Το Resource Description Framework (RDF) αποτελεί ένα πλαίσιο περιγραφής πόρων ως μεταδεδομένα για το σημασιολογικό ιστό. Ο σκοπός του σημασιολογικού ιστού είναι η εξέλιξη και επέκταση του υπάρχοντος παγκόσμιου ιστού, έτσι ώστε οι χρήστες του να μπορούν ευκολότερα να αντλούν συνδυασμένη την παρεχόμενη πληροφορία. Ο σημερινός ιστός είναι προσανατολισμένος στον άνθρωπο. Για τη διευκόλυνση σύνθετων αναζητήσεων και σύνθεσης επιμέρους πληροφοριών, ο ιστός αλλάζει προσανατολισμό, έτσι ώστε να μπορεί να ερμηνεύεται από μηχανές και να απαλλάσσει το χρήστη από τον επιπλέον φόρτο. Η πιο φιλόδοξη μορφή ενσωμάτωσης κατάλληλων μεταδεδομένων στον παγκόσμιο ιστό είναι με την περιγραφή των δεδομένων με RDF triples αποθηκευμένων ως XML. Το πλαίσιο RDF περιγράφει πόρους, ορισμένους με Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI’s) ή literals με τη μορφή υποκείμενου-κατηγορήματος-αντικειμένου. Για την ορθή περιγραφή των πόρων ενθαρρύνεται από το W3C η χρήση υπαρχόντων λεξιλογίων και σχημάτων , που περιγράφουν κλάσεις και ιδιότητες. Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται υλοποίηση ενός δημοσιογραφικού RDF portal. Για τη δημιουργία RDF/XML, έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί τα λεξιλόγια και σχήματα που συνιστούνται από το W3C καθώς και των DCMI και PRISM. Επίσης χρησιμοποιείται για την περιγραφή typed literals to XML σχήμα του W3C και ένα σχήμα του portal. Η δημιουργία των μεταδεδομένων γίνεται αυτόματα από το portal με τη χρήση των στοιχείων που συμπληρώνονται στις φόρμες δημοσίευσης άρθρων και δημιουργίας λογαριασμών. Για τον περιορισμό του χώρου αποθήκευσης τα μεταδεδομένα δεν αποθηκεύονται αλλά δημιουργούνται όταν ζητηθούν. Στην υλοποίηση έχει δοθεί έμφαση στην ασφάλεια κατά τη δημιουργία λογαριασμών χρήστη με captcha και κωδικό ενεργοποίησης με hashing. Για τη διευκόλυνση του έργου του αρθρογράφου, έχει εισαχθεί και επεκταθεί ο TinyMCE Rich Text Editor, o οποίος επιτρέπει τη μορφοποίηση του κειμένου αλλά και την εισαγωγή εικόνων και media. Ο editor παράγει αυτόματα HTML κώδικα από το εμπλουτισμένο κείμενο. Οι δυνατότητες του editor επεκτάθηκαν κυρίως με τη δυνατότητα για upload εικόνων και media και με την αλλαγή κωδικοποίησης για συμβατότητα με τα πρότυπα της HTML5. Για επιπλέον συμβατότητα με την HTML5 εισάγονται από το portal στα άρθρα ετικέτες σημασιολογικής δομής. Εκτός από τα άρθρα που δημιουργούνται με τη χρήση του Editor, δημοσιοποιούνται και άρθρα από εξωτερικές πηγές. Στη διαδικασία που είναι αυτόματη και επαναλαμβανόμενη, γίνεται επεξεργασία και αποθήκευση μέρους των δεδομένων των εξωτερικών άρθρων. Στον αναγνώστη του portal παρουσιάζεται ένα πρωτοσέλιδο και σελίδες ανά κατηγορία με τα πρόσφατα άρθρα. Στο portal υπάρχει ενσωματωμένη μηχανή αναζήτησης των άρθρων, με πεδία για φιλτράρισμα χρονικά, κατηγορίας, αρθρογράφου-πηγής αλλά και λέξεων κλειδιών. Οι λέξεις κλειδιά προκύπτουν από την περιγραφή του άρθρου στη φόρμα δημιουργίας ή αυτόματα. Όταν τα άρθρα προέρχονται από εξωτερικές πηγές, η διαδικασία είναι υποχρεωτικά αυτόματη. Για την αυτόματη ανεύρεση των λέξεων κλειδιών από ένα άρθρο χρησιμοποιείται η συχνότητα της λέξης στο άρθρο, με τη βαρύτητα που δίνεται από την HTML για τη λέξη (τίτλος, έντονη γραφή), κανονικοποιημένη για το μέγεθος του άρθρου και η συχνότητα του λήμματος της λέξης σε ένα σύνολο άρθρων που ανανεώνεται. Για την ανάκτηση των άρθρων χρησιμοποιείται η τεχνική των inverted files για όλες τις λέξεις κλειδιά. Για τη μείωση του όγκου των δεδομένων και την επιτάχυνση απάντησης ερωτημάτων, αφαιρούνται από την περιγραφή λέξεις που παρουσιάζουν μεγάλη συχνότητα και μικρή αξία ανάκτησης πληροφορίας “stop words”. Η επιλογή μιας αντιπροσωπευτικής λίστας με stop words πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη χρήση ενός σώματος κειμένων από άρθρα εφημερίδων, τη μέτρηση της συχνότητας των λέξεων και τη σύγκριση τους με τη λίστα stop words της Google. Επίσης για τον περιορισμό του όγκου των δεδομένων αλλά και την ορθότερη απάντηση των