Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 196-214.

Este estudo analisa a expressão dos subtipos de receptores da somatostatina (SSTR) em 39 adenomas secretores de GH. Em 19 pacientes acromegálicos, a resposta clínica, laboratorial e radiológica ao análogo da somatostatina (AS) octreotide-LAR foi comparada à expressão dos SSTR. O SSTR mais freqüentemente expresso foi o SSTR5, seguido pelos SSTR3, SSTR2, SSTR1 e SSTR4. O SSTR1 e SSTR2 foram mais expressos nos pacientes que normalizaram GH e IGF-I. Houve correlação positiva entre o grau de redução tumoral e a expressão dos SSTR1, SSTR2 e SSTR3. Portanto, AS específicos para os SSTR´s poderão contribuir para o tratamento de acromegálicos resistentes aos AS atualmente disponíveis / This study aimed to analyze the expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR) in 39 GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. In 19 acromegalics the clinical, laboratorial and radiological responses to the somatostatin analog (SA) octreotide-LAR were compared to SSTR´s expression. The most expressed SSTR was SSTR5, followed by SSTR3, SSTR2, SSTR1 and SSTR4. SSTR1 and SSTR2 were more expressed in patients who achieved GH and IGF-I normalization. There was a positive correlation between the degree of tumor reduction with SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 expression. Therefore, the development of specific SA could contribute to treatment improvement in resistant acromegalics patients to available SA

Fan, Rongrong. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-150). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

囊性纖維化（CF）是由囊性纖維化跨膜電導調節器（CFTR）的突變引起的一種隱性遺傳病。CF病人的肺、肝、胰腺、腸道與生殖道受到嚴重影響，其中有50%的成年病人患有糖尿病。由CF引起的糖尿病被稱為CF相關糖尿病（CFRD）, 关于它的病因至今仍然存有爭議。2007年，人們發現CFTR在分泌胰島素的胰島β細胞上有表達。儘管如此，β細胞上的CFTR与糖尿病发病的关系却一直被忽略。我們的研究目標是闡述β細胞上的CFTR在胰島素分泌中的作用。 / 在β細胞上，葡萄糖刺激的胰島素分泌伴隨著複雜的電活動，這種電活動被描述為細胞膜電位去极化疊加的動作電位的爆發。葡萄糖引起的ATP敏感的鉀離子通道（K[subscript Asubscript Tsubscript P]）的關閉被普遍認為是β細胞去極化的初始事件，初始的去極化啟動了電壓依賴的鈣離子通道，由此產生的鈣離子內流成為構成動作電位的去極化電流，引起了細胞內鈣離子的震盪，從而引起胰島素的釋放。雖然氯離子電流被認為參與了β細胞去極化電流，但是，人們仍然不能確定是哪一種氯離子通道介導了這個去極化電流。在我們研究的第一部分，CFTR被證明功能性的表達在β細胞上，並且可以被葡萄糖激活。CFTR可以被葡萄糖激活这一性质，在CFTR超表達的CHO 细胞上被進一步驗證。在原代培養的β細胞與β細胞株RIN-5F细胞中的葡萄糖引起的全細胞電流、膜電位的去極化、動作電位的幅度與頻率、鈣震盪和胰島素的分泌可以被CFTR的抑制劑或缺陷所降低。與野生型小鼠相比，CFTR基因敲除的小鼠，禁食之後，具有更高的血糖濃度，然而其胰島素的濃度低。 / 我們研究中的第二部分，利用了數學模型去闡明CFTR 在胰島素分泌的電活動中的角色。結果顯示， CFTR電導的減低可以使細胞的細胞膜去極化，從而導致需要更高的電刺激去引發動作電位，这些結果證明了CFTR對於维持細胞膜電位的貢獻。同時增加細胞內氯離子濃度和CFTR的電導可以引起更大頻率的膜電位的震盪，這一點證明了氯離子對於細胞膜電位震盪有著重要的作用。在数学模型中，CFTR電導的降低可以消除通過改變ATP/ADP值所引起的電火花， 這與我們在試驗中發現的CFTR參與了葡萄糖引起的動作電位是一致的。總而言之，我們的数学模型證明了CFTR對於胰島素的分泌是非常重要的，它通過介導氯離子外流對細胞膜電位的產生貢獻並且參與了電火花的產生，所有這些都進一步驗證了我們在實驗部分的發現。 / 综上所述，現有的研究揭示了CFTR，通過對β細胞膜電位作用與参与了動作電位的產生，在葡萄糖刺激胰島素分泌过程中的鮮為人知的重要角色。這個發現為揭示CFRD的病理機制提供了全新的視角，並且可能為開發治療CFRD的方法帶来了曙光。 / Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive autosomal genetic disease resulted from mutations of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CF affects critically the lung, liver, pancreas, intestine and reproductive tract. CF patients also exhibit a high percentage of diabetes, which almost reach 50% in adult. The pathological cause of diabetes in CF patients, also called CF related diabetes (CFRD), is still controversial. It has been reported that CFTR expressed in the islet β cells, which is responsible for insulin secretion. However, the exact role of CFTR in islet β-cell and its relation to diabetes have been ignored. The present study aims to elucidate the role of CFTR in the process of insulin secretion by pancreatic islet β cells. / Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is associated with a complex electrical activity in the pancreatic islet β-cell, which is characterized by a slow membrane depolarization superimposed with bursts of action potentials. Closing ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels (K[subscript Asubscript Tsubscript P]) in response to glucose increase is generally considered the initial event that depolarizes the β-cell membrane and activates the voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ channels, which constitutes the major depolarizing component of the bursting action potentials giving rise to the cytosolic calcium oscillations that trigger insulin release. While Cl⁻ has been implicated in an unknown depolarization current of the β-cell, the responsible Cl⁻ channel remains unidentified. In the first part of our study, we show functional expression of CFTR and its activation by glucose in the β-cell. Activation of CFTR by glucose was also demonstrated in CHO cell over-expression system. The glucose-elicited whole-cell currents, membrane depolarization, electrical bursts (both magnitude and frequency), Ca²⁺ oscillations and insulin