation, which is gradually decreasing ocean resilience. This “Blue Acceleration” calls for a reconsideration of the ocean as a political and economic arena. One suggestion for doing so is to replace the growth paradigm underlying the current ocean economy with a philosophy of “Blue Degrowth”. Using ocean Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) as a case study, I employ Science-Fiction prototyping to explore how “seeds” of post-growth thinking in current governance frameworks for ABNJ might transform the ocean economy beyond national jurisdiction to an ocean economy beyond growth. In this thesis, I develop a coherent post-growth future scenario for ABNJ (Mare Autonomia) meant to challenge the dominant Mare Liberum (freedom of the seas) imaginary of open ocean governance. The scenario consists of four SciFi short stories each touching on different parts of the ocean economy (shipping, fishing, marine biotechnology, and deep-sea mining) and a prototype ocean treaty that describes the governance principles underlying this future. Subjecting the scenario to experts allowed me to map the transformation from the present to the future using the three horizons framework, but also showed that perceptions of Mare Autonomia are widely affected by collectively-held imaginaries about both ocean and post-growth governance. By analysing this transformation further, I thus uncovered 1) aspects of the imaginary linked to the dominant growth paradigm hindering interviewees from seeing Mare Autonomia as a plausible ocean future, and 2) common post-growth governance tropes that become problematic when applied to an open ocean context. The thesis ends with a reflection on the power of imagination for both envisioning radically different futures and in rethinking how the story of our present reality is told. Alternative visions of the future are not inherently less plausible than the status quo. In realising this, we might also improve our capabilities in critically reflecting over the stories told about our present.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2008-2009 / Ce mémoire propose une analyse des mécanismes de brouillage exploités par Louis- Philippe Hébert, mécanismes qui ont pour effet d'entretenir dans ses textes une imprécision fondamentale, et cela malgré un apparent souci du détail et une recherche constante d'exactitude. Notre étude - fondée sur l'analyse des stratégies mises en oeuvre par l'auteur ainsi que sur l'exploration des parcours instables empruntés par le lecteur - montre que plusieurs paramètres textuels concourent à générer une insurmontable ambiguïté qui s'observe notamment à travers l'effacement de la frontière qui distingue habituellement l'identité de l'altérité : l'écart séparant les mondes fictif et empirique demeure largement indéterminé, le locuteur anonyme est campé dans une situation d'énonciation confuse alors que son doute perpétuel mine la confiance du lecteur, et enfin l'imprécision (ou la falsification) de la perception du sujet empêche de statuer concernant une éventuelle altérité du monde ou du sujet lui-même.

This thesis examines epic impressions between two disparate literary genres, the classical Homeric epic and the science fiction novel, Frank Herbert's Dune in particular. This is done by applying Jung's archetypes and his notion of the collective unconscious to both literary works. This thesis argues that, through intertextual dialogue, continuities can be seen to exist between the Homeric epic and Dune and other science fiction texts of a similar nature. Chapter one examines epic impressions through a study of the classical heroic superhuman. This superhuman, his birth, divine attributes and heroic adventures shall be isolated and applied to both the classical hero and the hero of Herbert's narrative. Chapter two will examine the relationship between prescience ("hyperawareness") and the divine oracle of the classical epic. Chapter three will examine the archetype of the "Terrible Mother" and the masculine fear of feminine powers that works to keep the feminine subordinate. / English Studies / M.A. (English)

