A degradação da qualidade das águas dos mananciais superficiais prejudica a sua utilização para abastecimento público. O monitoramento do fitoplâncton torna-se importante para detectar essas alterações nas águas que chegam as estações de tratamento de água. Água de má qualidade pode apresentar, entre outros aspectos, odor, sabor e excesso de organismos fitoplanctônicos que podem colmatar filtros, flotar em decantadores e produzir toxinas. As cianobactérias são organismos potenciais produtores de toxinas prejudiciais à saúde humana e animal. Nesse sentido, seu monitoramento é determinado na legislação brasileira. Este trabalho objetiva estabelecer parâmetros de garantia da qualidade analítica da contagem do fitoplâncton pelo método de Sedgwick-Rafter, através da participação em programa de comparação interlaboratorial e da validação desse método utilizando amostras não preservadas. Também pretende mostrar a importância do monitoramento do fitoplâncton em águas de abastecimento. Como forma de verificar o desempenho do Laboratório Central de Águas da Companhia Riograndense de Saneamento na análise de cianobactérias, foi avaliada a participação em Programa de Comparação Interlaboratorial, promovido pela Rede Metrológica do Rio Grande do Sul. O desempenho foi considerado satisfatório na contagem dos organismos, dentre os 30 laboratórios brasileiros participantes. No entanto, de forma geral, foram constatadas dificuldades da identificação dos organismos, sinalizando a importância de uma boa análise qualitativa. O método utilizado pelo Laboratório foi validado como exigência da norma ISO/IEC 17025, pois o método de Sedgwick-Rafter utilizado com modificação precisava ser validado. A validação foi realizada para amostras não preservadas, evidenciando não haver diferença dos resultados de análise entre amostras vivas e preservadas até três dias após a coleta, mesmo com amostra não refrigerada. O método foi considerado exato e robusto, além de terem sido calculados limite de detecção, limite de quantificação e incerteza de medição. Assegurar que o método é preciso e confiável reflete nos resultados de monitoramentos fitoplanctônicos. Assim, durante o monitoramento mensal, realizado durante um ano, em seis mananciais utilizados para abastecimento público, detectaram-se os períodos de floração de cianobactérias, bem como os gêneros presentes. Esses dados auxiliam na avaliação da qualidade da água e na tomada de decisões em relação à melhor maneira de realizar o seu tratamento. Portanto, este trabalho mostrou a necessidade da utilização de métodos confiáveis no monitoramento fitoplanctônico. A participação em comparações interlaboratoriais é fundamental para avaliar o desempenho dos laboratórios e um meio de buscar treinamento e melhoria contínua dos analistas e dos métodos utilizados. Também ficou clara a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento na identificação dos gêneros de cianobactérias, pois a identificação incorreta pode provocar erros na quantificação e fornecer resultados que não correspondem à realidade do manancial amostrado. Além disso, evidenciou-se a importância do monitoramento do fitoplâncton na avaliação da água para abastecimento público. A correta identificação dos organismos presentes determina as ações que devem ser tomadas em relação à freqüência de monitoramento ou ao processo de tratamento de água. / The water quality degradation of surface waters compromise its use for public supply. Monitoring phytoplankton is important to detect these changes in waters going to water treatment plants. Poor water quality may cause, among other things, odor, taste and excess phytoplankton organisms that can bridge filters, decanters float in decanters and produce toxins. Cyanobacteria are organisms potential producers of toxins harmful to human and animal health. In this sense, their monitoring is determined by Brazilian law. This work aims to establish parameters for quality assurance of analytical phytoplankton counting by Sedgwick-Rafter method, through participation in interlaboratory comparison program and the validation of this method using samples unpreserved. Also demonstrates the importance of phytoplankton monitoring in the water supply. As a way to check the performance of the Central Laboratory for Water and Sanitation Company Riograndense analysis of cyanobacteria, it was evaluated the participation in Interlaboratory Comparison Program, sponsored by Rede Metrológica of Rio Grande do Sul. The performance was satisfactory during counting organisms among the 30 Brazilian laboratories participating. However, in general, were found difficulties in identifying, indicating the importance of a good qualitative analysis. The method was validated by the Laboratory as a requirement of ISO / IEC 17025, because the Sedgwick-Rafter method used with modification needed to be validated. The validation was performed for samples unpreserved, showing no difference between the results of analysis and samples preserved until three days after collection, even with no refrigerated sample. The method was considered accurate and robust, and have their limit of detection, limit of quantification and uncertainty calculated. Ensure that the method is accurate and reliable monitoring reflects phytoplankton results. Thus, during the monthly monitoring was conducted over a year for six water sources used for public supply, there were periods of cyanobacteria bloom, and the genera present were detected. These data help to assess the water quality and in making decisions about the best way to accomplish water treatment. Therefore, this study showed the necessity of using reliable methods for phytoplankton monitoring. Participation in interlaboratory comparisons is essential in evaluating the performance of laboratories and a means of seeking continuous improvement and training of analysts and the methods used. Also there was a clear need for improvement in the identification cyanobacteria genera, because misidentification can cause errors in the measurement and provide results that do not correspond to the reality of the water supply. In addition, the study showed the importance of phytoplankton monitoring in the assessment of water for public supply. The correct organisms identification determines the actions to be taken in relation to frequency of monitoring or process water treatment.

