The joint Simon task is a cognitive reaction time task used to assess shared representations and self-other integration when performing a collaborative task with a partner. However, it is unclear if the underlying mechanisms are specific to representing spatial information or are more general. The objective of the current study was to assess a nonspatial joint Simon compatibility effect. Participants completed the joint Simon task with a partner while seated side-by-side, face-to-face, back-to-back, or with their partner not in the room. They completed the task three times, once with horizontal stimuli (left/right of center), once with vertical stimuli (above/below center), and once with central stimuli (at center). In the central task, compatibility was in color where participant responses (assigned red or green response buttons and gloves) were compatible or incompatible to the stimuli (colored red or green). Results showed no significant compatibility effect for any task in any response orientation condition, indicating no evidence of a nonspatial compatibility effect. Results even failed to replicate the standard joint Simon effect of a spatial compatibility effect in the horizontal task when seated side-by-side. However, exploratory analyses showed a significant nonspatial color compatibility effect in the central task for those assigned green in the side-by-side condition only, indicating that the presence of color in the participants' response (i.e., colored responses button and gloves) may have interfered with representing spatial information. This finding has implications for both theory and application of the joint Simon task, indicating it is sensitive to small changes, occurs for features besides location, and may be most effective when seated side-by-side. Additionally, the broader implications for the cognitive and practical study of joint action show the importance of how different features influence shared representations, how different colors are perceived and represented, and how different response orientations influence performance.

Self-transformation and spirituality have not been extensively investigated in marketing research. However, these concepts are deeply impactful in an individual's life and are advocated by religious and spiritual traditions across the world. In Essay 1, I extend research on compassion, distance between self and other, and power by examining the effect of self-compassion on prosocial behavior. I test the effect of self-compassion on prosocial behavior mediated by the distance felt between self and other and moderated by felt power. Across five studies, I find that individuals in the self-compassionate and equal power mindset display higher prosocial behavior and lower empathy fatigue compared to the other conditions. In Essay 2, I examine the idea of agency in one's relationship with God which has not been investigated in business research although building one's relationship with God is the backbone of all major religious and spiritual traditions across the world and is seen to have widespread implications. Through five studies, I demonstrate that feelings of agency in one's relationship with God lead to a lower desire for retributive justice against an entity that has committed a transgression as compared to the no-agency condition. On the other hand, in line with earlier research, when one feels agency over material resources, one tends to have an increased desire for retributive justice against an entity that has committed a transgression compared to the no-agency condition. Across these essays, I examine the proposed conceptual models through mediation and moderation studies. Several theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.

This thesis seeks to answer the following question: How and to what extent does identity and Self-Other perception influence the foreign policy of the EU and Russia toward the establishment of a sovereign and viable Palestinian State? The thesis scrutinises the assumption that identity and Self-perception as well as perception of ‘otherness’ play a vital role in defining foreign policy-making, with policy toward the Middle East being no exception. The investigation focuses on how the EU’s and Russia’s desire to reinforce their ‘global actorness’ on the international stage informs their involvement in the Middle East peace process. This assumption brings into the analysis the dynamic of constructivism in the shaping of foreign policy. Through a constructivist approach, the thesis attempts to explore how Self-Other perception informs foreign policy-making, specifically by the EU and Russia, in relation to Palestinian statehood. Thus the thesis problematises existing views about the role of established IR schools in understanding foreign policy-making (namely, in terms of peace-making). The study seeks to deepen our understanding of the role of identity and Self-Other perception in EU and Russian foreign policy-making by going beyond conventional understanding of foreign policy-making that are fixated on ‘power’, with special reference to the question of Palestinian statehood. In this vein, I advance the argument that, contrary to the old assumptions of schools such as realism and liberalism, there is a role played by identity and ideas that needs to be assessed in the context of EU and Russian peace-making in the Middle East. The thesis tests these assumptions using a qualitative methodology to investigate the making of foreign policy by the EU and Russia. Discourse analysis is the main method employed to interpret the role of identity and Self-Other perceptions. This is done through a study of discourse made up of official documents and statements as well as interviews with diplomats with current and past involvement in the formulation of EU and Russian foreign policy.