secretion could be abolished or reduced by inhibitors/knockdown of CFTR in primary mouse β-cells or RIN-5F β-cell line, or significantly attenuated in isolated mouse islet β-cells from CFTR mutant mice compared to that of wildtype. Significantly increased blood glucose level accompanied with reduced level of insulin is found in CFTR mutant mice compared to the wildtype. The results strongly indicate a role of CFTR in the process of insulin secretion. / In the second part of our study, mathematical model is built up to clarify the role of CFTR in the electrical activity during insulin secretion. It is shown that reduction of CFTR conductance hyperpolarizes the membrane of the β-cell, for which it requires a larger electrical stimulus to evoke an action potential, indicating the contribution of CFTR to the membrane potential as demonstrated by our experimental results. Increase in intracellular Cl⁻ concentration and the conductance of CFTR result in higher frequency of membrane potential oscillations, demonstrating that Cl⁻ is crucial for the membrane potential oscillations. The electrical spikes induced by increase of ATP/ADP in the model are abolished by decreasing CFTR conductance, which is consistent with our findings that CFTR is involved in the generation of action potentials induced by glucose. In other word, our model demonstrates that CFTR is crucial for insulin secretion by its contribution to membrane potential and participating in the generation of electrical spikes via conducting Cl⁻ efflux, which confirms our findings in the experimental study. / Taken together, the present study reveals a previously unrecognized important role of CFTR in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via contributing to the membrane potential and the participating in the generation of action potential in islet β cells. This finding sheds new light into the understanding of the pathogenesis of CFRD and may provide grounds for the development of new therapeutic approaches for CFRD. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Guo, Jinghui. / "December 2012." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-164). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要： --- p.iii / Acknowledgement: --- p.v / LIST OF PUBLICATIONS --- p.vi / Declaration --- p.viii / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The function of islet β cells and diabetes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The introduction of the pancreas --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Glucose metabolism and blood glucose regulation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Blood glucose regulation --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Insulin secretion by the islet β cell --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Diabetes --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Cystic fibrosis --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- CFTR --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3 --- Mathematical model for insulin secretion --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aim and hypothesis --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- CFTR may be activated by glucose --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Activation of CFTR may depolarize the membrane potential --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- CFTR-mediating Cl-efflux may be involved in the generation of electrical spikes --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Calcium oscillation depends on CFTR --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Insulin secretion --- p.29 / Chapter 1.5 --- Approaches to test the hypothesis --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Materials and Methods --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cell culture --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- RIN-5F cell --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- CHO cell --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2 --- Islet isolation and culture --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- CFTR knockdown --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- Western blot --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5 --- Immunofluorescence --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6 --- Membrane potential (Vm) measurement --- p.38 / Chapter 2.7 --- Intracellular chloride imaging --- p.39 / Chapter 2.8 --- Intracellular calcium imaging --- p.40 / Chapter 2.9 --- Patch-clamp --- p.40 / Chapter 2.10 --- Blood glucose measurement --- p.42 / Chapter 2.11 --- Insulin ELISA --- p.42 / Chapter 2.12 --- Statistics --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Contribution