A análise de imagens digitais tem grande potencial de uso na determinação do vigor de sementes. Associada ao teste de crescimento de plântulas, essa técnica possibilita a análise dimensional de imagens com rapidez e precisão. O resultado é a extensão total de cada plântula via quantificação computadorizada do comprimento de suas partes constituintes. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o vigor de lotes de sementes de milho, por meio do teste de crescimento de plântulas, utilizando-se a análise de imagens. Plântulas de milho (genótipo AG122) foram retiradas do germinador ao quarto dia de desenvolvimento e ordenadas sobre uma folha de poliéster transparente na superfície de um “scanner” para a captação das imagens. Desenvolveu-se uma rotina de processamento no programa “Scil-Image” para a análise das imagens digitais obtidas das plântulas. Houve medição computadorizada da extensão total, com a soma usual do comprimento do coleóptilo ao comprimento da maior raiz da plântula e, também, não usualmente, ao tamanho de todo sistema radicular. As plântulas foram mensuradas manualmente, visando a comparação com o método em estudo. Os resultados mostraram que a técnica digital possibilita a associação dos dados obtidos no processamento a eventuais diferenças de vigor existentes em lotes de sementes de milho, de maneira similar a outros métodos destinados à avaliação do vigor de sementes da referida espécie. / The image analysis has high potential use in seed vigor determination. Associated to the seedlings growing test, this technique is fast, precise and makes possible the dimensional image analysis. The result is the total extension of each seedling quantifying the length of their constituent parts. With the purpose of studying the corn seed lots vigor through the seedlings growing test, using the digital images analysis, the corn seedlings (AG122 genotype) were taken from the germination chamber at the fourth day of development and ordered over a sheet, made with a transparent polyester film, on a scanner surface to the images capture. A routine was developed to process digital images of seedlings into the “Scil-Image” software. There was a computational procedure to measure the total length, with the usual sum of coleoptile to the main root length of seedling and also, not usually, to all root system. The seedlings were measured manually, seeking comparison with the method in study. The results showed that the digital technique makes possible association of the data obtained in processing to eventual vigor differences existing in corn seed lots, in a similar way to the other methods appointed to seed vigor evaluation by referred species.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de diferentes tipos de substratos, valores de pH e concentrações de AIB (Ácido Indolbutírico) no enraizamento de estacas apicais de jabuticabeiras (Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg), e caracterizar morfológica e molecularmente espécies de jabuticabeiras, foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, foram coletadas estacas apicais de matrizes de jabuticabeiras da espécie Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg, e submetidas às condições de enraizamento. O delineamento adotado foi o de subparcelas subsubdivididas 2x4x5, onde os substratos areia grossa e vermiculita constituíram as subparcelas ou unidades inteiras, os pHs (3.5; 4.5; 5.5 e 6,5) constituíram os quatro valores, e as concentrações de AIB (0; 1000; 2000; 4000 e 6000 mg.L -1 ) as subsubparcelas. O substrato areia grossa, quando interagiu com os pHs 4.5 e 5.5 proporcionou uma maior taxa de enraizamento nas estacas apicais de jabuticabeiras, já pHs elevados (6.5) e baixos (3.5), para os dois substratos, inibiram a emissão de raízes na base das estacas. As diferentes concentrações de AIB não influenciaram no enraizamento das estacas apicais. No segundo experimento, foram caracterizadas plantas de jabuticabeiras dos pomares do Setor de Horticultura do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da ESALQ-USP-Piracicaba-SP e do pomar de fruticultura da FAFRAM (Faculdade “Dr. Francisco Maeda” de Ituverava-SP). Para a caracterização das espécies, foram comparadas as características anatômicas do caule, características morfológicas através da comparação com os espécimes de herbários, revisão de literatura especializada e análise molecular através do uso de marcadores (RAPD-PCR). Foram identificados 4 grupos distintos, sendo que as espécies foram: Myrciaria phytrantha (Kiaersk.) Mattos, Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg, Myrciaria coronata Mattos, Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg. A técnica de marcadores moleculares aliado ás técnicas de marcadores morfológicos (morfologia externa e interna), mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante na identificação de espécies de jaboticabeiras. / Two experiments were conducted with de main objective to verify the influence of different types of substracts, pH levels and IBA concentrations on rooting of jabuticaba trees, cuttings (Myrciaria jaboticbal (Vell.) O. Berg) and characterize 4 jabuticaba trees’ species using morphological and molecular tools. In the first experiment, jabuticaba trees’ apical cuttings were collected and put on rooting condictions. The estatistic delineation used was split plot (2 x 4 x 5), in which thick sand and vermiculite were considered subparcels or entire units, pH (3.5; 4.5; 5.5 e 6.5) were considered the four levels and IBA concentrations (0; 1000; 2000; 4000 e 6000 mg.L -1 ) were considered