De nos jours, les systèmes technologiques sont devenus très complexes (matériel informatique, logiciel, système de télécommunication, usine manufacturière, etc.), et cette complexité croît continuellement de sorte que les anciennes techniques intuitives utilisées pour leur conception, leur étude et leur réalisation deviennent inadaptées. À cause de cette complexité croissante, la probabilité pour qu'une erreur (ou panne) inattendue survienne est de plus en plus grande. Plus encore, quelques erreurs peuvent provoquer des accidents très graves causant des pertes économiques ou humaines. C'est dans ce cadre que les méthodes formelles ont été développées pour l'analyse, la conception et la réalisation des systèmes logiciels et électroniques quelque [i.e. quelle que] soit leur complexité. Ainsi, l'étude des systèmes à événements discrets (SED) a été introduite avec l'objectif de développer des méthodes formelles pour répondre à des besoins pressants, tels que le contrôle, le diagnostic, le pronostic, le test et la vérification des comportements discrets des systèmes technologiques. Cette thèse considère et généralise les études du contrôle et du diagnostic décentralisés des SED. Le principe commun du contrôle et du diagnostic décentralisés des SED est la prise de décision décentralisée, qui est basée sur l'utilisation d'une architecture décentralisée. Cette dernière est constituée de plusieurs décideurs locaux qui observent partiellement un SED et prennent des décisions locales qui sont ensuite fusionnées par un module de fusion D. Ce dernier, en se basant sur une fonction de fusion, calcule à partir des décisions locales une décision globale. Le système englobant les décideurs locaux et le module de fusion s'appelle un décideur décentralisé. L'ensemble de tous les décideurs décentralisés ayant D comme module de fusion est appelé D-architecture. La principale contribution de cette thèse est de proposer une nouvelle approche de prise de décision décentralisée, appelée multi-décision et qualifiée de multi-décisionnelle. Le principe de la multi-décision est basé sur l'utilisation de plusieurs (disons p) décideurs décentralisés (DD[indice supérieur j)[indice inférieur j=1,...,p] qui fonctionnent simultanément et en parallèle. Chaque DD[indice supérieur J] a une architecture décentralisée parmi celles qu'on trouve dans la littérature. C'est-à-dire que chaque DD[indice supérieur J] est constitué d'un ensemble de décideurs locaux ([Dec[indice supérieur J][indice inférieur i])[indice inférieur i=1,...,n] dont les décisions locales sont fusionnées par un module de fusion D[indice supérieur j] afin d'obtenir une décision globale. Dans l'architecture multi-décisionnelle, les décisions globales des p (DD[indice supérieur j])[indice inférieur j=1,...,p] sont fusionnées par un module D afin d'obtenir une décision effective qui respecte une propriété désirée Pr. L'intérêt de la multi-décision est que l'architecture ((DD[indice supérieur j])[indice inférieur j=1,..., p], D) constituée des différents (DD[indice supérieur j])[indice inférieur j =1,...,p] et de D généralise chacune des architectures DD[indice supérieur j]. C'est-à-dire que l'ensemble des SED auxquels on peut appliquer ((DD[indice supérieur j])[indice inférieur j=1,...,p], D) englobe les différents SED auxquels on peut appliquer les différents DD[indice supérieur j] séparément. Nous avons étudié l'approche multi-décisionnelle sur deux exemples de prise de décision : le contrôle supervisé et le diagnostic. On obtient alors le contrôle et le diagnostic multi-décisionnels. Dans les deux cas, l'approche multi-décisionnelle nécessite une décomposition de langages infinis (c.-à-d., contenant un nombre infini de séquences), qui est connue comme étant un problème difficile. Pour résoudre ce problème, on a proposé, dans le cas particulier des langages réguliers, une méthode qui transforme la décomposition d'un langage infini X en une décomposition d'un ensemble fini d'états marqués. Pour arriver à cela, on a dû s'imposer une restriction en ne considérant que les décompositions de X qui respectent une condition spécifique. Cette condition présente l'avantage de rendre les conditions d'existence de solutions vérifiables. Nous avons ainsi développé des algorithmes pour vérifier les conditions d'existence de solutions pour le contrôle et le diagnostic multi-décisionnels. Ces algorithmes ont le même ordre de complexité que les algorithmes qui vérifient les conditions d'existence de solutions pour le contrôle et le diagnostic décentralisés. Il est important de noter que les conditions d'existence obtenues pour une architecture multi-décisionnelle ((DD[indice supérieur j])[indice inférieur j=1,..., p], D) sont moins contraignantes que celles obtenues pour chacune des architectures DD[indice supérieur j].