Questions surrounding queer subjectivity—including shame, the closet, and celebration—are at the core of my interests as a painter and image maker. Mining the history of religious iconography, including annunciation paintings, scenes of the crucifixion, and other notable works of this ilk, my paintings seek to explore the intricacies of sexuality and the workings of shame and celebration at play in the life of the queer-identified.

Latin erotic poetry is an important genre recording surviving examples of male friendship. This report argues that a specific group of poems involving the poet and his powerful friend should be identified and studied separately as a sub-genre. Drawing examples largely from Horace, Catullus and Propertius, I argue that homosocial erotic poetry exploits the same repertoire of generic conventions as erotic poetry, but reshapes some of them for different functions. To articulate the erotic emphasis and the generic concern of this report, Eve Sedgwick’s notion of “homosocial desire” (1985) is introduced. The concept of homosociality is useful in revealing how male desire in our sub-genre has an erotic tinge and functions to foster the social bond of male friendship, but precludes the homoerotic possibility. Chapter One introduces the important terms and methodology chosen for this study, while Chapters Two to Four define and describe three distinctive features of the sub-genre. Chapter Two is devoted to showing that sermo amatorius, the “love speech” often featured in romantic relationships, can be assimilable to the structure of male homosocial relations. Chapters Three and Four examine how the sub-genre reshapes the recusatio and the topos of wealth to negotiate the tension of desire between the poets and their powerful friends. Ultimately, this report argues that male homosocial desire motivates the sub-generic conventions and thereby the seemingly disparate poems constitute a coherent sub-generic classification. / text

This thesis examines the relationship between the fiction of James Joyce and the theological practices outlined by Ignatius of Loyola. By deliberately foregoing claims of direct or simple influence, the thesis illustrates the way in which Loyola's concepts of belief, irony, discernment, and indifference illuminate the operations of the Joycean text. These operations in both Loyola and Joyce are themselves best explicated through the use of Kleinian psychoanalytic theory. Klein and her followers analyze dynamics of belief, representation, and meaning as products of frustration. Loyola and Joyce both force the reader into symmetrical situations of frustration, and Kleinian analysis helps us see how Joyce uses his texts as a kind of exercise for the reader-an exercise of productive frustration, disappointment, and loss. I trace the way this loss can turn reading into a reparative act, one that moves through the Kleinian 'paranoid-schizoid' position into a more productive, contingent, depressive position. I thus address Eve Kosovsky Sedgwick's proposal for reparative reading. By examining both Loyola's and Joyce's engagement with (and invitations into) frustrating, paranoid reading, I show how this engagement might become reparative. The thesis begins with an analysis of Loyola's Spiritual Exercises, finding there a specific structure of 'earnest irony.' It continues with a close reading of 'The Dead,' discerning how this structure operates in the Joycean text at the levels of both content and narration. It then takes up Kleinian theory directly to see precisely what paranoid reading-of the kind both Joyce and Loyola demand-accomplishes, and what its failure achieves. Its final two chapters consider A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, where it finds the narrative apparatus forcing the reader into a particular form of productive frustration, and Ulysses, which requires the greatest form of 'earnest irony' from the reader.

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This study explores the role of learning and education in American historical fiction written in the 1820s. The United States has been, and still is, commonly considered to be hostile to scholarly learning. In novels and short stories of the 1820s, however, learning and education are recurrent themes, and this dissertation shows that the attitudes to these issues are more ambivalent than hitherto acknowledged. The 1820s was a period characterized by a political struggle, expressed as a battle between intellectuals, represented by the sitting president, John Quincy Adams, a Harvard professor, and anti-intellectuals, headed by the war hero Andrew Jackson. The battle over the place of scholarly learning in the U.S. was played out not only on the political scene but also in historical fiction, where the themes of learning and education become vehicles for exploring national identity. In these texts, whose aim is often to establish an impressive national history, scholarly learning carries negative connotations as it is linked to the former colonizer Britain and also symbolizes social stratification. However, it also stands for civilization and progress, qualities felt to be necessary for the nation to come into its own. The conflicting views and anxieties surrounding the issues of learning and education tend to center on a recurrent character in these texts, the learned person. After providing an overview of how the themes of learning and education are treated in historical narratives from the 1820s, this dissertation focuses on works of three writers: Hobomok (1824) and The Rebels (1825) by Lydia Maria Child, The Prairie (1827) by James Fenimore Cooper, and Hope Leslie (1827) by Catharine Maria Sedgwick.