subsubparcels. The interaction between thick sand and 4.5 and 5.5 pH levels provided the best rooting taxes for jabuticaba trees’ apical cuttings, while 6.5 e 3.5 pH levels, had inhibited the emission of roots. IBA different concentrations had not influenced the rooting of apical cuttings. The second research was carried on two orchards: one located in Horticulture Sector of Vegetal Production Departament from ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, SP, and another from College “Dr. Francisco Maeda” (FAFRAM), Ituverava, SP. To the species characterization, stem anatomical and morphological characteristics were compared using herbarium search, specialized literature revision and molecular analysis by the use of biological markers (RAPD-PCR). Four different groups were identified: Myrciaria phytrantha (Kiaersk) Mattos; Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg; Myrciaria coronata Mattos e Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg. The molecular markers technique connected with morphological markers (external and internal morphology) showed to be an important tool used to identify jabuticaba tree species.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_Catia_Raquel_Volkweis.pdf: 1311113 bytes, checksum: 5546893dffae3b1e21194697573bd0ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to quantify the effects induced by mechanical stimuli on the quality of seedlings Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. Treatments include five intensities of mechanical stimulation (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 pushups) made daily for thirty days. The mechanical stimuli were initiated on December 20, 2011. Made by one-way passage of a structure composed by a bar PVC pipe arranged horizontally and secured on a metal frame with bearings. At the end of the imposition of the treatments evaluated the quality of the changes through increases in shoot height (H) and stem diameter (C) and quantified to root dry mass (RDM) , leaf (MSF) and (MSPA), and calculated the absolute growth rate (AGR), leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), weight of sheet (RPF) and proceeded to determine the loss of electrolytes from roots (PER). All measurements were performed in four replicates of five seedlings per treatment. At this stage, the test was conducted according to a completely randomized design with four replications. On January 20, 2012, after the end of treatments, some of the seedlings of treatment and control of seedlings to 20 pushups daily were transplanted to pots with a capacity of 5 liters filled with sand grain size of 2 mm and kept in en- vegetation for 39 days under water restriction. At this stage, we adopted the design of randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement (2 x 14) composed of two intensities of mechanical stimuli and thirteen evaluations on time with four replicates of five seedlings. Data were subjected to analysis of variance with the help SISVAR 5.0 statistical software (FERREIRA, 2007) and subsequently analyzed by linear regression at 5% probability. Seedlings monkfish-the-woods submitted to mechanical stimuli for 30 days during hardening subjected to 20 mechanical stimuli voiced daily values of morphometric variables and test the loss of electrolytes indicative of a higher quality changes over seedlings not mechanically stressed But without greater resistance to drought after planting / O presente trabalho objetivou quantificar os efeitos induzidos por estímulos mecânicos sobre a qualidade de mudas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. Os tratamentos compreenderam cinco intensidades de estímulo mecânico (0, 5, 10, 20 e 40 flexões) efetuados diariamente durante trinta dias. Os estímulos mecânicos foram iniciados em 20 de dezembro de 2011. Efetuados por meio da passagem em sentido único de uma estrutura composta por uma barra de cano de PVC, disposta horizontalmente e fixada em uma estrutura metálica com rolamentos. Ao final do período de imposição dos tratamentos avaliou-se a qualidade da muda por meio dos incrementos na altura da parte aérea (H) e no do diâmetro do coleto (C), assim como quantificou-se a massa seca da raiz (MSR), da folha (MSF) e da parte aérea (MSPA), e calculou-se a taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA), área foliar (AF), área foliar específica (AFE), razão área foliar (RAF), razão peso de folha (RPF) e procedeu-se a determinação da perda de eletrólitos de raízes (PER). Todas as quantificações foram executadas de quatro repetições de 5 mudas por tratamento. Nesta fase, o ensaio foi conduzido de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Em 20 de janeiro de 2012, após o término dos tratamentos, parte das mudas do tratamento controle e das mudas submetidas a 20 flexões diárias foram transplantadas para vasos com capacidade de 5 litros preenchidos com areia de granulometria 2 mm e mantidos em casa-de-vegetação por 39 dias sob restrição hídrica. Nesta fase, adotou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial (2 x 14) composto por duas intensidades de estímulos mecânicos e treze avaliações no tempo com quatro repetições de cinco mudas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com o auxilio software estatístico SISVAR 5.0 (FERREIRA, 2007) e posteriormente, submetidos à análise de regressão linear a 5% de probabilidade. Mudas de tamboril-da-mata submetidas à estímulos mecânicos por 30 dias na fase de rustificação submetidas a 20 estímulos mecânicos diários externaram valores das variáveis morfométricas e do teste da perda de eletrólitos indicativos de uma maior qualidade da muda em relação a mudas não estressadas mecanicamente, porém, sem maior resistência ao déficit hídrico pós plantio