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Eine Untersuchung zum königlichen Ritual des sogenannten Sedfestes im Alten Ägypten anhand der Sedfestreliefs vom Torbau Osorkons II. in Bubastis.

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Muitos são os objetivos para o controle de carga no comércio exterior. Organismos Internacionais estabelecem programas voltados à segurança física das instalações e navios. Acordos bilaterais entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos da América estabelecem programas com a ênfase em segurança. Os objetivos do Estado brasileiro representado pela Secretaria da Receita Federal estão voltados primeiramente à regulamentação do mercado com a nacionalização das cargas e seu devido recolhimento de impostos. Para isto utiliza sistemas de alcance nacional como SISCOMEX Importação, Exportação e Trânsito Aduaneiro, para controlar o fluxo das cargas no comércio exterior. Estes sistemas possuem o enfoque nas mercadorias já presentes no território nacional. Outro objetivo é a necessidade de facilitação da burocracia e também a busca por segurança. A preocupação com a segurança deve estar presente nos sistemas informatizados, e aí se adota a certificação digital como forma segura de transmissão dos dados, como na operação física da carga. A operação física, no modal marítimo na importação, inclui a informação do Transportador sobre seu manifesto, a informação do Operador Portuário sobre a descarga efetuada, a informação do Recinto Alfandegado que irá armazenar esta carga. Dois sistemas operam na unidade local da Alfândega do Porto de Santos, a Supervia Eletrônica de Dados, com os Transportadores Marítimos e Operadores e a Declaração de Transferência Eletrônica, com os Operadores Portuários e Recintos. A integração destes sistemas interage dois universos da logística de transporte, o marítimo e o terrestre com a distribuição e armazenagem da carga, tudo sob supervisão das autoridades Portuária e Aduaneira. Mostra-se que esta integração diminui burocracia, aumenta controles, valida dados com benefício a toda comunidade aduaneira. Fornece informações mais seguras para a Autoridade Portuária facilitando o faturamento de seu contrato de privatização. Favorece as interações dos Armadores com a Alfândega, pois possibilita via internet tanto solicitações quanto autorizações. Facilita a autorização de transferência de carga para os Recintos diminuindo sua digitação, garante unicidade dos dados da carga em todos intervenientes permitindo sua alteração no banco de dados somente após o procedimento legal e permite também o fechamento do manifesto, conciliando as cargas manifestadas com as descarregadas e também com o despacho aduaneiro a que foi submetida tal mercadoria. / There are many objectives for the load control in the foreign commerce. World Customs Organization establishes programs directed to the physical security of the installations and ships. Bilateral agreements between Brazil and the United States of America establish programs with the emphasis in security. The objectives of the Brazilian State represented by its Custom are focus first in the regulation of the market with the nationalization of loads and its collect taxes. For this it uses systems of national reach as SISCOMEX Importation, Exportation and Customs Transit, to control the flow of loads in the foreign commerce. These systems possess the approach on the merchandise already in the national territory. Another objective is the necessity of facilitation of the bureaucracy and also the search for security. The concern with the security must be present also in the computers systems, where it adopts the digital certification as safe form of transmission of the data, as in the physical operation of the load. The physical operation, in the modal marine in the importation, includes the information of the transporter on its manifesto, the information of the Port Operator on the effected discharge, the information of the Bonded Enclosure that will go to store this load. Two systems operate in the local unit of the Customs of the Santos\' Port, the Electronic Supervia of Data, with the maritime transporters and operators and the Declaration of Electronic Transference, with the Port Operators and Enclosures. The integration of these systems interacts two universes of the logistic of transport, the marine and terrestrial with the distribution and storage of the load, everything under supervision of the authorities of the port and customs. One reveals that this integration diminishes bureaucracy, increases controls, and validates data with benefit for all the customs community. Supplies safer information to the port authority, facilitating the invoicing of its contract of privatization. It favors the interactions of the Ship owners with Customs; therefore it makes possible interaction in such a way thru Internet as much the requests as the authorizations. It facilitates the authorization of the load transference for the Enclosures diminishing its typing, guarantees unicity of the data of the load allowing its alteration in the data base only after the legal procedure and also allows to the closing of the manifesto, conciliating loads revealed with unloaded and also with the customs forwarding the one that was submitted such merchandise.