ερωτημάτων, το portal κάνει stemming στις λέξεις κλειδιά, παράγοντας όρους που μοιάζουν με τα λήμματα των λέξεων. Για to stemming έγινε χρήση της διατριβής του Γεώργιου Νταή του Πανεπιστημίου της Στοκχόλμης που βασίζεται στη Γραμματική της Νεοελληνικής Γραμματικής του Μανώλη Τριανταφυλλίδη. Η επιστροφή των άρθρων στα ερωτήματα που περιλαμβάνουν λέξεις κλειδιά γίνεται με κατάταξη εγγύτητας των λέξεων κλειδιών του άρθρου με εκείνο του ερωτήματος. Γίνεται χρήση της συχνότητας των λέξεων κλειδιών και της συχνότητας που έχουν οι ίδιες λέξεις σε ένα σύνολο άρθρων που ανανεώνεται. Για την αναζήτηση γίνεται χρήση θησαυρού συνώνυμων λέξεων. / The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is an appropriate framework for describing resources as metadata in the Semantic Web. The aim of semantic web is the development and expansion of the existing web, so users can acquire more integrated the supplied information. Today's Web is human oriented. In order to facilitate complex queries and the combination of the acquired data, web is changing orientation. To relieve the user from the extra burden the semantic web shall be interpreted by machines. The most ambitious form incorporating appropriate metadata on the web is by the description of data with RDF triples stored as XML. The RDF framework describes resources, with the use of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI's) or literals as subject-predicate-object. The use of existing RDF vocabularies to describe classes and properties is encouraged by the W3C. In this work an information-news RDF portal has been developed. The RDF / XML, is created using vocabularies and schemas recommended by W3C and the well known DCMI and PRISM. The metadata is created automatically with the use of data supplied when a new articles is published. To facilitate the journalist job, a Rich Text Editor, which enables formatting text and inserting images and media has been used and expanded. The editor automatically generates HTML code from text in a graphic environment. The capabilities of the editor were extended in order to support images and media uploading and media encoding changes for better compatibility with the standards of HTML5. Apart from uploading articles with the use of the editor the portal integrates articles published by external sources. The process is totally automatic and repetitive. The user of the portal is presented a front page and articles categorized by theme. The portal includes a search engine, with fields for filtering time, category, journalist-source and keywords. The keywords can be supplied by the publisher or selected automatically. When the articles are integrated from external sources, the process is necessarily automatic. For the automatic selection of the keywords the frequency of each word in the article is used. Extra weight is given by the HTML for the words stressed (e.g. title, bold, underlined), normalized for the size of the article and stem frequency of the word in a set of articles that were already uploaded. For the retrieval of articles by the search engine the portal is using an index as inverted files for all keywords. To reduce the data volume and accelerate the query processing words that have high frequency and low value information retrieval "stop words" are removed. The choice of a representative list of stop words is performed by using a corpus of newspaper articles, measuring the frequency of words and comparing them with the list of stop words of Google. To further reduce the volume of data and increase the recall to questions, the portal stems the keywords. For the stemming the rule based algorithm presented in the thesis of George Ntais in the University of Stockholm -based Grammar was used. The returned articles to the keywords queried by the search engine are ranked by the proximity of the keywords the article is indexed. To enhance the search engine synonymous words are also included by the portal.