of CFTR on the eletrophysiological properties in insulin secretion --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Functional expression of CFTR in mouse islet β cells --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- CFTR activation by glucose --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Involvement of CFTR in the maintenance of membrane potential of islet β cells --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- CFTR is involved in the generation of spikes induced by glucose --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Generation of spikes burst in the β cell depends on intracellular chloride. --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Inhibition/mutation of CFTR attenuates calcium oscillation induced by glucose --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Inhibition/mutation of CFTR impairs insulin secretion --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Mathematical model for the role of CFTR in the process of insulin secretion in islet β cell --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction to the mathematical modeling in the process of insulin secretion --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methods --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Components in the model --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Assumptions and approaches in modeling --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Modeling ion channels and transporters --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- KATP channel --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Sodium channel --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Voltage Dependent calcium channel --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- NCX --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.3.5 --- Na-K pump --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2.3.6 --- Kv channel --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.3.7 --- Ca pump --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.3.9 --- CFTR --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.3.10 --- NKCC --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Role CFTR in regulation of the basal membrane potential in β cells --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Role of intracellular chloride concentration in the burst spikes induced by glucose --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Role of CFTR in the burst spikes induced by glucose --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- General discussion and conclusion --- p.109 / Chapter 5.1 --- General discussion --- p.109 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Role of CFTR in endocrine pancreas and diabetes --- p.109 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Role of CFTR as a cell metabolic sensor --- p.111 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Role of CFTR in excitable cells --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2 --- Conclusion --- p.114 / Appendix A --- p.115 / Appendix B --- p.118 / Reference: --- p.156

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LORENE SIMIONI YASSIN ANZUATEGUI.pdf: 1462127 bytes, checksum: 02679866b788ab479fbc84c107ad4dde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-03 / The phenolic compounds, found in vegetables and fruits, may have a high antioxidant activity. Apple, world’s second largest produced fruit, is classified as having one of the high antioxidant potential due to its content and profile of phenolic compounds. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of apple and check its effect on cells secreting insulin (RINm5f) subjected to oxidative stress induced by high concentration of glucose (GA) and H2O2. Once prepared juices and extracts of whole fruit, flesh and epicarp of Gala and Fuji cultivars, the following parameters were analyzed: total non-reducing sugars (AT), total phenols content (FT), antioxidant activity (AA) before and after centrifugation and filtration. Cytotoxicity, cell viability (VC) on oxidative stress and production of intracellular superoxide analysis were performed in biological tests. Several dilutions (1:10, 1:50, 1:100, 1:250) and quantities of extracts (5, 10, 50,100 and 250 mg/mL) of apple juice were tested to evaluate cytotoxicity. To evaluate biological effects, juice dilutions of 1:50, 1:100 and 1:250 were used for Gala and Fuji apple. Epicarp extracts concentration of 10, 50 and 100 mg/mL were used for Gala apple and 10 mg/mL for Fuji apple. In the whole fruit and fruit flesh, AT content ranged from 41.69 to 50.80 g/100g and epicarp’s was about 10 times less. Gala and Fuji juice AT content