För att alla elever ska kunna uppnå scientific literacy bör man utgå från barnens erfarenheter där naturorienterade ämnen, NO, knyts till ett sammanhang – en kontext. I kontexten synliggörs naturvetenskapens mänskliga sida, och därmed visa att NO är mer än fakta. Elever behöver lära om naturvetenskapen, vilket kallas nature of science, NOS. Vårt syfte är att ta reda på hur lärare aktualiserar nature of science genom ett Linné-tema. I vår kvalitativa studie har vi intervjuat åtta lärare som undervisar i grundskolans tidigare år om deras tankar kring undervisning om naturvetenskapen. De visar ingen didaktisk medvetenhet om NOS men tillämpar det i stor utsträckning i ett temaarbete kring Linné-året 2007. I en analys (efter Lederman 2004) visar vi att de konkretiserar de mänskliga aspekterna av naturvetenskapen så att eleverna får uppleva hur en forskare arbetar. / Enabling all pupils to acquire scientific literacy it is suggested to start from their experiences, where science content will make sense within the context. In this context it is of importance that the human aspect of Science is shown, making it is possible to show that science isn’t merely facts. Pupils are in need of learning about Science, called nature of science, NOS. Our task is to find out how teachers pursue nature of science in inquiry based education on Carl Linnaeus. In the qualitative study we interviewed eight teachers in early primary school on their thoughts on teaching about Science. They do not show any didactic awareness of NOS though they use it in large extent in working with Linnaeus. In analysis (from Lederman 2004), we can show that teachers engage in the humanistic aspect of science, in which pupils experiences the work of a scientist.

Religiously conservative Americans consistently demonstrate lower scientific literacy than other Americans. Some argue, however, that Americans’ scientific literacy is contingent on subcultural conflict, showing differences in scientific literacy that emerge only on religiously contested scientific claims. Building on these insights, we find that the most salient factor explaining Americans’ divergence on contested (though not on uncontested) scientific claims is not religious commitment or conservatism per se, but an ideology that seeks political—and consequently epistemic—dominance: Christian nationalism. National data show that Christian nationalism is unassociated with Americans’ answers on questions about uncontested scientific knowledge. However, Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor of incorrect answers on questions about religiously contested scientific claims. Contemporary “culture war” debates over science have little to do with outright ignorance of science, nor are they strictly about religiosity or theological conservatism. Rather, disputes over science and religion reflect politically motivated denials of scientific facts that threaten Christian nationalism’s claims to epistemic and cultural authority.

The purpose of this study was to interpret the experiences of secondary science teachers in Florida as they address the scientific literacy of their students through teaching content reading strategies and student inquiry skills. Knowledge of the successful integration of content reading and inquiry skills by experienced classroom teachers would be useful to many educators as they plan instruction to achieve challenging state and national standards for reading as well as science. The problem was investigated using grounded theory methodology. Open-ended questions were asked in three focus groups and six individual interviews that included teachers from various Florida school districts. The constant comparative approach was used to analyze the data. Initial codes were collapsed into categories to determine the conceptual relationships among the data. From this, the five core categories were determined to be Influencers, Issues, Perceptions, Class Routines, and Future Needs. These relate to the central phenomenon, Instructional Modifications, because teachers often described pragmatic and philosophical changes in their teaching as they deliberated to meet state standards in both reading and science. Although Florida's secondary science teachers have been asked to incorporate content reading strategies into their science instruction for the past several years, there was limited evidence of using these strategies to further student understanding of scientific processes. Most teachers saw little connection between reading and inquiry, other than the fact that students must know how to read to follow directions in the lab. Scientific literacy, when it was addressed by teachers, was approached mainly through class discussions, not reading. Teachers realized that students cannot learn secondary science content unless they read science text with comprehension; therefore the focus of reading instruction was on learning science content, not scientific literacy or student inquiry. Most of the teachers were actively looking for reading materials and strategies to facilitate student understanding of science concepts, but they did not want to give up limited class time attempting methods that have not been proven to be successful in science classrooms.