Savanna woodlands are vitally important in providing ecological services (e.g. erosion protection, micro-climate) and economic services (e.g. timber, food, fodder non-wood products, and wild-life habitats) that sustain local livelihoods and national economies. Increasing demands and the need for sustainable savanna woodland resource management requires that the ecological, economic, social and cultural values of these resources be explored and brought to the attention of decision makers and the general public. The identification and better understanding of the structure and dynamics of woodland community types, patterns of species distribution and quantitative properties of their diversity is important to the conservation and sustainable management of these woodlands. This study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of Nakasongola woodland community types, species diversity patterns and environment correlates, natural regeneration processes (i.e. sprouting and seedling establishment) and identifying livelihood strategies adopted by households, woody species utilised, and the contribution of charcoal production to household livelihoods. Data on vegetation and environmental variables were collected using 75 rectangular 20 x 50 m (0.1 ha) plots. Data on land use and land cover changes, and relevant associated socio-economic parameters were collected through the analysis of multi-temporal satellite imagery and field observations, as well as interviews of local households and key informants. The basic major livelihood activities for the rural households in this savanna dryland are charcoal production, subsistence crop cultivation and livestock grazing. However, it, sometimes, includes various combinations of activities, i.e. charcoal production and subsistence crop cultivation for both food and cash, and livestock keeping for income generation through selling the livestock products such as milk and, sometimes, the whole animal. At least 24 woody species, including fruit trees (Mangifera indica and Artocarpus heterophyllus), are frequently harvested, including 16 species that are considered the most utilized for charcoal production. Charcoal production, being the major source of income to the rural households, contributes on average US$ 259 ± 46 (S.E.) per household annually. There were significant differences in charcoal production (Kruskal-Wallis; H = 31.42, p < 0.0001), producer sale prices per bag of charcoal (H = 35.62, p < 0.0001), and annual incomes from charcoal production (H = 32.44, p < 0.0001) per households across the 8 sub-counties. Most of the youth (≤ 20 years old) derive their livelihoods from charcoal production, a small amount of trade, offering labour services, livestock keeping, fishing, bee keeping and earth brick making. Charcoal production, livestock keeping and hunting are carried out particularly by men, whereas, crop cultivation, and collection of fire wood, medicinal plants and fruits are carried out, mainly, by women. However, men are also engaged in cultivation only during the rainy seasons. There have been significant land cover changes in the area during the period 1984 to 2001, resulting in a 64% decrease in dense woodland cover, and an 80% increase in areas under cultivation/settlements. These changes are attributed to significant spatial expansion in agriculture increased commercialisation of charcoal production, grazing and human population growth. A total of 44,195 (5,893 plants/ha) woody plants representing 99 species in 67 genera and 31 families were recorded. The most species rich families were Mimosaceae (13), Rubiaceae (9), Moraceae (7), Euphorbiaceae (7), Anacardiaceae (6), Combretaceae (5) and Verbenaceae (5). Density of woody species differed significantly (F2, 72 = 6.3, P < 0.003) among land uses, being higher under charcoal production (7,131 ± 755 plants/ha) and cultivation (6,612 ± 665) areas and significantly lower under grazing lands (4,152 ± 525). Community species composition differed significantly (Global RANOSIM = 0.14, p = 0.001) among land use types. All measures of beta-diversity (spatial “turnover” in species composition) showed consistently higher beta-diversity in the grazing land use (βW = 3.1; βT = 3.1), followed by cultivation (βW = 2.8; βT = 3.0) and charcoal production (βW = 2.7; βT = 2.8), suggesting a more heterogeneous spatial distribution of species in the grazing lands. This suggests that variations in the composition and diversity of woody species are to a great extent influenced by land use type and anthropogenic disturbances in this region. Basal area of woody species differed significantly (F2, 72 = 12.0, P < 0.0001) among land uses, being highest under cultivation and charcoal production and significantly lower under grazing. Woody plant density differed (F2,72 = 6.3, P = 0.003) across landuses, being highest under charcoal production and cultivation and significantly lower under grazing. The species that contributed most to both basal area and density across all the land uses were Combretum collinum and Combretum molle. However, different species contributed the next most i.e. Piliostigma thonningii for grazing; Albizia zygia and Harrisonia abyssinica for cultivation and Vepris nobilis for charcoal production areas. For both basal area and abundance of all woody species, the total variance in species-environmental factor relations (for the combined first four canonical axes) was higher than 