was, respectively, 12.94 g and 10.33 g/100g. Big loss of FT and the AA was observed after centrifugation and especially after filtration. Highest amount of FT was found in epicarp extract of Fuji apple before filtration. After filtration the highest concentration of FT was in extracts of Gala apple. Even presenting less FT than Gala apple after filtering, the epicarp extract of Fuji apple kept higher AA. Gala apple juice presented more FT and AA before and after filtration than Fuji apple juice. During cytotoxicity test, only Fuji apple epicarp extract at concentrations above 10 g/mL was cytotoxic. Under GA induced stress, Gala apple epicarp extract (10 mg/mL), all tested dilutions of Gala apple juice and the Fuji apple juice (1:250), increased the VC. Fuji apple juice showed cytotoxic effect on dilution 1:10. Gala apple apicarp extract (10, 50 and 100 g/mL) Fuji apple juice (1:250), reduced production of intracellular superoxide. Gala and Fuji apple juice (1:50 and 1:100) had cytoprotectant effect under H2O2 induced stress, increasing VC when compared to H2O2 group. However, none of the juices tested was able to significantly reverse the damage caused by H2O2 when cell morphology was evaluated. Significant increase of 50% on average in the secretion of insulin was observed in Gala apple juice (1:100 and 1:250) and Fuji apple juice (1:50). It could be concluded that according to oxidative stress type and extract of epicarp and juice of Gala and Fuji apples concentration, oxidative stress on cells RINm5f may be reduced. / Os compostos fenólicos, encontrados em vegetais e frutas, podem apresentar elevada atividade antioxidante. A maçã, segunda fruta de maior produção mundial, apresenta alto potencial antioxidante devido a seu teor e ao seu perfil de compostos fenólicos. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar a atividade antioxidante da maçã e estabelecer seu efeito sob células secretoras de insulina (RINm5F) submetidas ao estresse oxidativo induzido por elevada concentração de glucose (GA) e por H2O2. Nos extratos de fruta inteira, epicarpo e mesocarpo e sucos das cultivares Gala e Fuji, foram analisados açúcares redutores totais (AT), teor de fenóis totais (FT), atividade antioxidante (AA) antes e após centrifugação e filtração. Os ensaios biológicos compreenderam análises de citotoxicidade, viabilidade celular (VC) sob estresse oxidativo, produção intracelular de superóxido e análise da funcionalidade celular. Para avaliação da citotoxicidade foram testados diferentes diluições dos sucos de maçãs (1:10, 1:50, 1:100, 1:250) e quantidades de extratos (5, 10, 50 e 100 e 250 μg/mL). Para avaliar os efeitos biológicos foram utilizadas as diluições 1:50, 1:100 e 1:250 e as concentrações de extratos do epicarpo 10, 50 e 100 μg/mL para maçã Gala e 10 μg/mL para maçã Fuji. Na fruta inteira e mesocarpo os teores de AT variaram de 9,88 a 12,10 g/100g e no epicarpo foram na ordem de 3 vezes menos. Suco de maçã Gala e Fuji foi encontrado, respectivamente, 12,94 e 10,33 g/100g de AT. Grande perda de FT e da AA foi observada após centrifugação e em especial após filtração. Maior quantidade de FT foi observada no extrato de epicarpo de maçã Fuji antes da filtração. Após filtração o maior conteúdo de FT estava nos extratos de maçã Gala. Mesmo apresentando menos FT em relação à maçã Gala após a filtração, o extrato de epicarpo de maçã Fuji manteve maior AA. O suco de maçã Gala, em relação ao suco da maçã Fuji apresentou mais FT e AA antes e após a filtração. No ensaio de citotoxicidade, apenas o extrato do epicarpo de maçã Fuji em concentrações acima de 10 μg/mL foi citotóxico. Sob estresse induzido por GA, o extrato de epicarpo de maçã Gala (10 μg/mL), todas as diluições testadas do suco de maçã Gala, assim como o suco da maçã Fuji (1:250), aumentaram a VC. O suco de maçã Fuji apresentou efeito citotóxico na diluição 1:50. Extrato de epicarpo de maçã Gala (10, 50 e 100 μg/mL), assim como o suco da maçã Fuji (1:250), reduziram a produção intracelular de superóxido. Na presença de estresse induzido por H2O2, o suco de maçã Gala e Fuji (1:50 e 1:100) apresentaram efeito citoprotetor, aumentando a VC quando comparados ao grupo H2O2. Entretanto, quando analisada a morfologia celular, nenhum dos sucos testados foi capaz de reverter significativamente os danos causados pelo H2O2. Aumento significativo de 50% em média na secreção de insulina foi observado no suco de maçã Gala (1:100 e 1:250) e suco de maçã Fuji (1:50). Foi possível concluir que de acordo com tipo de estresse oxidativo e das concentrações utilizadas, extrato de epicarpo e suco das maçãs Gala e Fuji, podem diminuir o estresse oxidativo e melhorar a funcionalidade de células RINm5f.