Application of multisource feedback (MSF) increased dramatically and became widespread globally in the past two decades, but there was little conceptual work regarding self-other agreement and few empirical studies investigated self-other agreement in other cultural settings. This study developed a new conceptual framework of self-other agreement and used three samples to illustrate how national culture affected self-other agreement. These three samples included 428 participants from China, 818 participants from the US, and 871 participants from globally dispersed teams (GDTs). An EQS procedure and a polynomial regression procedure were used to examine whether the covariance matrices were equal across samples and whether the relationships between self-other agreement and performance would be different across cultures, respectively. The results indicated MSF could be applied to China and GDTs, but the pattern of relationships between self-other agreement and performance was different across samples, suggesting that the results found in the U.S. sample were the exception rather than rule. Demographics also affected self-other agreement disparately across perspectives and cultures, indicating self-concept was susceptible to cultural influences. The proposed framework only received partial support but showed great promise to guide future studies. This study contributed to the literature by: (a) developing a new framework of self-other agreement that could be used to study various contextual factors; (b) examining the relationship between self-other agreement and performance in three vastly different samples; (c) providing some important insights about consensus between raters and self-other agreement; (d) offering some practical guidelines regarding how to apply MSF to other cultures more effectively.

L'altérité de genre est un des sujets qui intéressait et intéresse toujours les linguistes. Dans notre thèse, nous avons choisi d'étudier les mots (tous types) qui connaissent l'altérité masculin-féminin et qui peuvent référer aux êtres humains spécifiques. Notre étude concerne donc les différentes classes grammaticales des langues française et arabe. Nous nous intéressons plus précisément à la manière dont le féminin est formé afin de constater si le mot, marqué en genre, représente le féminin comme l'Autre ou non. En d'autres termes, si le mot au féminin se forme à partir ou par rapport au masculin, ou s'il est indépendant de ce dernier. Le rapprochement entre le féminin et l'Autre, lié à la position qu'occupe chacun dans sa relation : masculin-féminin / Moi-Autre, permet, en fait, de voir, vu le statut attribué à l'Autre, si la position seconde du féminin reflète une certaine infériorité, entrainant une discrimination à l'égard des femmes dans la langue. / Gender alterity is one of the topics that was and still interesting to the linguists. In our thesis, we chose to study the words (all types) which have the masculine-feminine alterity and can refer to a specific human. Our study is concerned with the different grammatical classes of French and Arabic languages. We focus specifically on how the feminine is formed to note whether the word, is marked by the gender, represents the feminine as the Other or not. In other words, if the feminine word form relates, depends on the masculine or if it is an independent form. The comparison between the feminine and the Other that is related to the occupied position by each one in its relationship (masculine-feminine / Me-the Other), will allow in fact (acoording to the Other status that is attributed) to figure out if the second position of the feminine reflects a certain inferiority, which leads to a discrimination against women in the language.