Increasing science literacy among all students is a longstanding goal of science education. The most recent national attempt to improve science education, and thereby increase science literacy, came in the form of the Framework for K-12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards, which include 3 dimensions: scientific and engineering practices, crosscutting concepts, and disciplinary core ideas. The purpose of this content analysis was to examine the alignment between 4 of the scientific practices (Asking Questions; Constructing Explanations; Engaging in Argument from Evidence; and Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information) and a widely used commercial literacy program, Reading Wonders, with the goal of beginning an investigation into whether or not general literacy instruction might be useful in developing science literacy. The science texts and their accompanying recommended instruction in 4th grade Wonders were coded and analyzed using categories derived from the key features of each scientific practice. Findings showed partial, although most often minimal, alignment between Wonders and each of the four practices. Scientific questions were present in Wonders, but rarely asked by students. The analyzed texts included some explanations of how or why scientific phenomena occur, but they were rarely supported by evidence. Similarly, in terms of scientific argument, the texts included some opportunities for students to observe claims being made and supported and to make and support their own claims, but these claims were rarely linked to disciplinary core ideas. Finally, Wonders offered many opportunities for students to observe and/or engage in Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information. However, these opportunities mainly involved obtaining information from a single traditional print text and then summarizing it. Teachers who are hoping to use Wonders to help students understand scientific practices should be aware that such integration will require additional planning and instruction. Alignment between Wonders and these four practices was minimal and rarely authentic to the discipline of science. Future research should continue the investigation this study began, thereby increasing generalizability, by expanding the focus to include other elementary grade levels, as well as other commercial literacy programs.

学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(総合学術) / 甲第21229号 / 総総博第1号 / 新制||総総||1(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻 / (主査)准教授 磯部 洋明, 教授 松下 佳代, 特定教授 泉 拓良, 惣脇 宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Explores the relationship between nontraditional science education practices, structured by campaigns such as Public Understanding of Science (PUS) and Scientific Literacy (SL), and the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), using ethnographic work with the Choices and Challenges Project at Virginia Tech as a "point of entry" (Smith 1987) for a broader discussion. It points to the difficulty of "doing" theory and practice at the same time. While affirming that there is no easy solution to the hard work of situating local, nontraditional science education practices within a critical theoretical tradition such as STS, this project also provides recommendations for a new framework to conceptualize a more productive interaction between the practice of nontraditional science education and the theory of STS. In a postscript, I conclude by urging all researchers within the field of STS to begin to recognize that maintaining the false split between our academic research, undergraduate teaching, university outreach, and community involvement is a failed project. As STS researchers, I believe it is, in fact, our obligation to our local and global communities to adopt an interventionist strategy and to use our work — without apology — for directly political ends. Challenging the technoscientific-political context in which we live always involves a level of real risk — but it is also our only opportunity to achieve real success. Our participation in this challenge is a responsibility to ourselves and to our communities that we must recognize and accept. This participation should not be shunned, but rather applauded. / Master of Science

Durch die zunehmende Durchführung von Kompetenztestungen haben Dimensionalitäts- und Zusammenhangsanalysen an Wichtigkeit zugenommen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde Kompetenz in Biologie mit den Dimensionen Konzept- und Prozesswissen einer Dimensionalitätsprüfung unterzogen und mit externen Kriterien in Verbindung gebracht. Die hierfür angewandten Strukturgleichungsmodelle wurden auf der Grundlage von 3 156 Zehntklässlern in Deutschland modelliert. Konkurrierende Modelle zeigten die dimensionale Struktur von Kompetenz in Biologie. Das Modell mit dem besten Modellfit wurde systematisch mit den externen Maßen in Zusammenhang gebracht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Kompetenz in Biologie aus den zwei hoch miteinander korrelierenden Dimensionen Konzept- und Prozesswissen zusammengesetzt ist. Neben den erwarteten hohen Zusammenhängen mit sprachlichen Kompetenzen und kognitiver Grundfähigkeit, lagen differentielle Effekte nur für Konzeptwissen vor. Dieses hängt höher mit sprachlichen Kompetenzen als mit kognitiver Grundfähigkeit zusammen. Die Zusammenhänge mit den Fachnoten und dem Selbstkonzept sind hingegen inkonsistent. Das vermutete Zusammehangsmuster zeigte sich für die Fachnoten nicht. Das Selbstkonzept in Biologie leistet gleichermaßen einen Erklärungsbeitrag zu den beiden Dimensionen von Kompetenz in Biologie, die Selbstkonzepte in Chemie und Physik nicht. Die Studie zeigt, dass Mehrdimensionalität von Kompetenz in Biologie und andren Disziplinen untersucht werden muss, bevor sie in Testungen, in der Lehrerbildung und in Curricula implementiert wird. / With the growing popularity of competence testing, there is a need for more research on newly developed test instruments. Therefore, I investigated competence in biology for dimensionality with regard to concept and process knowledge and its relations to linguistic competencies, cognitive ability, grades and self-concept in biology, chemistry and physics. The structural equation analyses are based on 3 165 German tenth-graders. First, concurring models reveal the dimensional structure. Second, covariates are applied systematically to the dimensional model with the best fit. The results show that competence in biology consists of two highly correlated dimensions: concept and process knowledge. Besides the high relations with linguistic competencies and general cognitive ability with both biology dimensions, differential effects could be detected for concept knowledge which is stronger associated to linguistic competencies than to general cognitive ability. The relation to the covariates grades and academic self-concept is inconsistent. Concerning grades, none of the expected patterns were found. One’s self-concept in biology helps explain concept and process knowledge in biology whereas self-concept in chemistry and physics does not. This study shows that multidimensionality of competence in biology and other disciplines will need to be tested before implementation in assessment, teacher education and curricula.