50%, suggesting a relatively strong influence of the measured environment variables on species composition and distributions. The CCA points to a significant influence of soil Ca2+ and Mg2+ in association with grazing on gradients in the composition and structure of woody species in the savanna woodland of Nakasongola. Resprouting was generally common among the woody species. A total of 2,595 stumps, representing 74 species in 31 families were recorded from all plots. Of these, 98.3% resprouted and were identified to species level. Density of both stumps and total resprout differed significantly (p < 0.05) among the land uses, being higher in charcoal production areas than in grazing and cultivation land uses. For the overall pooled data, resprouts per stump differed significantly among land uses (F2, 456 = 7.75, p = 0.0005), being highest in charcoal production (mean ± S.E.; 14 ± 1) and cultivation (13 ± 1) land uses and lowest under grazing areas (10 ± 1). Generally, the mean number of resprouts per stump increased with increasing stump basal diameter (BD), being highest for BD size class > 41 cm. In relation to stump height, the highest mean resprouts/stump was found on stumps with heights ranging from 0.31- 0.40 m. Based on pooled species data, regression analyses showed weakly significant negative relationships between BD of leading resprouts and number of resprouts/stump (r2 = 0.123, p < 0.0001) and between height of leading resprouts and number of resprouts/stump (r2 = 0.068, p < 0.0001). Density of seedlings of woody species differed significantly among land use types (ANOVA; F2, 72 =5.9, p = 0.004), being highest for cultivation (3,162 ± 440 individuals ha-1), followed by charcoal production (2,416 ± 295 ha-1) and lowest for grazing (1,629 ± 205 ha-1). Composition of seedlings differed significantly among land use types (Global RANOSIM = 0.119, p = 0.001). The distributions and densities of some seedlings were explained by gradients in environmental variables, with edaphic factors (i.e. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and organic matter) and charcoal production being the most important. The first two axes of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) explained 41.9% of the variance in species – environmental relations and were a reflection of edaphic and charcoal production land use gradients. All of the 16 highly utilized species were well represented in both the juvenile and adult classes, with gradually declining number of individuals with increasing stem size-class. This indicates that most of these species have high regeneration potential. Juvenile:adult tree ratios >1 and negative DSCD slopes indicate good recruitment and probably successful regeneration for these species. The study revealed land cover changes mainly in the dense and medium dense woodlands, reflected by the increase in open woodland, grasslands and cultivation/settlements. These trends threaten the livelihoods of local communities who are entirely dependent on these natural resources. Sustainable management will require the establishment of suitable integrated community-based institutions and management practices, with support from all key stakeholders (i.e. National Forest Authority (NFA)) and local communities. Maintenance of savanna woodland resources and other ecosystem services essential for human well-being will require an effective legal framework to prevent over-exploitation and give incentives for the protection of the fragile savanna woodland vegetation. An appropriate savanna woodland management policy will be required to guide changes in land use that accommodate the requirements of land users, aided by targeted conservation efforts to all woody plants and particularly for the highly utilized species for charcoal production as well as the multipurpose species. In addition, there is urgent need to build local capacity for improved harvesting and utilization of these tree species. This can be achieved through equipping local users with up to date information as well as observing the existing skills.

Herbaceous communities are critical to the functioning of forest ecosystems. They recycle nutrients, help prevent erosion, provide critical microhabitats and maintain biodiversity. In the eastern United States, most hardwood forests are growing on land once entirely cleared or used for some form of agriculture. Although some of these forests are nearly 150 years old, they still have depauperate native herbaceous communities when compared to remaining old-growth forests. This long-term depletion may result from dispersal limitation or environmental limitation. I tested the hypothesis that dispersal was the primary factor contributing to the absence of five spring-flowering herbaceous species in four secondary mesic hardwood forests. I transplanted adults and sowed fresh propagules into chosen forests. By establishing negative controls, I showed that propagules of experimental species were not incidentally dispersed and would not have been present at the sites had I not introduced them. In all four sites, seeds of three ant-dispersed species germinated and adults of these species survived, flowered and self-sowed viable propagules. These results strongly indicated dispersal limitation in all sites. Another ant-dispersed species showed evidence of being dispersal-limited in at least two sites. The limitations of one gravity-dispersed species were unclear. I discuss results from the first year after transplanting and offer management suggestions to facilitate the return of these species to degraded forests.