Muitos são os objetivos para o controle de carga no comércio exterior. Organismos Internacionais estabelecem programas voltados à segurança física das instalações e navios. Acordos bilaterais entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos da América estabelecem programas com a ênfase em segurança. Os objetivos do Estado brasileiro representado pela Secretaria da Receita Federal estão voltados primeiramente à regulamentação do mercado com a nacionalização das cargas e seu devido recolhimento de impostos. Para isto utiliza sistemas de alcance nacional como SISCOMEX Importação, Exportação e Trânsito Aduaneiro, para controlar o fluxo das cargas no comércio exterior. Estes sistemas possuem o enfoque nas mercadorias já presentes no território nacional. Outro objetivo é a necessidade de facilitação da burocracia e também a busca por segurança. A preocupação com a segurança deve estar presente nos sistemas informatizados, e aí se adota a certificação digital como forma segura de transmissão dos dados, como na operação física da carga. A operação física, no modal marítimo na importação, inclui a informação do Transportador sobre seu manifesto, a informação do Operador Portuário sobre a descarga efetuada, a informação do Recinto Alfandegado que irá armazenar esta carga. Dois sistemas operam na unidade local da Alfândega do Porto de Santos, a Supervia Eletrônica de Dados, com os Transportadores Marítimos e Operadores e a Declaração de Transferência Eletrônica, com os Operadores Portuários e Recintos. A integração destes sistemas interage dois universos da logística de transporte, o marítimo e o terrestre com a distribuição e armazenagem da carga, tudo sob supervisão das autoridades Portuária e Aduaneira. Mostra-se que esta integração diminui burocracia, aumenta controles, valida dados com benefício a toda comunidade aduaneira. Fornece informações mais seguras para a Autoridade Portuária facilitando o faturamento de seu contrato de privatização. Favorece as interações dos Armadores com a Alfândega, pois possibilita via internet tanto solicitações quanto autorizações. Facilita a autorização de transferência de carga para os Recintos diminuindo sua digitação, garante unicidade dos dados da carga em todos intervenientes permitindo sua alteração no banco de dados somente após o procedimento legal e permite também o fechamento do manifesto, conciliando as cargas manifestadas com as descarregadas e também com o despacho aduaneiro a que foi submetida tal mercadoria. / There are many objectives for the load control in the foreign commerce. World Customs Organization establishes programs directed to the physical security of the installations and ships. Bilateral agreements between Brazil and the United States of America establish programs with the emphasis in security. The objectives of the Brazilian State represented by its Custom are focus first in the regulation of the market with the nationalization of loads and its collect taxes. For this it uses systems of national reach as SISCOMEX Importation, Exportation and Customs Transit, to control the flow of loads in the foreign commerce. These systems possess the approach on the merchandise already in the national territory. Another objective is the necessity of facilitation of the bureaucracy and also the search for security. The concern with the security must be present also in the computers systems, where it adopts the digital certification as safe form of transmission of the data, as in the physical operation of the load. The physical operation, in the modal marine in the importation, includes the information of the transporter on its manifesto, the information of the Port Operator on the effected discharge, the information of the Bonded Enclosure that will go to store this load. Two systems operate in the local unit of the Customs of the Santos\' Port, the Electronic Supervia of Data, with the maritime transporters and operators and the Declaration of Electronic Transference, with the Port Operators and Enclosures. The integration of these systems interacts two universes of the logistic of transport, the marine and terrestrial with the distribution and storage of the load, everything under supervision of the authorities of the port and customs. One reveals that this integration diminishes bureaucracy, increases controls, and validates data with benefit for all the customs community. Supplies safer information to the port authority, facilitating the invoicing of its contract of privatization. It favors the interactions of the Ship owners with Customs; therefore it makes possible interaction in such a way thru Internet as much the requests as the authorizations. It facilitates the authorization of the load transference for the Enclosures diminishing its typing, guarantees unicity of the data of the load allowing its alteration in the data base only after the legal procedure and also allows to the closing of the manifesto, conciliating loads revealed with unloaded and also with the customs forwarding the one that was submitted such merchandise.