Esta investigação caracteriza-se por ser estudo qualitativo que buscou compreender quais as características e as evidências da alfabetização científica presentes na ação educativa O Museu Vai à Praia, iniciativa desenvolvida pelo Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins (MAST) que leva atividades do museu para a praia durante o verão. Os dados deste estudo foram coletados durante o mês de março de 2013, no Rio de Janeiro e em três praias diferentes da cidade de Niterói, contemplando, além de entrevistas com os conceptores da ação educativa e com o público espontâneo, a observação da ação e a análise documental do projeto. A revisão da literatura referente à alfabetização científica e à educação em museus possibilitou o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de análise composta de dimensões e seus respectivos indicadores, usados para análise de dois importantes aspectos do O Museu Vai à Praia: as intenções do programa nos anos 1980 e em 2013 e a experiência do púbico na sua quinta edição. Os resultados revelam que, apesar de o projeto não ter sido elaborado na perspectiva da Alfabetização Científica (AC), ela contempla todas as dimensões propostas: Científica, Interface Ciência e Sociedade, Institucional e Afetiva, além da maioria dos indicadores de cada uma das dimensões. Mesmo nem todos os indicadores estando explicitados, consideramos que a presença reiterada de todas as dimensões denota que, desde sua origem, os objetivos da ação O Museu Vai à Praia dialogam com as finalidades da alfabetização científica. A ausência de alguns dos indicadores foi problematizada, assim como foram discutidas as mudanças nas ênfases de algumas dimensões ocorridas entre os anos 1980 e 2013, com a finalidade de promover uma análise crítica e uma reflexão sobre o papel da ação O Museu Vai à Praia na perspectiva da AC. Ao se defender que a AC é um processo que ocorre ao longo da vida, avaliamos que as ações educativas desenvolvidas pelos museus de ciências possuem grande potencial para sua promoção e que tais ações, se planejadas com base nas dimensões e nos indicadores propostos, podem se mostrar como um recurso fundamental para a maior compreensão da ciência e de sua relação com a sociedade. / This investigation is a qualitative study that aims to understand the evidences and characteristics of scientific literacy present in the project \"The Museum goes to the Beach\", an initiative developed by MAST (Museum of Astronomy and Science), which takes museum activities to the beach during summer.Data was collected in March 2013 in Rio de Janeiro and in three different beaches of Niteroi. Besides interviews with the creators of the project and the spontaneous public, we conducted a documental analysis and an observation of activities. The literature review on scientific literacy and education in museums allowed the development of an analytical tool regarding dimensions and indicators of \"the musem goes to the beach\" that focus on two specific aspects: the intention of the project in the 1980s and in 2013 and the experience with the participants in its fifth edition.Results indicate that even though the project was not built under the perspective of scientific literacy, it involves all the proposed dimensions: scientific, science and society interface, institutional and affective, besides the majority of indicators in each of the dimensions.Even though not all indicators are explicit, we believe that the consistent presence of all the dimensions reinforce that, since its origin, the objectives of \"the museum goes to the beach\" dialogue with the goals of scientific literacy.The absence of some indicators was analyzed, such as the change in emphasis in some dimensions between the 1980s and 2013 was discussed, in the attempt to foster a critical analysis and reflection over the role of the activity \"the museum goes to the beach\", under the perspective of scientific literacy.Stating that scientific education is a process ongoing throughout life, it is evaluated that educational activities developed by science museums have great potential to its promotion. This kind of activities, if based on the proposed dimensions and indicators, can be a fundamental resource to a deeper understanding of science and its relation with society.