胰臟內分泌細胞分化的調控事件的研究揭示了胰島素分泌細胞的形成。這一原理既有利於體外誘導用於移植的胰島素分泌細胞，又可應用于糖尿病病人自體胰島素分泌細胞的再生。正在發育的組織和器官中，發現了腎素血管緊張素（RAS）成員，揭示了他們在發育過程中的潛在調控作用。另外，對 RAS 信號系統做出應答的活性氧化物質（ROS），被認為是第二信使，通過對轉錄調控因子的氧化還原的修飾促進分化。作為 ROS 的主要來源，NADPH 已被證實在各類細胞和組織中參與了祖細胞的分化。儘管如此，依賴於 NADPH 氧化酶的 ROS對于胰腺內分泌細胞分化的調控作用仍不清楚。基於這個背景，本研究致力於揭示 RAS 和 NADPH 氧化酶依賴性 ROS 在胰腺內分泌細胞分化中的作用。本實驗將在小鼠胰臟原基培養物和尿鏈黴素（STZ）誘導的新生大鼠上進行。 結果顯示，經典 RAS 成員中的血管緊張素 2 型受體（AT₂R）分佈於內分泌祖細胞的細胞核，之後穿梭定位於胰島素分泌細胞的細胞質。阻斷 AT₂R 功能抑制了Ngn3，胰島素的表達以及 β 細胞的增值。在不同的胚胎期 ROS 的水平發生了改變。對于培養的胰臟原基施加適當的外源 ROS，刺激了內分泌細胞的分化。同時，ROS 清除劑減弱了胰島細胞分化和成熟的標記基因的表達。NOX4 以及其相關的亞基 p22phox 是 NADPH 氧化酶成員，其在胰臟發育過程中的變化同 ROS 水平的變化相似，並且持續表達與內分泌細胞系統。在 NGN3 高表達的胚胎期15.5 天，它們定位于表達 NGN3 的細胞；在 NGN3 表達下調，且胰島素表達升高的胚胎期 17.5 天，它們分佈於胰島素表達細胞。而且，NADPH 氧化酶的抑製劑 DPI 削弱了胰臟培養物中的內分泌祖細胞的分化, 外源 H₂O₂ 的加入扭轉了這一現象。 / 另一方面，在 STZ 誘導的新生大鼠的研究中，DPI 負調節 β 細胞的再生。血糖失調，胰島結構毀壞以及血清胰島素匱乏的現象發生在了 DPI 處理組。另外，DPI 減弱了 NGN3 的表達而並非 Ki67, 顯示 β 細胞的分化而並非增值對於 ROS 的刺激進行了應答。在體內和體外的實驗中，DPI 也抑制了 NGN3 的轉綠調控因子 SOX9 在胰腺祖細胞中的表達。有趣的是，過表達 SOX9 可以恢復 DPI 引發的對於 NGN3 的抑制 。結合以上數據，本研究顯示 NADPH 氧化酶依賴性ROS 誘導的信號通路參與了胰腺祖細胞到胰島素分泌細胞的分化。 / Investigations into the regulatory events that modulate pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation shed light on the generation of sufficient insulin-producing cells in vitro for transplantation or regeneration of β cells in patients with diabetes. The expression of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components has been detected in development tissue and organs, implicating their regulatory role in developmental processes. On the other hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are responsive to RAS signaling pathways and act as second messengers to promote differentiation through redox modification of transcriptional factors essential for differentiation. As a major source of ROS, NADPH oxidase has been shown to participate in the progenitor differentiation in a variety of cells and tissues. Despite this finding, the role of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS in regulating pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation remains ambiguous. Against this background, the study was aimed at elucidating the roles of RAS components and NADPH oxidase-derived ROS during differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells using mouse pancreatic rudiments and streptozotocin-treated neonatal rats. / Results showed that angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT₂R), a major component of the classical RAS, was localized within the nuclei of endocrine progenitors in the cultured pancreatic rudiments; following the differentiation of endocrine progenitors into insulin producing cells, it translocated to cytoplasm. Blockade of AT₂R impeded the expression of Ngn3 and insulin as well as proliferation of β-cells. In addition, the dynamic changes of ROS levels were found in mouse pancreata at different embryonic days, concomitant with induction of endocrine cell differentiation induced by modest exogenous ROS in pancreatic rudiment cultures. Moreover, scavenger of ROS diminished the expression of islet cell markers for differentiation and maturation. NOX4 and its associated subunit p22phox, which are the member of NADPH oxidase, exhibited similar changes of expression to that of ROS levels during pancreas development and persisted in the endocrine lineage; they were located in NGN3⁺ cells at E15.5 during the burst of NGN3 expression and then distributed in insulin⁺ cell at E17.5, the latter being the phase that has a decline in NGN3 expression with an increase of insulin. Furthermore, administration of NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium (DPI) attenuated the differentiation of endocrine progenitors in rudiment cultures, while exogenous ROS reversed this effect. / On the other hand, studies performed in streptozotocin-induced neonatal rats showed that β cell regeneration was negatively affected by DPI treatments; consistently, impaired blood glucose control, disturbed islet architecture and deficient serum insulin were observed in DPI-treated groups. In addition, DPI treatments blunted NGN3 expression, but not Ki67-labeling beta-cells, suggesting that differentiation beyond proliferation of β-cells was accountable in response to ROS stimulation. Administration of DPI also suppressed the levels of SOX9, a transcriptional regulator of NGN3, in pancreatic progenitor cells, as evidenced by both in vivo and in vitro studies. Interestingly, over-expression of SOX9 could restore the repression of NGN3 induced by DPI. Taken all these data together, our results indicate that NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS-induced signaling pathway is involved in the differentiation of pancreatic endocrine progenitors into insulin-producing β cells. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Liang, Juan. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-205). / Abstracts also in Chinese.

