No description available.

Thesis (LLM)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Secession is one of the oldest and probably more controversial themes of public international law. The potential of a right to secede draws even more controversy amongst international law scholars and lawyers alike. This research merges classical international law perspectives on secession and the right to secede in particular, within a contemporary setting. Two research questions are answered: (i) Does a legitimate right to state secession exist under contemporary international law; if so, what are its normative characteristics? (ii) What is the position of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the realisation of a legitimate right to secede, considering its opinion in the Kosovo-case? The work follows a normative methodological approach in tackling and presenting the arguments towards and against the legitimacy of the right to secede. This allows for a clear interrogation of the norms constituting classic international law against the realities of an evolving pedagogy. Classical international law is traditionally statecentred, primarily due to the 1648 legacy of the Treaty (Peace) of Westphalia. However, contemporary international law has come to incorporate the roles of nonstate actors and even individuals. Consequently, the impact of secession extends beyond traditional international law norms like; territorial integrity and sovereignty, nationalism and uti possidetis. Moving forward, a critical inclusion within modern conceptualisation of secession needs to be considerations like, the right to selfdetermination and the promotion of human rights. The research departs with a clear comprehension of the status quo of a general theory of secession. The identification of a prescriptive general theory of secession remains rather elusive. However, cogent arguments are presented for the establishment of a right to secede with a sufficient legal foundation to support a general theory and find effective enforcement for the right. The arguments for the right to secede are rooted within a sound conceptual framework and historical context. In dealing with the normative characteristics of the right to secede, the historic reasoning of Shaw is utilised in order to establish a legal process for secession. This reasoning is applied in the presentation of the municipal manifestation of the right to secede, which traditionally is found in the constitutional entrenchments of the right. The relationship between the right to secede and selfdetermination is presented through a balancing of the components that constitute the right to self-determination. Following the Canadian Supreme Court’s contribution on the right to self-determination in the Quebec-case, the aspirations of peoples for selfdetermination needs to follow this dual view of self-determination as consisting of the right to internal and external self-determination. The contemporary position of the right to secede under international law is best illustrated in the ICJ treatment of secession in its Kosovo Opinion. The focus here is to present new insights into the impact of unilateralism and multilateralism in the interaction with secession. Ultimately, this research in its normative methodological approach presents the arguments both ancient and contemporary for the legitimate potential of a right to secede. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die internationale reg, is sessessie (afskeiding) sekerlik een van die meer kontroversiële temas. Binne die geledere van akademici en praktisyns veroorsaak die moontlikheid van ‘n reg tot afskeiding selfs meer onenigheid. Met hierdie navorsing word die klassieke sienings hieroor in die internationale reg saamgesnoer binne ‘n meer hedendaagse uitleg. Twee navorsingsvrae word beantwoord: (i) Bestaan daar ‘n legitieme reg vir staatsafskeiding binne die hendendaagse internationale reg en indien wel wat is die normatiewe karaktereienskappe van so ‘n reg? (ii) Wat is die stand van die Internationale hof vir Geregtigheid (ICJ) aangaande die verwesinliking van ‘n legitieme reg op afskeiding in die lig van die hof se uitspraak in die Kosovo-Opinie. Die navorsing volg ‘n normatiewe metodologiese benadering om die argumente teen asook vir die legitieme reg op afskeiding te voer. Dit skep ruimte vir ‘n duidelike bevraagtekening van die klassieke internationale regsnorme teen die agtergrond van ‘n transformerende pedagogie. Die klassieke internationale reg is kenmerkend staatsgeorienteerd, grootendeels as gevolg van die nalatingskap van die 1648 Verdrag (Vrede) van Westphalia. Tog gee hedendaagse internasionale reg erkening aan die handelinge van nie-regeringsentiteite en selfs individue. Gevolglik, strek die impak van sessessie heel verder as tradisionele internasionale regsnorme soos; territoriale integriteit en soewereiniteit, nasionalisme en uti possidetis. 'n Kritiese blik op die moderne begrip van sessessie moet oorwegings soos die reg op selfbeskikking en die bevordering van menseregte in ag neem om vooriutgang te bewerkstellig. Die navorsing begin met 'n duidelike begrip van die status quo insake 'n algemene teorie van sessessie. Die identifisering van 'n voorskriftelike algemene teorie van afskeiding bly ongelukkig ontwykend. Tog word oortuigende argumente vir die vestiging van 'n reg om af te skei gevoer. Dit gaan gepaard met 'n voldoende regsgrondslag wat 'n algemene teorie ondersteun, asook die moontlikheid vir die doeltreffende uitvoering van die reg. Die argumente ter ondersteuning van die reg tot afskeiding word geïllustreer binne 'n verantwoordbare konseptuele raamwerk en historiese konteks. In die hantering van die normatiewe kenmerke van die reg word die klassieke redenasie van Shaw benut ten einde 'n regsproses vir afskeiding te vestig. Hierdie redenasie word toegepas by die handtering van voorbeelde oor plaaslike manifestasies van die reg to afskeiding. Hierdie plaaslike manifestasies word tradisioneel gevind binne state se grondwetlike erkennings van die reg. Die verhouding tussen die reg om af te skei en selfbeskikking word aangebied deur 'n balansering van die komponente waaruit die reg op selfbeskikking bestaan. Na aanleiding van die Kanadese Hooggeregshof se bydrae tot die reg om selfbeskikking in die Quebec-saak, is die aspirasies van volkere vir selfbeskikking gevestig in die reg om interne en eksterne selfbeskikking. Die kontemporêre posisie van die reg om af te skei ingevolge die internasionale reg word goed geïllustreer in die Wêreldhof se behandeling van afskeiding in die Kosovo-Opinie. Die fokus hier is die uitleg van nuwe insig oor die mag van unilateralisme en multilateralisme in die interaksies oor sessessie. Ten slotte bied hierdie navorsing in sy normatiewe metodologiese benadering die argumente, beide antiek en kontemporêre, vir die legitieme potensiaal van 'n reg om af te skei.