In the wetter climates associated with the coastal forests of northwestern North America, coarse woody debris (CWD) accumulations in the form of snags, downed boles, and large branches can be large in natural forest ecosystems. Seedlings often regenerate on stumps and downed logs in the understory of old-growth coastal forests. The question remains though, whether CWD is a necessary component for seedling survival and growth in forests managed for commodity production. This study addresses one concern of forest managers: is there an immediate nutritional or moisture supply advantage conferred by CWD for the survival and growth of seedlings in the coastal climate of British Columbia? We compared survival and growth of seedlings planted in decaying wood compared to non-woody humus forms and mineral soil under heavy shade and full light conditions. Low light environments are of particular interest since reports of the strong association between CWD and regeneration has primarily referred to understory seedlings and saplings in old-growth forests.

There are generally two contrasting alternatives to what limits recruitment in plants, namely the availability of seeds (seed limitation) or the quality or quantity of suitable sites (microsite limitation). Dust seeds, the smallest existing seeds, lack or have minimal nutrient reserves. During germination and initial development they consequently parasitize on mycorrhizal fungi. This is called mycoheterotrophy, and can vary in degree of fungal dependency in adult plants from full, partial or initial mycoheterotrophy. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the recruitment ecology of mycoheterotrophic Ericaceae (tribe Pyroleae) species with dust seeds, and to determine what limits their recruitment. The investigated species were: Chimaphila umbellata, Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola chlorantha, P. minor and P. rotundifolia. This aim was achieved by combining field experiments (seed sowing) with isotope analysis and fungal host pyrosequencing. Results provide evidence that the species in Pyroleae are heterogeneous, not only with regard to their degree of mycoheterotrophy, but also concerning germination and early seedling development. A combination of microsite and seed limitation is thus likely to be of importance for all studied species, but the relative importance of these limitations varies among species. Despite having adaptations for wind dispersal the majority of the seeds were deposited in close vicinity of the seed source. But with high seed production at least some seeds should be able to disperse long-distance. Seedlings of all studied species were found to associate with a wide range of ectomycorrhizal fungi, at least during their initial developmental stages. There seems to be a tendency for host narrowing in some Pyroleae species, but not as strict as the host specialization seen in fully mycoheterotrophic Monotropa hypopitys, supporting the hypothesis of geographical and developmental host shifts. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: In press. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The great number of seeds in the sunflower head and the temporal distribution of its maturation cause the competition between whorls because of nutritional resources and, consequently, differences in the seed chemical composition from the head regions. As the competition among plants in the sowing line can influence seeds nutrient drainage, this work aimed at evaluating both the chemical composition and the physiologic quality of sunflower plants seed coming from different regions of the sunflower head and plants stemming from high, low vigor seeds that partook of intra-specific competition. Three experiments constituted dealing with seeds coming from one third of the head (peripheral, median and central) were carried out. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four repetitions, each experiment treatment being distributed on a subdivided plot. In the plots, it was evaluated five proportions of high-vigor seeds placed in the sowing line as it follows: 0,75 (3A:1B); 0,67 (2A:1B); 0,50 (1A:1B); 0,33 (1A:2B), and 0,25 (1A:3B). In the subplot, it was evaluated plants stemming from seeds of high and low vigor and two additional treatments (all plants coming from seeds of high or low vigor, 1A:1A and 1B:1B, respectively). After that, an analysis relating vigor proportions to the head thirds was made. It was evaluated the percentage of proteins, lipids, total carbohydrates, ashes, moisture degree, the weight of a thousand seeds, emergency measures (its initial, ending, and middle times, emergence and average velocity, uncertainty, synchronicity, time variation coefficient and emergency) obtained through emergency test in the sand. It concludes that: a) the proportion of vigor of the seeds in the sowing line interfere in performance of the plants and in seed quality resultant, being that the plants coming of seeds put in major proportion in the line, independently of the vigor have major competitiveness; b) the chemical composition of the sunflower seeds ranged with the position of the