Esta investigação caracteriza-se por ser estudo qualitativo que buscou compreender quais as características e as evidências da alfabetização científica presentes na ação educativa O Museu Vai à Praia, iniciativa desenvolvida pelo Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins (MAST) que leva atividades do museu para a praia durante o verão. Os dados deste estudo foram coletados durante o mês de março de 2013, no Rio de Janeiro e em três praias diferentes da cidade de Niterói, contemplando, além de entrevistas com os conceptores da ação educativa e com o público espontâneo, a observação da ação e a análise documental do projeto. A revisão da literatura referente à alfabetização científica e à educação em museus possibilitou o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de análise composta de dimensões e seus respectivos indicadores, usados para análise de dois importantes aspectos do O Museu Vai à Praia: as intenções do programa nos anos 1980 e em 2013 e a experiência do púbico na sua quinta edição. Os resultados revelam que, apesar de o projeto não ter sido elaborado na perspectiva da Alfabetização Científica (AC), ela contempla todas as dimensões propostas: Científica, Interface Ciência e Sociedade, Institucional e Afetiva, além da maioria dos indicadores de cada uma das dimensões. Mesmo nem todos os indicadores estando explicitados, consideramos que a presença reiterada de todas as dimensões denota que, desde sua origem, os objetivos da ação O Museu Vai à Praia dialogam com as finalidades da alfabetização científica. A ausência de alguns dos indicadores foi problematizada, assim como foram discutidas as mudanças nas ênfases de algumas dimensões ocorridas entre os anos 1980 e 2013, com a finalidade de promover uma análise crítica e uma reflexão sobre o papel da ação O Museu Vai à Praia na perspectiva da AC. Ao se defender que a AC é um processo que ocorre ao longo da vida, avaliamos que as ações educativas desenvolvidas pelos museus de ciências possuem grande potencial para sua promoção e que tais ações, se planejadas com base nas dimensões e nos indicadores propostos, podem se mostrar como um recurso fundamental para a maior compreensão da ciência e de sua relação com a sociedade. / This investigation is a qualitative study that aims to understand the evidences and characteristics of scientific literacy present in the project \"The Museum goes to the Beach\", an initiative developed by MAST (Museum of Astronomy and Science), which takes museum activities to the beach during summer.Data was collected in March 2013 in Rio de Janeiro and in three different beaches of Niteroi. Besides interviews with the creators of the project and the spontaneous public, we conducted a documental analysis and an observation of activities. The literature review on scientific literacy and education in museums allowed the development of an analytical tool regarding dimensions and indicators of \"the musem goes to the beach\" that focus on two specific aspects: the intention of the project in the 1980s and in 2013 and the experience with the participants in its fifth edition.Results indicate that even though the project was not built under the perspective of scientific literacy, it involves all the proposed dimensions: scientific, science and society interface, institutional and affective, besides the majority of indicators in each of the dimensions.Even though not all indicators are explicit, we believe that the consistent presence of all the dimensions reinforce that, since its origin, the objectives of \"the museum goes to the beach\" dialogue with the goals of scientific literacy.The absence of some indicators was analyzed, such as the change in emphasis in some dimensions between the 1980s and 2013 was discussed, in the attempt to foster a critical analysis and reflection over the role of the activity \"the museum goes to the beach\", under the perspective of scientific literacy.Stating that scientific education is a process ongoing throughout life, it is evaluated that educational activities developed by science museums have great potential to its promotion. This kind of activities, if based on the proposed dimensions and indicators, can be a fundamental resource to a deeper understanding of science and its relation with society.