The use of child soldiers has troubled human rights activists, policy-makers, and local communities for decades. Although rebellions around the world routinely use children in their activities, many do not. Despite its overwhelming importance for conflict resolution, the topic of child soldiers remains understudied. My research blends classic rational choice and constructivist themes to develop an explanation for when child soldiers will be used, and when they will be avoided. The likelihood of child recruitment is influenced by the value of international opinion; this is determined by the groups' long-term goals. Secessionist rebellions desire to have their own state. However, statehood is jealously guarded by the international community and is only granted under extreme circumstances. The use of child soldiers has been condemned around the world as a crime against humanity, and it can curtail international support. Thus, secessionists should be the least likely rebel type to use child soldiers out of a concern to appear legitimate. Opportunistic rebellions face few constraints in their recruitment efforts. They do not desire international support because their long-term goal is the same as their short term goal: profit. Instead of refraining from using children in order to curry favor with external parties, they will abduct, adopt, and abuse children because they are cheaper to employ than adults. Opportunists are unconcerned with losing legitimacy or reducing the chances of victory. Therefore, they should be the most likely to use child soldiers. Concern for costs can affect all rebels. As duration grows, constraints over long-term legitimacy diminish. Therefore, all rebellions should be more likely to use child soldiers as duration increases. I test my theory quantitatively by looking at 103 rebel groups active between 1998-2008. I explore rebellions in Somalia, Colombia, Afghanistan and Sudan to further elucidate the causal mechanisms. There is considerable empirical support for the theory. These results offer policy-relevant conclusions in the areas of rehabilitation and conflict resolution. More importantly, they offer a workable strategy to curb the use of child soldiers in civil war.

This thesis contains information pertaining to the events that led up to the Texas Revolution as well as the military campaigns and battles that ultimately led up to the secession with Mexico.