We present the case of a 7-month-old baby with Cushing’s disease due to an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma combined with cells producing thyreotropin-secreting hormone (TSH). In MRI scans, a contrast-enhancing lesion was seen inside the pituitary fossa, and it extended into the suprasellar region. On the assumption of a pituitary adenoma, surgery was performed. Corresponding with biochemical findings, histopathological evaluation revealed an ACTH- and TSH-producing tumor. Genetic analysis did not demonstrate an alteration at codon 201 (Arg) and 227 (Glu). To our knowledge, this is the first case described in a child of this age. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Orientador: Kleber Luiz de Araujo e Souza / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:13:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roma_LeticiaPrates_D.pdf: 1071638 bytes, checksum: 52777a4c39261ec7137298200cb2b319 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo:Introdução/Objetivos. A produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) faz parte de diversos processos fisiológicos. Nos últimos anos, o aumento de EROs têm sido associado ao desenvolvimento de diversas doenças, dentre elas o Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2. As células beta pancreáticas são notadamente mais suscetíveis ao estresse oxidativo devido a sua baixa capacidade antioxidativa, resultado da menor expressão e atividade de enzimas antioxidantes como superóxido dismutase e peroxidases. A dexametasona, um glicocorticóide sintético, tem efeitos diabetogênicos e citotóxicos em células produtoras de insulina e ilhotas pancreáticas. Entretanto, os mecanismos pelos quais a dexametasona atua sobre as células-alvo não estão bem esclarecidos. Dessa forma, nosso objetivo foi analisar se a dexametasona induz estresse oxidativo em células produtoras de insulina RINm5F e ilhotas pancreáticas. Utilizamos três modelos: 1) células RINm5F controle, que são extremamente sensíveis ao estresse oxidativo; 2) células RINm5F superexpressando a enzima catalase (RINm5F.Cat), que são resistente ao estresse oxidativo e 3) ilhotas de ratos adultos cultivadas por 72 h com dexametasona (Dexa) e ilhotas tratadas concomitantemente com dexametasona e o antioxidante N-acetilcisteína (Dexa+NAC). Resultados: Aumento na produção de EROs foi observado em células RINm5F tratadas com dexametasona. O tratamento com dexametasona aumentou a atividade/clivagem da caspase-3 e apoptose em células RINm5F após 3 dias de cultura. Expressão protéica e atividade de Cu/ZnSOD estava aumentada após o tratamento com dexametasona, enquanto que a expressão/atividade de MnSOD não foi modulada pelo corticóide. A superexpressão da catalase em linhagens de célula beta previniu todos os efeitos citotóxicos da dexametasona, inclusive a morte celular. Elevados níveis de Cu/ZnSOD podem favorecer o aumento na geração de EROs e conseqüentemente, apoptose. Da mesma forma, ilhotas tratadas com dexametasona apresentaramaumento na produção de EROs, efeito que foi revertido quando as ilhotas foram tratadas concomitantemente com dexametasona e NAC. Redução na secreção de insulina estimulada por glicose foi observada em ilhotas cultivadas com dexametasona. O tratamento com dexametasona e NAC restaurou a secreção de insulina a níveis próximos aos controles. Uma menor produção deNAD(P)H no grupo Dexa foi observado, sendo que o grupo Dexa+NAC mostrou níveis semelhantes ao grupo controle. Não ocorreram diferenças nas concentrações intracelulares de cálcio estimulado por glicose em nenhum dos grupos. A dexametasona reduziu a expressão gênica da sinaptotagmina VII, enquanto no grupo Dexa+NAC houve um aumento da expressão desse gene em ilhotas pancreáticas. Interessantemente, o tratamento com NAC diminuiu a expressão gênica da Cu/ZnSOD. Conclusões: Nossos resultados indicam que as ações da dexametasona em células produtoras de insulina e ilhotas pancreáticas são mediadas através do aumento do estresse oxidativo, sendo a Cu/ZnSOD importante nesse processo. A superexpressão da catalase e o uso do antioxidante n-acetilcisteína previnem contra os efeitos citotóxicos do glicocorticóide. / Abstract: Introduction/Aims: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role on living organisms, being involved in many physiological processes and also being linked to the development of several pathologies, including the type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic beta cells are very sensitive to oxidative stress because of their low antioxidant capacity, wich results from their low expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, especially peroxidases. Dexamethasone