The main objective of this thesis is to identify current tools of online marketing communication of South Bohemia region in the field of tourism and evaluate their performance and efficiency of use. A secondary objective is to design a strategy for online marketing communication of South Bohemia region as a tourist destination using the latest trends and technologies.

Syfte och forskningsfrågor: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka på vilka sätt enmans- och mikroföretag tar till sig sökmotoroptimering. Detta för att bättre förstå vilka hinder företag upplever med att ta till sig sökmotoroptimering, så att kunskap om hur företag skulle kunna ta sig förbi identifierade hinder genereras.  1. På vilka sätt tar enmans- och mikroföretag till sig sökmotoroptimering som den digitala utvecklingen möjliggjort?  2. Vad finns det för hinder för enmans- och mikroföretag att ta till sig sökmotoroptimering?  Metod: Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär och har genomförts med en induktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen har främst skett genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från enmans- och mikroföretag samt med experter inom området från marknadsföringsbyråer.  Slutsats: Studien har resulterat i kunskap kring hur enmans- och mikroföretag tar till sig sökmotoroptimering. Resultatet visar att enmans- och mikroföretag upplever fyra framträdande hinder när de tar till sig SEO vilka är brist på finansiella resurser, tidsbrist, extern påverkan och bristen av kunskap inom informationsteknik och strategi. Studien har vidare identifierat fem nya hinder vid implementering av SEO vilka är kunskapsbrist om teknisk implementering av SEO, föråldrad generation på företag, brist på tillit, konjunkturell påverkan samt tidsbrist. Dessa hinder kategoriseras som interna eller externa hinder beroende på hur de påverkar företag. Kunskap har även genererats kring hur enmans- och mikroföretag skulle kunna ta sig förbi dessa hinder. / Purpose and research questions: The purpose of this study is to investigate how one-person- and microenterprises relate to search engine optimization. This to better understand what kind of barriers companies experience when adopting search engine optimization, to generate knowledge about how companies could overcome the identified barriers.  1. In what ways does one-person- and microenterprises adopt search engine optimization which the digital development has enabled?  2. What kind of barriers do one-person- and microenterprises experience when adopting search engine optimization?  Method: The study is of qualitative nature and has been implemented with an inductive approach. The data has mainly been collected through eight semistructured interviews with respondents from one-person- and microenterprises as well as experts in the field from marketing agencies.  Conclusion: The study has resulted in knowledge about how one-person- and microenterprises relate to search engine optimization. The result shows that one-person- and microenterprises experience four prominent barriers when approaching SEO. These four barriers are lack of financial resources, lack of time, external impact and lack of knowledge in information technology and strategy. The study has further identified five new barriers when enterprises approach SEO which are lack of knowledge about technical implementation of SEO, elderly generations at the company, lack of trust, impact of business cycle and lack of time. These barriers are categorized as internal or external barriers depending on how they affect companies. The study has also generated knowledge about how one-person and microenterprises could overcome these barriers.