Research conducted in this thesis revolves around the issue of state sovereignty. More precisely, this thesis aims at examining the foreign policy of the United States of America and its impact on sovereignty of Georgia and Serbia. Different attitude towards the recognition of unilateral declarations of independence of South Ossetia and Kosovo, breakaway regions of Georgia and Serbia, by the US officials represents the starting point of this study. Following state-centric approach this thesis presents an assessment of bilateral relations between the USA and case study countries Georgia and Serbia. The purpose of this study is to enable better understanding of different approaches by the US officials towards the issue of respecting state sovereignty.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano Massarro Salvador.pdf: 1293848 bytes, checksum: 395d3d892b74d358404a6d6b5413bfaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-02 / The questioning which takes course throughout the pages of this work is: What could there be of such great impact in Auto-de-Fé? In the process of the present work, Elias Canetti‟s novel provoked many doubts, reflections and problems; we realized that this author‟s work is involved by many problematics. In order to analyze his work, it was necessary to trail another path besides that of Psychoanalysis. The undertaking, in this sense, was made up of the historical analysis of different cultural periods, specially German ones. I thus ventured into the origin of the German Romantic Period, its history and main artists. Analyzing this movement, I noticed that it is very interesting and rich, principally for having been a time that served as stimulus to Freud. Even so, I realized that the journey would be incomplete if I focused only on Romantism. The questions of beautiful and sublime give space to other themes, more subjective ones, which are strange to the being. I believed it would be important to establish an interface with the Expressionist Movement, in which madness and the esthetics concerning the body would be quite different. The body, in the Expressionist movement, brought forth the marks of a shattered subjectivity. These choices were made with an aim to promote a wide reflection about the historical context in which Auto-de-Fé was imagined and developed by Canetti. This work was created when the austro-germanic culture was, in a certain way, expiring. The lights of the Austro-Hungarian Empire were beginning to die out, the Weimar Republic was a caricature of power encarnation. The growing antissemitism in Eastern European countries, with the uprising of the German National Socialist Party, already antecipating the sinister aspects to come, the Viennese nihilism showing that the Austrian society was sunk in obsolete values concerning man, art and society, and also the gathering of important arts names at this notable period. This and other factors led us to the conclusion that tha analysis of madness, of which Peter Kien will be a victim in Auto-de-Fé, is a sad metaphor of what was to come. Understanding the nearly prophetical aspect of Canetti‟s words would only be possible if we had as a guide the pages of German cultural history, a culture marked by the sign of dualism / O questionamento que irá se desenrolar nas páginas deste trabalho é: O que haveria de tão impactante na obra Auto-de-Fé? No decurso da confecção do trabalho, o romance de Elias Canetti suscitou muitas dúvidas, reflexões e problemas, e percebemos que as problemáticas que envolvem essa obra são inúmeras. Para analisarmos a obra de Elias Canetti, fez-se necessário percorrer outro caminho que não somente o da psicanálise. A empreitada, neste aspecto, foi sendo construída por meio de análises históricas de diferentes períodos culturais, predominantemente germânicos. Para tanto me detive nas raízes do Movimento Romântico Alemão, sua história e seus principais nomes. Analisando este movimento, notei como ele era interessante e rico, sobretudo por ser uma época que serviu de estímulo a Freud. Mesmo assim, percebi que o caminho ficaria incompleto se permanecesse somente no âmbito do Romantismo. As questões acerca do belo e sublime vão dando espaço para outras temáticas, questões mais subjetivas, estranhas ao ser. Acreditei que seria importante fazer uma interface com o Movimento Expressionista, onde a loucura e a estética acerca do corpo seriam bastante distintas. O corpo no Expressionismo traria as marcas de uma subjetividade em cacos. Essas escolhas foram feitas com o intuito de promover uma reflexão ampla acerca do contexto histórico em que a obra foi pensada e confeccionada por Canetti. Auto-de-Fé foi construída num contexto em que a cultura austrogermânica estava de alguma maneira fenecendo. As luzes do Império Austro-Húngaro começavam a bruxulear, a República de Weimar era uma caricatura da encarnação dos poderes. O antissemitismo crescente nos países do leste europeu, com a ascensão do Partido Nacional Socialista Alemão, já antecipando aspectos sinistros, o niilismo vienense mostrando como a sociedade austríaca estava imersa em valores obsoletos no que dizia respeito ao homem, arte e sociedade, e também a aglomeração de nomes desta notável época no que concerne as artes. Estes e outros fatores levaram-nos à conclusão de que a análise da loucura da qual Peter Kien será vítima em Auto-de-Fé é uma metáfora triste daquilo que estava por vir. Entender o caráter quase profético das palavras de Elias Canetti só seria possível, tendo como eixo norteador as páginas da história da cultura germânica, uma cultura marcada pelo signo da dualidade

In the context of California’s progressive political culture and growing economic inequality, a grassroots secessionist movement in rural northern California called the State of Jefferson movement arose in 2013. While the movement resembles other populist uprisings, its grievances are particular to its geographic, historical, and political context. Many tend to generalize populist campaigns as sinister or illiberal; however, this thesis finds that the State of Jefferson movement contains elements of populism as well as classical liberalism and republicanism. Through qualitative research, this thesis argues that movements of this sort are both inevitable in liberal democracy and also serve a legitimate purpose in strengthening democracy by calling for reform and good government. Growing political polarization, especially with the rise of Trump, and rural-urban cleavages in the United States beg for movements like the State of Jefferson to receive inquiry.

<p>This thesis contains (1) a discussion of theory and methods in the contemporary analysis of political ideas (chap II), (2) a framework for the study of decision-making in the field of foreign policy, and (3) an application of the framework to the discussions about the dissolution of the Union between Sweden and Norway in 1905. The subject-matter has been treated in the form of a comparative study of Swedish and Norwegian discussions, as they can be followed in newpaper articles, pamphlets, and records of parliamentary sessions and party meetings. I have also drawn upon a considerable amount of private materials (diaries, minutes and memoranda).</p>

<p>Copied from the mimeographed version, issued by the Statsvetenskapliga institutionen in 1994, ISBN 91-506-1030-9, which in its turn was copied from the 1966 original in the Skytteanum archive.</p><p>The investigation analyses the Swedish public debate in newspapers, booklets and pamphlets on Norways secession from the union with Sweden in 1905. In the first part covering the period from February till June 7, Norway´s strategy is at the centre of attention. After the Norwegian break-out on June 7, Swedish reactions to the secession are clarified. Above all, the right-wing nationalistic agitation is analysed. While targeted at the Norwegian secessionists, it was also directed at the allegedly unpatriotic Swedish left-radicalism as well; the argumentation of the latter was debunked as repulsive courting of and loathesome ovations for the Norwegian revolutionaries.</p><p>One line of argument in the dissertation is that Swedish right-wing parties and parliamentarians were motivated by an internal domestic agenda. They were using the union issue to agitate a Swedish nationalistic opinion wave against Norway in order to beat the left in the upcoming elections in order to stop a development towards universal suffrage and progressive income tax.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 378-398).