is a synthetic diabetogenic glucocorticoid that induces cytotoxic effects on pancreatic beta cells. However, the precise mechanisms of dexamethasone toxicity on target cells are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to analyzed whether dexamethasone induces oxidative stress in insulinproducing cells and pancreatic islets. Experimental design: The experiments were performed using 3 models: 1) RINm5F control cells, extremely sensitive to oxidative stress; 2) RINm5F cells overexpressing the enzyme catalase (RINm5F.Cat), very resistant to oxidative stress and 3) rat pancreatic islets cultured for 72 h with dexamethasone (Dexa) or cultured concomitantly with dexamethasone and the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (Dexa+NAC). Results: An increased generation of reative oxygen species (ROS) was observed in dexamethasone-treated insulinproducing cells together with an increase in caspase-3 activity and apoptosis rate. Interestingly, exposure to dexamethasone increased the cytosolic superoxide dismutase Cu/ZnSOD protein expression and activity, while the mitochondrial MnSOD isoform was not affected by the glucocorticoid. Overexpression of catalase in insulin-producing cells prevented all the cytotoxic effects of dexamethasone. Pancreatic islets cultured in the presence of dexamethasone (Dexa) for 72 h showed increased ROS production. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was decreased after Dexa treatment. Intracellular ROS levels were decreased and the insulin secretion capacitywas recovered by concomitant treatment with Dexa+NAC. The total insulin content and intracellular Ca+2 levels were not modulated in either Dexa or Dexa+NAC groups. There was a decrease in the NAD(P)H production rate, used as an indicator of viability, after dexamethasone treatment. Concomitant incubation with NAC returned viability to control levels. Dexamethasone also decreased SYT VII gene expression; in contrast, the Dexa+NAC group showed increased expression of SYT VII compared to controls. Surprisingly, treatment with NAC decreased the gene expression of the antioxidant enzyme, Cu/ZnSOD. Conclusions: The cytotoxic effects of dexamethasone in RINm5F insulin-producing cells and pancreatic islets are primarily ROS-mediated. High levels of expression and activity of the Cu/ZnSOD might favour the generation of ROS. The overexpression of catalase and the use of the antioxidant Nacetylcysteine counteract the cytotoxic effects of dexamethasone. / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Orientadores: Bruno Geloneze Neto, José Carlos Pareja / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T19:08:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vasques_AnaCarolinaJunqueira_D.pdf: 3885114 bytes, checksum: 5657b34693061e6340e284a0a3940e64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da cirurgia de derivação biliopancreática (DBP) na função da célula-beta de mulheres obesas grau I e II portadoras de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), utilizando estímulos com glicose oral e intravenosa. Material e métodos: foram avaliadas 68 mulheres na menacme que compuseram três grupos: Controle magro - CMagro (n = 19, IMC = 23,0 ± 2,2 kg/m²), Controle obeso - CObeso: 18 mulheres obesas (IMC = 35,0 ± 4,8 kg/m²), ambos normotolerante à glicose; e Obeso com DM2 - ObesoDM2 (n = 31; IMC: 36,3 ± 3,7 kg/m²). No grupo ObesoDM2, 64% das mulheres foram submetidas à cirurgia de DBP (n = 20, IMC: 36,5 ± 3,7 kg/m²). Os 68 pacientes passaram por todas as avaliações uma única vez. Os pacientes submetidos à DBP foram reavaliados um mês após a cirurgia. A avaliação da célula-beta foi realizada por testes dinâmicos com estímulo oral (teste de tolerância à glicose oral) e intravenoso (clamp hiperglicêmico). Foram dosados glicose, insulina e peptídeo-C plasmáticos. A aplicação das técnicas de modelagem matemática aos dados possibilitou avaliar as secreções de insulina basal, dinâmica e estática (estímulo oral); a primeira e a segunda fase de secreção de insulina (estímulo intravenoso); a secreção de insulina total; a sensibilidade à insulina (SI), a extração hepática de insulina (EH) e o tempo de atraso ou tempo de atraso para a célula-beta recrutar novos grânulos de insulina para compor o reservatório de grânulos prontamente liberáveis em resposta a determinada glicemia. Resultados: após a DBP houve melhora substancial na SI no TTOG e no teste de clamp, com o grupo cirúrgico alcançando níveis semelhantes aos do grupo CMagro e mais elevados que do grupo CObeso (p < 0,05). A EH de insulina apresentou aumento significante após a DBP, com o grupo cirúrgico mantendo-se semelhante ao CMagro e com níveis aumentados em