This dissertation offers an examination of Delany's critical trajectory from structuralism to poststructuralism and postmodernism across a gamut of genres from SF to sword-and-sorcery, pornography, autobiography and literary criticism. Delany's engagement with semiotics, Foucault and deconstruction form the theoretical focus, together with his own theories of how SF functions as a literary genre, and its standing and reception within the greater realm of literature. The impact of Delany as a gay, black SF writer is also examined against the backdrop of his varied output. I have used the term 'dislocation' to describe Delany's tackling of traditional subjects and genres, and opening them up to further possibilities through critical engagement. Lastly, Delany is also examined as a postmodern icon. A frequent participant in his own texts, as well using pseudonyms that have developed into fully-fledged characters, Delany has become a critical signifier in his own work. / English Studies / M. A. (English)

Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the idea of apocalypse through the lens of science fiction (sf) written during the current fin de siècle period. I have dated this epoch, known as the information era, as starting in 1980 with the advent of personal computing and ending in approximately 2020 when the functional limits of silicon-based digital manufacturing and production are expected to be reached. By surveying the field of contemporary sf, I identify certain trends and subgenres that relate to particular aspects of apocalyptic thought, namely, conceptions of the ‘terror of history,’ the sublimity of accelerated techno-scientific advance, the ‘affective turn’ in media-culture and posthuman philosophy. My principal method of inquiry into how the apocalypse is imagined or ‘figured’ in sf is the concept of hyperstition – a neologism (combining the words ‘hyper’ and ‘superstition’) coined by the Cybernetic Culture Research Unit (CCRU). Hyperstition describes an aesthetic response whereby cultural fictions – principally, ideas relating to apocalypse – are imagined as transmuting into material realities. I begin by scrutinizing two posthumanist works of theory-fiction (theory written in the mode of sf) by the CCRU and 0rphan Drift which anticipate immanent human extinction and imagine the inception of a new evolutionary cycle of machine-augmented evolution This sensibility is premised on the sociallydestabilising cycles of exponential growth that characterise information-era technological developments, particularly in the digital industries, as well as the accelerated human impact on the natural environment. Central to my argument is the romantic materialist philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari and their concepts of accelerationism, schizoanalysis and Bodies without Organs (BwO’s). Their ontology is constructed around the idea that exponential rates of development necessitate a new aesthetic paradigm that ventures beyond philosophies of human access. The narrative of apocalypse, approached from this perspective, can be interpreted in catastrophic or anastrophic terms; either as a permanent ending or as the beginning of something radically new. Using hyperstition, I also investigate the sf of Russell Hoban, Michael Swanwick, Brian Stableford, Charles Stross, Dan Simmons, M. John Harrison and Paul McAuley to see not only how these authors interpret the concept of cultural acceleration, but also to identify common threads. Countering the catastrophic ‘death of affect’ postulated by theorists such as Jean Baudrillard and Paul Virilio with the anastrophic rejoinder of cyberdelic information-era countercultures, I conclude by investigating the new ‘affective turn’ in contemporary media theory. The works of theoretical fiction and sf that I investigate are informed, as I demonstrate, by the Situationist techniques of psychogeography, dérive and detournement, as well as by the literary tropes of 18th and 19th century fin de siècle Gothic and dark Romantic fiction. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die idee van apokalips deur die oogpunt van wetenskap fiksie (wf) soos geskryf gedurende die huidige ‘fin de siècle’ tydperk. Ek dateer hierdie epog, bekend as die inligtings-era, as die tydperk wat in 1980 begin met die koms van persoonlike rekenaars en nagenoeg eindig in 2020, wanneer die funksionele limiete van silikon gebaseerde digitale vervaardiging en produksie na verwagting bereik sal word. Deur die veld van kontemporêre wf in oënskou te neem, identifiseer ek sekere neigings en sub-genres wat vergelyk met sekere kenmerke van apokaliptiese denke, naamlik: begrippe soos die ‘verskrikking van geskiedenis’, die verhewendheid van versnelde tegno-wetenskaplike vooruitgang, die ‘emosionele omkeer’ in media-kultuur en post-humanistiese filosofie. My primêre metode van ondersoek van hoe die apokalips voorgestel of ‘beskryf’ kan word in wf, is die begrip van hiper-bygelowigheid - ‘n neologisme (samevoeging van die woorde ‘hiper’ en ‘bygeloof’) soos geskep deur die Kubernetiese Kultuur Navorsings-Eenheid (KKNE) en Nick Land, medestigter van die KKNE. Hiper-bygelowigheid beskryf die proses waarvolgens kulturele versinsels - hoofsaaklik opvattings met betrekking tot apokalips – in materiële realiteite omgeskakel kan word. Ek ondersoek ek twee post-humanistiese werke van teorie-fiksie (teorie geskryf volgens die wf metode) deur KKNE en 0rphan Drift, wat inherente menslike uitwissing verwag en die ontstaan van ‘n nuwe evolusionêre siklus van masjien-toename voorstel. Hierdie proses is gebaseer op die sosiaal-destabiliserende siklus van eksponensiële groei wat kenmerkend is van die inligtings-era se tegnologiese ontwikkelinge, veral in die digitale industrie, sowel as versnelde menslike impak op die natuurlike omgewing. Die kern van my beredenering is die goties-materialisties-teoriese standpunt soos deur Land ingeneem, sowel as die romanties-materialistiese filosofie van Deleuze en Guattari. Hierdie gevalle van neo-materialistiese (of objek-georiënteerde) filosofië word toegelig deur ‘n apokalipties-teoretiese basis bekend as akseleerasionisme. Hierdie uitgangspunt is ontwikkel rondom die idee dat die eksponensiële tempo van ontwikkeling ‘n klimaks sal bereik in ‘n evolusionêre ‘wipplank punt’ en dat ‘n nuwe estetiese paradigma nodig is wat dit bokant die filosofie van menslike vermoë kan waag sodat daar oor hierdie waarskynlikheid geteoretiseer kan word. Die beskrywing van apokalips, soos vanuit hierdie oogpunt beskou, kan vertolk word in beide katastrofiese of anastrofiese terme of as ‘n permanente einde of as die begin van iets wat radikaal nuut sal wees. Deur gebruik te maak van die hiperbygelowigheidsteorie, wat ‘n onderafdeling is van akseleerasionisme, ondersoek ek WF van Russell Hoban, Michael Swanwick, Brian Stableford, Charles Stross, Dan Simmons, M. John Harrison and Paul McAuley ten einde vas te stel hoe hierdie skrywers die konsep van kulturele akseleerasie interpreteer, maar ook om gemeenskaplike leidrade te identifiseer. Met teenargumentering ten opsigte van die katastrofiese ‘dood van affek’ gepostuleer deur teoretici soos Jean Baudrillard en Paul Virillio met die anastrofiese samevoeging van kuberdeliese inligtings-era-kontra-kulture, ondersoek ek die nuwe ‘gemoedsomkeer’ in kontemporêre mediateorie. Die werke van teoretiese fiksie, sowel as baie van die ander gevalle van wf wat ek ondersoek en soos deur my gedemonstreer, word toegelig deur Situasienistiese tegnieke van psigo-geografie, dérive en detournement, sowel as deur die literêre menigtes van die 19de eeu ‘fin de siècle’ donker Romantiese en Gotiese fiksie.