seeds in the head. Higher content of carbohydrates and weight of thousand seed were observed in the peripheral third, while the higher content of protein and lipids were obtained of the seeds in the middle third; c) the position of the seed in the head interfered in the variables of germination. Although sunflower head s third peripheral seeds showed a higher emergency ignition in the sand, it showed a lower final time and time variation coefficient, besides being having a higher emergency homogeneity and synchrony. The middle third seeds, on the other hand, showed low emergency homogeneity and synchrony, being more distributed in time. / O grande número de sementes presentes no capítulo de girassol e a distribuição temporal da maturação delas geram a competição entre os verticilos por recursos nutricionais e, logo, diferenças na composição química entre sementes das regiões da inflorescência. Como a competição de plantas na linha de semeadura pode influenciar na drenagem de nutrientes para as sementes, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a composição química e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de girassol oriundas de diferentes regiões do capítulo e de plantas-mãe originadas de sementes de alto vigor e de baixo vigor que sofreram competição intraespecífica. Foram conduzidos três experimentos constituídos por sementes oriundas dos terços do capítulo (periférico, mediano e central). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos em cada experimento foram distribuídos em parcelas subdivididas, na quais se avaliaram cinco proporções de sementes com alto vigor colocadas na linha de semeadura: 0,75 (3A:1B); 0,67 (2A:1B); 0,50 (1A:1B); 0,33 (1A:2B) e 0,25 (1A:3B). Nas subparcelas, foram avaliadas as plantas oriundas das sementes de cada nível de vigor (alto e baixo) e dois tratamentos adicionais (todas as plantas oriundas de sementes de vigor alto ou vigor baixo, 1A:1A e 1B:1B, respectivamente). Depois foi feita a análise relacionando-se as proporções de vigor avaliadas e os terços do capítulo. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos totais, cinzas, grau de umidade e peso de mil sementes, além das medidas de emergência (tempos inicial, final e médio de emergência, velocidades média e de emergência, incerteza, sincronia, coeficiente de variação do tempo e emergência), obtidas por meio do teste de emergência em areia. Conclui-se que: a) a proporção de vigor das sementes na linha de semeadura interfere no desempenho das plantas e na qualidade das sementes resultantes, e as plantas oriundas de sementes colocadas em maior proporção na linha, independentemente do vigor, têm maior competitividade; b) a composição química das sementes de girassol variou com a posição das sementes no capítulo. Maior teor de carboidratos e peso de mil sementes foram observado no terço periférico, ao passo que maior teor de proteína e lipídeos foi obtido das sementes do terço central; c) a posição da semente no capítulo interferiu nas variáveis da germinação. Embora apresentem maior tempo inicial de emergência em areia, as sementes do terço periférico do capítulo de girassol apresentam menor tempo final e menor coeficiente de variação do tempo, tendo maior homogeneidade e sincronia de emergência. As sementes do terço central, em contrapartida, apresentam menor homogeneidade e sincronia de emergência, sendo mais distribuídas no tempo. / Mestre em Agronomia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this work was to evaluate the development of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong seedlings produced with different substrates combined with irrigation water blade. The study was developed in the Tree Nursery of the Department of Forest Sciences at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM-Universidade Federal de Santa Maria). The seeds used were collected from donor trees in the region of Santa Maria (RS). The substrates used were peat-based commercial (CS) and the mixture of the latter with carbonized rice husks (CRH), forming the following treatments: S1 (100% CS), S2 (80% CS + 20% CRH), S3 (60% CS + 40% CRH) and S4 (40% CS + 60% CRH) and the gross blades of daily irrigation water - GB-Gross Blades were 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mm.day-1. The design used was randomized blocks (four blocks) in a factorial scheme. The parameters height (H), stem diameter (SD) and H/SD ratio were obtained in a factorial scheme 4x5x4. For the aerial dry mass (ADM), root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (TDM), ADM/RDM ratio and Dickson Quality Index (DQI), the factorial 4x5 was used respectively for the factors CS and irrigation blade, these parameters were obtained 150 days after sowing. One hundred and twenty days after sowing, the physiological parameters, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids were evaluated and correlated with the morphological ones (H, SD and H/SD), also seen at 120 days. In this analysis we used 4x3 factorial, represented by four substrates and three blades gross daily irrigation (4, 12 and 20 mm.dia-1). The results indicated that the substrate based on peat mixed