relação ao CObeso (p < 0,05). A secreção de insulina basal do grupo cirúrgico alcançou níveis de normalidade, assemelhando-se ao CMagro. Houve melhora da função da célula-beta estimulada (p < 0,05), independente da via de acesso utilizada para estimular a célula-beta com glicose (oral e intravenosa). O tempo de atraso não apresentou modificação após a DBP. Conclusão: Ocorreram diversas adaptações fisiológicas positivas após a DBP. Estas adaptações estão relacionadas à restauração na SI, à melhora na EH de insulina e à melhora nas diversas etapas do processo de síntese e secreção de insulina, explicando a melhora aguda no nível de tolerância à glicose e no controle glicêmico desses indivíduos. A não melhora no tempo de atraso evidencia as características do DM2 como doença crônica, progressiva e irreversível, uma vez que o tratamento cirúrgico contribui para a remissão e não resolução da doença. A compreensão dos mecanismos de mudança no metabolismo após a DBP ajudará a definir o papel do intestino na fisiopatologia do DM2, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens clínicas e cirúrgicas para o tratamento da doença / Abstract: Objective: to assess the effect of biliopancreatic diversion surgery (BPD) in beta-cell function of obese grade I and II women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), using an oral and an intravenous stimuli with glucose. Research Design and Methods: sixty eight premenopausal women were assessed and divided into three groups: lean control - LeanC (n = 19; BMI: 23.0 ± 2.2 kg/m²), obese control - ObeseC (n = 18; BMI: 35.0 ± 4.8kg/m²), both with normal glucose tolerance; and obese with type 2 diabetes - ObeseT2DM (n = 31; BMI: 36.3 ± 3.7 kg/m²). In ObeseDM2 group, 64% of women underwent BPD (n = 20, BMI: 36.5 ± 3.7 kg/m²). The 68 volunteers underwent all assessments once. The volunteers those underwent BPD were reassessed one month after surgery. The assessment of beta-cell function was performed by dynamic tests with an oral (oral glucose tolerance test) and an intravenous stimulation test (hyperglycemic clamp). Serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide were determined. The application of mathematical modeling techniques to data allowed to evaluate basal, dynamic and static (oral stimulus) insulin secretion; the first and second phase of insulin secretion (intravenous stimulus); the total insulin secretion; the insulin sensitivity (IS); the hepatic extraction of insulin (EH) and the delay time for the beta-cell to recruit new insulin granules to form the pool of readily releasable granules in response to a given plasma glucose. Results: after BPD, there was a dramatic improvement on IS during the OGTT and during the clamp test, with the surgical group reaching normalized levels compared to those observed in LeanC group and higher levels than ObeseC group (p < 0.05). The EH of insulin showed significant improvement after BPD, with the surgical group reaching similar levels to LeanC and with increased levels in comparison to ObeseC (p < 0.05). The basal insulin secretion achieved normalized levels, with the surgical group resembling the LeanC group. There was improvement in stimulated beta-cell function (p < 0.05), independent of the route of glucose administration (oral and intravenous). The delay time presented no improvement after BPD. Conclusion: several positive physiological adaptations occurred after BPD surgery. These adaptations are related to restoration of the IS, improvement in EH of insulin and normalization in beta-cell function at the various stages of the synthesis secretion process of insulin, explaining the improvement on glucose tolerance and on the glycemic control. The lack of improvement on the delay time highlights the characteristics of T2DM as a chronic, progressive and irreversible disease, once the surgical treatment contributes to the remission and not for the resolution of the disease. Understanding the mechanisms of the change in metabolism after BPD should help define the role of the gut in the physiopathology of T2DM, and help to develop new clinical and surgical approaches to treat the disease / Doutorado / Clinica Medica / Doutora em Clínica Médica

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Boschero, Fernanda Ortis / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T09:44:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Benedicto_KeliCristina_M.pdf: 3000980 bytes, checksum: 12e30944c74a94d0e816edbc8b474907 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital. / Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations. / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestra em Biologia Funcional e Molecular