Trovärdigheten för traditionella medier har minskat vilket har lett till att det blivit svårare att kommunicera med kunder och lett till en ökad konkurrens bland företag. I takt med utvecklingen av internet och Web 2.0 blev digitala dagböcker populära som kommunikationsverktyg för företag. Digitala dagböcker har, utifrån problemdiskussionen, identifierats som företagsbloggar bland företag och har inom ramen för Public relations ansetts en lösning på problemet med att kommunicera med kunder. Detta då företagsbloggar präglas av faktorer i form av bland annat förmågan att föra god kommunikation med publiken, skapa relationer, bygga varumärket, differentiera företag från konkurrenter samt som ett bra verktyg för sökmotoroptimering. Vad som dock inte framgår är vilka faktorer som är viktiga för företag att upprätthålla en skapad företagsblogg. Syftet med denna studie är att ur ett företagsperspektiv undersöka och få förståelse för vilka faktorer som är viktiga för att företag ska upprätthålla sin företagsblogg som ett kommunikationsverktyg och syftet leder till frågeställningen: “Vilka faktorer är viktiga för att företag ska upprätthålla sin företagsblogg som ett kommunikationsverktyg?” Studiens urval grundar sig på företag som driver en företagsblogg och är verksamma inom tjänstebranschen och där inom marknadsstrategin business-to-business. Studien består av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod som har genomförts via semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem företag inom ramen för urvalet. Intervjufrågorna formades efter studiens teoretiska ramverk som stod som grund för forskningen och hade huvudspår inom företagsblogg som kommunikationsverktyg, Public relations, relationsmarknadsföring och varumärkesbyggande. Slutligen analyserades empirin och kopplingar gjordes med relevanta teorier. Resultatet visar att kommunicera ut kunskap och information samt att skapa relationer är viktiga faktorer för att företag ska upprätthålla sin företagsblogg som ett kommunikationsverktyg. Resterande faktorer kan variera och beror på företagets storlek och affärsinriktning. / The credibility of traditional media has diminished over the years which has made it harder for companies to communicate with customers as well as it has increased the competition among companies. In line with the development of the internet and Web 2.0, digital diaries became popular as a communication tool for companies to use. Digital diaries have been identified as corporate blogs among companies and has been identified, within the frame of Public relations, as a solution to the communication problem with consumers that companies can deal with. Corporate blogs are characterized by factors such as the ability to communicate with the audience, create relationships, branding, differentiation as well as a good search engine optimization tool. What is not evident, however, is which are the factors that are important to maintain a corporate blog.  The purpose of the study is to, from a business perspective, examine and understand which factors that are important for companies to maintain their corporate blog as a communication tool and the purpose leads to the question at issue: “Which factors are important for companies to maintain their corporate blog as a communication tool?" The selection of the study is based on companies that are running an corporate blog and that are active in the service business industry within the business-to-business marketing strategy. The study consists of a qualitative study and the used method is semi-structured interviews with five companies within the selection of the study. The interview questions were formed in accordance with the theoretical framework of the study, which formed the basis for the research and had headlines in corporate blog as a communication tool, Public relations, relationship marketing and brand building. Finally, the results were analyzed and connections were made with relevant theories of the study. The results show that to communicate knowledge and information, as well as building relationships, are important factors for companies to maintain their corporate blog as a communication tool. The remaining factors may vary and depend on the size of the company and what business orientation the company has.

This thesis deals with online marketing trends. Its main goal is to define the latest online marketing trends, create a website with the free online marketing trends, and analyse their effectiveness. The theoretical part brings a thorough description of the latest online marketing trends. Moreover, it provides an insight into the latest trends in the website development. The chosen online marketing trends defined in the theoretical part are subsequently applied on a newly created website. All the steps taken throughout the process of creating the website together with the application of the latest trends are described in the practical part. The website is created gradually in the course of writing this thesis and only free online marketing tools are applied on this website. The effectiveness of the chosen online marketing trends is monitored and consequently analysed. The recommendations resulting from the analysis are provided at the end of the practical part. This thesis might serve as a guide for those who wish to create a website with the latest online marketing trends.

The diploma thesis deals with social networks from the perspective of their impact on search engine optimization (SEO). It focuses on description how the search engine marketing works. Main emphasis is given on the description of key social networks that have an assumption (because of their functionality) to affect of shifting the search results. Some social services also have an impact on indexing new content in search engines. They are also an important part of the strategy for online reputation management. Part of the diploma thesis is devoted to the modern concept of SEO which is defined as findability marketing. This concept consider the social networks as internet websites where users looking for information. That is the reason why this thesis contains a chapter about search capabilities on social networks.

Master's thesis is focused on promotion of company's sales of services by creating an internet portal, which can be used to easily and quickly establish website including administration. The paper analyses the market environment, describes the process of creating the portal and proposes pricing options.