with 20% carbonized rice husk, when combined with gross irrigation blade of 8 mm.day-1 provides the appropriate seedlings Enterolobium contortisiliquum growth with greater economy of water and substrate. The correlation of morphological and physiological parameters observed in seedlings is low, so H, SD and H/SD may not be used for reference on the contents of chlorophyll. At 120 days after sowing, the height was greater in the 4 and 12 mm.day-1, possibly because 8 mm.day-1 was not used for analysis, while the diameter proved superior at S1 and S2, confirming the response at 150 days. As to the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, they were larger when the seedlings received smaller amounts of water daily, indicating that the greater water blade compromised the seedling development and 20% of rice husk mixed with peat. / Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong produzido sob diferentes substratos combinados com lâminas de irrigação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Viveiro Florestal, do Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Foram utilizadas sementes coletadas de árvores matrizes na região de Santa Maria (RS). Os substratos utilizados foram comercial a base de turfa (SC) e a mistura deste à casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC), constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: S1 (100% SC), S2 (80% SC + 20% CAC), S3 (60% SC + 40% CAC) e S4 (40% SC + 60% CAC) e as lâminas brutas de irrigação diária LB foram de 4, 8, 12, 16 e 20 mm.dia-1. O delineamento utilizado foi blocos casualizados (quatro blocos) em esquema fatorial. Os parâmetros altura (H), diâmetro do coleto (DC) e relação H/DC foram obtidos em esquema fatorial 4x5x4. Para a massa seca aérea (MSA), massa seca radicular (MSR), massa seca total (MST), relação MSA/MSR e Ìndice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD), utilizou o fatorial 4x5, respectivamente para os fatores SC e lâmina de irrigação, parâmetros que foram obtidos 150 dias após semeadura. Aos 120 dias após semeadura foram avaliados os parâmetros fisiológicos teor de clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila total e carotenoides, os quais foram correlacionados aos morfológicos (H, DC e H/DC), também observados aos 120 dias. Nesta análise utilizou-se fatorial 4x3, representado pelos 4 substratos e 3 lâminas brutas de irrigação diária (4, 12 e 20 mm.dia-1). Os resultados indicaram que o substrato a base de turfa misturado com 20% de casca de arroz carbonizada, quando combinado com lâmina bruta de irrigação de 8 mm.dia-1 proporciona crescimento adequado às mudas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum, com maior economia de água e substrato. A correlação dos parâmetros morfológicos e fisiológicos observada nas mudas é baixa, assim H, D e H/DC não podem ser utilizados para referenciar sobre os teores de clorofila. Aos 120 dias após semeadura, a altura foi maior nas irrigações de 4 e 12 mm.dia-1, possivelmente, porque 8 mm.dia-1 não foi utilizada na análise, enquanto o diâmetro mostrou-se superior em S1 e S2, confirmando a resposta aos 150 dias. Em relação aos teores de clorofilas e carotenoides, estes foram maiores quando as mudas receberam menores quantidades de água diariamente, indicando que a maior lâmina compromete o desenvolvimento das mudas e com 20% de casca de arroz misturado à turfa.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to obtain scientific information about the species Eugenia involucrata DC (wild cherry), through analysis of ecological and silvicultural parameters. Initially, in a remnant of Decidual Seasonal Forest, at the Army Instruction Center of Santa Maria (53 ° 52'O and 29 ° 46'S), the trees with ≥ 30 cm were measured in 14 plots of 20 x 100 m, in four parallel tracks. These plots were subdivided to observe too the population with <30 cm and seed rain. In the strips with 20 m wide and varied length (total of 8.8 ha), 23 matrix trees ≥ 30 cm were selected in which the reproductive phenology was monitored between August and December 2007. In November, the seeds were collected and beneficiated, and one sample was used in seed analysis, for germination test in substrates (paper roll and vermiculite), moisture content, thousand kernel weight, tetrazolium test and electric conductivity. The other sample of the seeds was used to assess the development of the seedlings which were produced in containers of four sizes (tubes 53, 115, 180 and 280 cm3), in the nursery and field. In the remnant, the species was presented with a stable population, with entrance fee and no mortality was found, despite the reproductive season. In the population ≥ 30 cm, it was observed an average increase of 0.5 cm yr-1 and cluster distribution. In this class, the species showed six individuals per hectare, with 53 individuals with potential for selection in 8.8 ha. The flowering stage was in the months of September to October, and the fruiting process from October to November. According to the effective number (Ne), in order to represent the population, at least 60 fruits from the 23 trees should participate in the collection; however, only