ITC/USA 2015 Conference Proceedings / The Fifty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2015 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV / Data security is becoming increasingly important in all areas of storage. The news services frequently have stories about lost or stolen storage devices and the panic it causes. Data security in an SSD usually involves two components: data protection and data elimination. Data protection includes passwords to protect against unauthorized access and encryption to protect against recovering data from the flash chips. Data elimination includes erasing the encryption key and erasing the flash. Telemetry applications frequently add requirements such as write protection, external erase triggers, and overwriting the flash after the erase. This presentation will review these data security features.

The current study used a longitudinal design to evaluate a day treatment program for children with serious emotional disorder located in Richmond, Virginia (N = 101). Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (Hodges, 1984, 1999) results were analyzed from children who had attended the program for at least six months. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance tests indicated that children attending YDT for nine months improved their overall functioning F(2, 217) = 26.23, p = .01 as well as their functioning at school F(3,279)= 10.822, p =.01, home F(3, 244) = 6.120, p = .01, and in the community F(3, 238) = 4.158, p =.01. In addition, children improved their thinking F(2, 232) = 5.595, p = .01, behavior toward others F(3, 279)= 24.230, p = .01 and decreased the amount of self-harm F(1, 121) = 7.546, p =.01. Children began YDT with an average total CAFAS score of score of 85.90; however, after nine months of treatment, children dropped 20.40 points to an average CAFAS score of 65.50 points. Results indicate that even the most functionally impaired children in the sample demonstrated some level of improvement. Implications for social work micro and macro practice are included.

År 1906 kom Svenska arbetsgivarföreningen (SAF) och Landsorganisationen (LO) fram till en överenskommelse för att bland annat fastställa arbetsgivarens rätt att fritt anställa. Detta genom den så kallades Decemberkompromissen. Denna frihet har genom åren begränsats genom lagstiftning men ses fortfarande som en allmän rättsgrundsats. Det är arbetsgivarna som beslutar om en anställning är aktuell likväl som de fattar beslut om en uppsägning. Inför sådana beslut måste dock arbetsgivarna ta hänsyn till olika rättsfrågor beroende på om det är inom den offentliga eller den privata sektorn. I svensk lag regleras olika diskrimineringsförbud vilka blir en begränsning för arbetsgivarens fria anställningsrätt. Även företrädesrätten enligt Lagen om anställningsskydd  (LAS)   gäller  vid  en  anställning  och  blir  därför  också  en begränsning. För den offentliga sektorn gäller ytterligare bestämmelser enligt Lagen om offentlig anställning (LOA) samt genom speciella förordningar som berör en offentlig anställning. Även EU har genom sina direktiv påverkat den fria anställningsrätten genom att dessa implementerats i svensk rätt. Utöver bestämmelserna enligt lag ska en arbetsgivare enligt praxis ta hänsyn till god sed på arbetsmarknaden vilket i sig även kan medföra en begränsning för den fria anställningsrätten. I och med de begränsningar som införts genom lag och förordningar som berör arbetsgivarens fria anställningsrätt har diskussioner i ämnet blivit mer aktuellt och denstora frågan är om en arbetsgivare verkligen har fria anställningsrätt i Sverige.

A notice of termination by the employer must be based on objective grounds. The employeeon the other hand can resignate with no ground required. However, certain situations occurcalled provoked dismissals where the employee formally has resignated but it has in fact beeninduced by the employer whose behavior then is considered at odds with good labour marketpractice. If a resignation is regarded as a provoked dismissal, it is considered a termination bythe employer which then must show objective grounds for that termination. Provokeddismissals are not regulated in Swedish law and therefore complex to determine, especiallywhat is to be considered behavior at odds with good labour market. A situation where an employer has neglected their obligations towards the employee insubstantial respects, which also give the employee right to resign from their position withimmediate effect, is usually considered a case of provoked dismissal. Another significantfactor is that the behavior is intended to make the employee resign or that the employer isaware that the employee is in a difficult situation and thus the risk that he or she will resign. Additionally, this thesis has found that violence and mild violence is not something theemployee should have to endure, neither critique that is unjustified, excessive or repeated. Asfar as the employer has knowledge about harassment or discrimination occurring in theworkplace without taking the measure necessary, it is likely a ground of a provoked dismissalas well.