La technologie et le progrès technologique occupent une place centrale dans l'histoire et dans l'imaginaire américain. En même temps que la Révolution Industrielle apparaissent aux États-Unis les premières réelles expressions d'un utopisme technologique loin de se confiner à la littérature ou à la seule fiction - la nation et le monde pourront bientôt être transformés pour le meilleur par la technologie américaine. La science-fiction s'emparera bientôt de l'idée, traduisant aujourd'hui encore un rêve et des valeurs étroitement associés à l'identité et au projet national et reposant au cœur de l'imaginaire du pays. Le techno-utopisme contemporain, s'il s'appuie sur la " convergence NBIC " (Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno), tend cependant à se focaliser sur les transformations du corps humain lui-même. Le mouvement transhumaniste, qui s'attend à une transformation radicale du monde (la Singularité) grâce notamment aux nanotechnologies et aux intelligences artificielles, met ainsi l'accent sur l'impact que pourraient avoir ces technologies, ainsi que les biotechnologies (ingénierie génétique, cellules souches, clonage), sur un corps et une conscience améliorés ou " augmentés ", ainsi que sur l'organisation sociale de demain. Tant est si bien qu'on ne pourrait bientôt plus parler d'humanité mais bien de posthumanité. Le cinéma de science-fiction hollywoodien, en tant que mode d'expression culturel central à la culture américaine moderne, met lui-même en scène et réfléchit ces rêves de sublimation et ces cauchemars de déshumanisation. Les films du corpus (les Tron, RoboCop, Star Trek First Contact et Insurrection, Gattaca, la trilogie Matrix, The 6th Day, The Island, The Surrogates, Terminator IV, les deux Iron Man, Avatar, notamment) proposent leurs propres versions successives des dilemmes liés aux avancées de demain mais aussi à l'interdépendance qui lie déjà les humains à leurs machines. Les acteurs en sont les machines elles-mêmes, ceux qui les contrôlent (le gouvernement fédéral, l'armée, les multinationales), les techno-utopistes et leurs ennemis Luddites, les scientifiques, les ingénieurs et les hackers, mais aussi une humanité fascinée presque malgré elle par la promesse technologique. Si cette dernière est souvent caricaturée, à Hollywood même, en un conflit opposant " technophiles " et " technophobes ", les choses sont, même au cinéma, loin d'être aussi simples, en particulier depuis les années 1980. Et si la libération de l'oppression technologique passait par la technologie elle-même ?

The aim of the thesis is to explore depictions of sexuality in popular science fiction film and television through a focus on storytelling, narrative, characters and genre. The thesis analyses science fiction as a film and television genre with a focus on the conventions, interpretations, and definitions of genre as part of larger contexts. Central to the argumentation is films and television series, from Star Wars and Star Trek, to Firefly and Torchwood. The approach allows a consideration of how the storytelling conventions of science fiction are, and have been, affected by its contexts. Through a consideration of a historical de-emphasis on narrative complexity and character formation in science fiction, the thesis displays and analyses a salient tendency towards juvenile and heteronormative narratives. This tendency is represented by a concept that I call the Star’verses, through which this dominant idea of science fiction as a juvenile, techno-centred, masculine, and heteronormative genre became firmly established. This generic cluster has remained a dominant influence on science fiction film and television since the 1980s. However, as argued, a major discursive shift took place in science fiction at the turn of the millennium. This adult turn in science fiction film, and television in particular, is attributed to contextual changes, but also to the influence of television dramaturgy. It explains why science fiction in the 21st century is not as unfamiliar with depictions of sexuality as its predecessors were. This turn does not signal a total abandonment of what the Star’verses represent; it instead contributes to a change to this dominant idea of the generic identity of science fiction. While sexuality has been disassociated from much science fiction, it is also argued that the science fiction narrative has extensive queer potential. Generic conventions, such as aliens and time travel, invite both queer readings and queer storytelling; the latter however is seldom used, especially in science fiction film. A majority of the examples of science fiction narrative that use this queer potential can be found in television. In cinema, however, this progression is remarkably slow. Therefore, the thesis analyses whether the storytelling techniques of Hollywood cinema, to which science fiction film owes much of its dramaturgy, could be considered heteronormative. A comparison is made to television dramaturgy in order to display the possibilities for the serialised, character-focused science fiction narrative. Ultimately, the thesis investigate the possibility for subversive storytelling and whether a normative use of dramaturgy needs to be overthrown in order to tell a subversive story.

Uppsatsen beskriver utveckling av medvetandets filosofi i science fiction mellan 1800-talet och mitten av 1900-talet. För analysen används Mary Shelleys Frankenstein och Isaac Asimovs the Bicentennial Man. Utvecklingen i science fiction går parallellt med utveckling inom filosofin. Utvecklingen går mot en fysikalisk lösning på kropp och medvetande problemet med argument från behaviorismen, identitetsteorin, samt funktionalismen.