ten individuals produced fruit with varied intensity, forming the plot used in the study. In the laboratory, no significant difference between substrates (41.9% of germination) was found, in the tetrazolium test, in the 24 hours of preparation, cross-sectional and 3 hours in a solution 0.05%, the tissues were visible; the electric conductivity found was 3.54 for 25 mL, 1.93 for 50 mL and 1.48 for 75 mL. There were no significant differences in the emergence and seedling size for the containers of different sizes, reaching average height (h), stem diameter (dc) and ratio of height to diameter ratio (h/d): 6.91 cm, 2.27 mm and 3.06, respectively, after 330 days in the nursery. In the field, the indifference in size remained, resulting after 330 days, h, dc and h/d, equal to 23.86 cm, 4.26 mm and 5.68, respectively. The remnant has the potential for collection, however, it will depend on the selection of a large number of trees (considering the individual s variability production); in the germination tests, the paper roll allows a greater precision in the analysis, with the first count at 25 days; for the production of seedlings, the 53 cm³ container can be used. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter informações científicas sobre a espécie Eugenia involucrata DC. (cerejeira-do-mato), por meio de análise dos parâmetros ecológicos e silviculturais. Inicialmente, em remanescente de Floresta Estacional Decidual, no Centro de Instruções de Santa Maria (53°52 O e 29°46 S), os indivíduos com CAP ≥ 30 cm foram quantificados em 14 parcelas de 20 x 100 m, dentro de quatro faixas paralelas. Essas parcelas foram subdivididas, para observar a também a população com CAP < 30 cm e chuva de sementes. Nas faixas com 20 m de largura e comprimento variado (total de 8,8 ha) foram selecionadas 23 árvores matrizes (CAP ≥ 30 cm), onde a fenologia reprodutiva foi monitorada de agosto a dezembro de 2007. Em novembro do mesmo ano, as sementes foram coletadas e beneficiadas, sendo que, parte foi utilizada na análise de sementes, testando a germinação em (41,9% de germinação); no teste de tetrazólio em 24 horas de pré-condicionamento, corte transversal e 3 horas em solução 0,05% os tecidos foram visíveis; a condutividade elétrica encontrada foi de 3,54 para 25 mL, 1,93 para 50 mL e 1,48 para 75 mL. Não houve diferenças significativas na emergência e do tamanho das mudas para os diferentes tamanhos de recipiente, atingindo médias de altura (h), diâmetro do colo (dc) e relação altura/ diâmetro do colo (h/d): 6,91 cm, 2,27 mm e 3,06, respectivamente, após 330 dias em viveiro. No campo a indiferença no tamanho manteve-se, resultando após 330 dias, h, dc e h/d, igual a 23,86 cm, 4,26 mm e 5,68, respectivamente. O remanescente possui potencialidade para coleta, entretanto, dependerá da seleção de maior número de árvores (considerando a produção variável entre indivíduos); nos testes de germinação o rolo de papel permite maior precisão na análise, com primeira contagem aos 25 dias; para a produção de mudas, o recipiente de 53 cm³ pode ser utilizado. substratos (rolo de papel e vermiculita), grau de umidade, peso de mil sementes, teste de tetrazólio e condutividade elétrica. A outra parte das sementes foi utilizada para a avaliação do desenvolvimento das mudas, produzidas em quatro tamanhos de recipientes (tubetes 53, 115, 180 e 280 cm3), no viveiro e campo. No remanescente, a espécie apresentou estabilidade da população, com taxa de ingresso e mortalidade nula, apesar da sazonalidade reprodutiva. Na população com CAP ≥ 30 cm observou-se incremento médio de 0,5 cm ano-1 e distribuição agrupada. Nessa classe, a espécie apresentou seis indivíduos por hectare, com 53 indivíduos potenciais para seleção nos 8,8 ha. A fase de floração foi no período de setembro a outubro e a frutificação de outubro a novembro. De acordo com o número efetivo (Ne), para representar a população, no mínimo 60 frutos das 23 árvores deveriam participar da coleta, entretanto somente dez indivíduos produziram frutos com intensidade variada, formando o lote utilizado no estudo. No laboratório, não houve diferença significativa entre substratos (41,9% de germinação); no teste de tetrazólio em 24 horas de pré-condicionamento, corte transversal e 3 horas em solução 0,05% os tecidos foram visíveis; a condutividade elétrica encontrada foi de 3,54 para 25 mL, 1,93 para 50 mL e 1,48 para 75 mL. Não houve diferenças significativas na emergência e do tamanho das mudas para os diferentes tamanhos de recipiente, atingindo médias de altura (h), diâmetro do colo (dc) e relação altura/ diâmetro do colo (h/d): 6,91 cm, 2,27 mm e 3,06, respectivamente, após 330 dias em viveiro. No campo a indiferença no tamanho manteve-se, resultando após 330 dias, h, dc e h/d, igual a 23,86 cm, 4,26 mm e 5,68, respectivamente. O remanescente possui potencialidade para coleta, entretanto, dependerá da seleção de maior número de árvores (considerando a produção variável entre indivíduos); nos testes de germinação o rolo de papel permite maior precisão na análise, com primeira contagem aos 25 dias; para a produção de mudas, o recipiente de 53 cm³ pode ser utilizado.