Background: Most of our biomedical knowledge is only accessible through texts. The biomedical literature grows exponentially and PubMed comprises over 18.000.000 literature abstracts. Recently much effort has been put into the creation of biomedical ontologies which capture biomedical facts. The exploitation of ontologies to explore the scientific literature is a new area of research. Motivation: When people search, they have questions in mind. Answering questions in a domain requires the knowledge of the terminology of that domain. Classical search engines do not provide background knowledge for the presentation of search results. Ontology annotated structured databases allow for data-mining. The hypothesis is that ontology annotated literature databases allow for text-mining. The central problem is to associate scientific publications with ontological concepts. This is a prerequisite for ontology-based literature search. The question then is how to answer biomedical questions using ontologies and a literature corpus. Finally the task is to automate bibliometric analyses on an corpus of scientific publications. Approach: Recent joint efforts on automatically extracting information from free text showed that the applied methods are complementary. The idea is to employ the rich terminological and relational information stored in biomedical ontologies to markup biomedical text documents. Based on established semantic links between documents and ontology concepts the goal is to answer biomedical question on a corpus of documents. The entirely annotated literature corpus allows for the first time to automatically generate bibliometric analyses for ontological concepts, authors and institutions. Results: This work includes a novel annotation framework for free texts with ontological concepts. The framework allows to generate recognition patterns rules from the terminological and relational information in an ontology. Maximum entropy models can be trained to distinguish the meaning of ambiguous concept labels. The framework was used to develop a annotation pipeline for PubMed abstracts with 27,863 Gene Ontology concepts. The evaluation of the recognition performance yielded a precision of 79.9% and a recall of 72.7% improving the previously used algorithm by 25,7% f-measure. The evaluation was done on a manually created (by the original authors) curation corpus of 689 PubMed abstracts with 18,356 curations of concepts. Methods to reason over large amounts of documents with ontologies were developed. The ability to answer questions with the online system was shown on a set of biomedical question of the TREC Genomics Track 2006 benchmark. This work includes the first ontology-based, large scale, online available, up-to-date bibliometric analysis for topics in molecular biology represented by GO concepts. The automatic bibliometric analysis is in line with existing, but often out-dated, manual analyses. Outlook: A number of promising continuations starting from this work have been spun off. A freely available online search engine has a growing user community. A spin-off company was funded by the High-Tech Gründerfonds which commercializes the new ontology-based search paradigm. Several off-springs of GoPubMed including GoWeb (general web search), Go3R (search in replacement, reduction, refinement methods for animal experiments), GoGene (search in gene/protein databases) are developed.

Sustainable development research makes use of various indicators for environmental monitoring without really focusing on quality and comparability of these indicators. This paper tries to lay down method of assessment of one of these indicators - the relevance. My method will be used for evaluating the indicators of ECI set - European Common Indicators, ten indicators of the Sustainable Urban Development, established by European Commission in cooperation with European cities. My method of evaluating the indicators is based on searching the keywords. One set of the keywords was specified for each indicator of ECI set and several sets of the keywords were specified for every indicator's theme. I collected data to establish three types of relevance - public, scientific and political relevance. Data for the public relevance were searched on World Wide Web by search engine Google, data for the scientific relevance were searched in the Google Scholar database and data for Political Relevance were searched in several official documents related to sustainable development. Public and scientific relevance were determined as a proportion of number of present keywords for the indicators and for their topics together and number of present keywords for the topics alone. Political relevance was determined as a...

I takt med att informationsmängden ökar i samhället ställs högre krav på mer förfinade metoder för sökning och hantering av information. Att utvinna relevant data från företagsinterna system blir en mer komplex uppgift då större informationsmängder måste hanteras och mycket kommunikation förflyttas till digitala plattformar. Metoder för vektorbaserad ordinbäddning har under senare år gjort stora framsteg; i synnerhet visade Google 2013 banbrytande resultat med modellen Word2vec och överträffade äldre metoder. Vi implementerar en sökmotor som utnyttjar ordinbäddningar baserade på Word2vec och liknande modeller, avsedd att användas på IT-företaget Kundo och för produkten Kundo Forum. Resultaten visar på potential för informationssökning med markant bättre täckning utan minskad precision. Kopplat till huvudområdet informationssökning genomförs också en analys av vilka implikationer en förbättrad sökmotor har ur ett marknads- och produktutvecklingsperspektiv. / As the abundance of information in society increases, so does the need for more sophisticated methods of information retrieval. Extracting information from internal systems becomes a more complex task when handling larger amounts of information and when more communications are transferred to digital platforms. Recent years methods for word embedding in vector space have gained traction. In 2013 Google sent ripples across the field of Natural Language Processing with a new method called Word2vec, significantly outperforming former practices. Among different established methods for information retrieval, we implement a retrieval method utilizing Word2vec and related methods of word embedding for the search engine at IT company Kundo and their product Kundo Forum. We demonstrate the potential to improve information retrieval recall by a significant margin without diminishing precision. Coupled with the primary subject of information retrieval we also investigate potential market and product development implications related to a different kind of search engine.