<p>This study explores the role of learning and education in American historical fiction written in the 1820s. The United States has been, and still is, commonly considered to be hostile to scholarly learning. In novels and short stories of the 1820s, however, learning and education are recurrent themes, and this dissertation shows that the attitudes to these issues are more ambivalent than hitherto acknowledged. The 1820s was a period characterized by a political struggle, expressed as a battle between intellectuals, represented by the sitting president, John Quincy Adams, a Harvard professor, and anti-intellectuals, headed by the war hero Andrew Jackson. The battle over the place of scholarly learning in the U.S. was played out not only on the political scene but also in historical fiction, where the themes of learning and education become vehicles for exploring national identity. In these texts, whose aim is often to establish an impressive national history, scholarly learning carries negative connotations as it is linked to the former colonizer Britain and also symbolizes social stratification. However, it also stands for civilization and progress, qualities felt to be necessary for the nation to come into its own. The conflicting views and anxieties surrounding the issues of learning and education tend to center on a recurrent character in these texts, the learned person. </p><p>After providing an overview of how the themes of learning and education are treated in historical narratives from the 1820s, this dissertation focuses on works of three writers: <i>Hobomok</i> (1824) and <i>The Rebels</i> (1825) by Lydia Maria Child, <i>The Prairie</i> (1827) by James Fenimore Cooper, and <i>Hope Leslie</i> (1827) by Catharine Maria Sedgwick.</p>

Föreliggande arbete syftar till att med utgångspunkt i teorier om maskulinitet, performativitet och homosocialt begär undersöka maskulinitet i Eyvind Johnsons tetralogi Romanen om Olof. De frågor som riktas till texten kretsar kring hur maskulinitet konstrueras och upprätthålls i romanserien. Det forskningsläge uppsatsen förhåller sig till kan indelas i forskning om Johnsons författarskap samt forskning om maskulinitet i litteraturen. Den teoretiska bakgrund som föregår själva undersökningen är disponerad i tre avsnitt. Det första avsnittet ägnas åt begreppet performativitet och fokuserar främst synen på genus som en aktivitet. Härpå diskuteras begreppet homosocialt begär; ett begrepp som använts av bland andra Eve Kosofsky-Sedgwick och som syftar på den inom manliga gemenskaper ofta glidande skalan mellan det homosociala och det homoerotiska. Sedgwick betraktar även i detta avseende hur manliga gemenskaper förhåller sig till kvinnan och det uppfattat kvinnliga. Slutligen behandlas i ett avsnitt begreppet maskulinitet och hur det av R.W. Connell skilts från begreppet man. I undersökningens första del betraktas sättet på vilket den fjorton år gamla Olof förhåller sig till andra män. Framträdande är i detta avseende olika diskursiva praktiker som Olof i samspel med såväl arbetskollegor som vänner söker tillägna sig förtrogenhet med: det formaliserade traderandet av skrönor samt en synbart överkompenserande maskulin jargong. Avsaknaden av alternativa diskurser är slående. Olofs förhållande till vännen Fredrik diskuteras i termer av homosocialt begär, men också Olofs förhållande till fadern betraktas. Härpå diskuteras i ett avsnitt hur arbetarnas maskulinitet manifesteras i mötet med representanter för andra samhällsklasser. Olof söker på olika sätt hävda oberoende från sina arbetsgivare, vilket bland annat sker genom att han deltar i arbetarnas organisering. Detta är i Romanen om Olof en främst manlig angelägenhet. Slutligen fokuseras sättet på vilket Olof förhåller sig till romanseriens kvinnor. Störst utrymme ägnas åt Olivia, en kvinna vars i Olofs ögon labila femininitet försvårar hans iscensättande av manlighet, samt åt modern, i vars förhållande till Olof den senares ständiga försök till distansering från hemmet är framträdande. Undersökningen har visat att Olofs utveckling till att bli en vuxen människa inte är könsneutral. Han försöker ständigt konstruera en stabil manlighet, vilket i många avseenden misslyckas. Olof söker ivrigt gemenskap med andra män, men den diskursiva begränsning som är vanlig bland romanseriens hegemoniska maskuliniteter leder tillsammans med Olofs försök att distansera sig från hemmet även till att han åter erfar känslomässig isolering.

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