It is essential for individuals’ well-being and relationships that they have the ability to consciously experience, express and respond to their own and others’ affects. The validity of a new conception of affect consciousness (AC), incorporating consciousness of both own and others’ affects, was investigated in this thesis. The clinical usefulness of the new conception was explored and an interview (affect consciousness interview – self/other; ACI-S/O) intended to capture this new definition was validated. In study I the interrater reliability and the concurrent validity of the ACI-S/O were assessed and found to be acceptable. There were significant differences in all variables of ACI-S/O between the four groups that participated in the study. Joy and interest had the highest ratings in all groups and guilt and shame had the lowest. By means of a factor analysis, two factors, labeled “general affect consciousness” and “consciousness about shame and guilt,” were obtained. General affect consciousness was related to different aspects of relational and emotional problems and possibly protection against them. In study II the clinical implications of AC were further explored in relation to eating disorders (ED). The level of AC in the ED group was compared with a comparable non-clinical group. The relation between AC and aspects of ED pathology were explored, as well as whether AC should be seen as a state or trait in patients diagnosed with ED. ACI-S/O was not significantly related to ED pathology or general psychological distress. There were no significant differences in AC between the different sub-diagnoses of ED but there were between the ED group and the non-clinical group. Significant pre-post correlations for both factors of ACI-S/O were found, indicating that AC could be seen as a stable dimension that might be important for ED pathology but is unrelated to ED symptoms. In study III the relationship between AC and self-reported attachment style (ASQ) was explored in a non-clinical group and three patient groups. There were significant correlations between all scores on ACI- S/O and the ASQ, with the exception of consciousness about guilt. Multiple regression analyses showed that AC, and especially others’ affects, contributed significantly to the ASQ subscales. AC and in particular own joy and others’ guilt and anger seem to be of importance for attachment style. In study IV the importance of AC for the treatment process was explored. Patients’ AC before therapy was significantly correlated with patients’ positive feelings towards their therapists but not with their alliance ratings. Patients’ warm and positive feelings were related to pre-therapy AC, whereas negative feelings were related to low alliance ratings in the previous sessions. / Det är viktigt för människans relationer och välbefinnande att ha en förmåga att medvetet uppleva, uttrycka egna samt svara på andras affekter. I denna avhandling studerades användbarheten av en ny definition av Affektmedvetenhet (AM), omfattande medvetande om egna och andras affekter samt validiteten i en intervju (affektmedvetenhetsintervjun-själv/andra; AMI-S/A) som avser att fånga den nya definitionen. I studie I undersöktes interbedömarreliabilitet och den samtidiga validiteten hos AMI-S/A. De befanns vara godtagbara. Det fanns signifikanta skillnader på alla delsskalor i AMI-S/A mellan de fyra grupper som deltog i studien. Affekterna glädje och intresse hade de högsta skattningarna i alla grupper och skuld och skam hade de lägsta. En faktoranalys genomfördes där två faktorer föll ut. De beskrevs som "Generell affektmedvetenhet" och "Medvetenhet om skam och skuld". Generell affektmedvetenhet visade sig vara relaterad till olika aspekter av relationella och känslomässiga problem och antogs skydda mot dessa. I studie II genomfördes vidare undersökning av den kliniska betydelsen av AM för ätstörningar. Nivån av AM hos patienter med ätstörningar jämfördes med en demografiskt jämförbar icke-klinisk grupp. Förhållandet mellan AM och ätstörningspatologi undersöktes. Någon signifikant relation mellan AMI-S/A och ätstörningssymtom eller allmän psykisk ohälsa hos ätstörningspatienterna hittades inte. Det fanns heller inga signifikanta skillnader i AM mellan olika undergrupper av ätstörning men däremot mellan hela ätstörningsgruppen och den icke-kliniska gruppen. Frågan om AM kan betraktas mer som ett drag eller tillstånd hos patienter med ätstörning utforskades. Det fanns signifikanta korrelationer mellan före och eftermätning på båda faktorerna på AMI-S/A. Resultaten tyder på att AM kan ses som en stabil dimension i sig själv som tycks vara viktig för ätstörningar, men som inte har samband med ätstörningssymtom. I studie III undersöktes förhållandet mellan AM och självrapporterad anknytningsstil (ASQ) i en icke-klinisk grupp och tre patientgrupper. Det fanns signifikanta korrelationer mellan alla skattningar på AMI-S/A och ASQ, med undantag av medvetenhet om skuld. Regressionsanalyser visade att AM, och speciellt medvetenhet om andras affekter, bidrog signifikant till anknytningsstilen. AM och i synnerhet egen glädje och andras skuld och ilska verkar vara av betydelse för anknytningsstil. I studie IV undersöktes betydelse av AM för behandlingsprocessen i olika former av samtalsbehandling. Patienternas AM före behandlingen var signifikant korrelerad med deras positiva känslor gentemot sina terapeuter vid det tredje samtalet, men inte med deras alliansskattning vid detta samtal. Patienternas negativa känslor var inte relaterade till deras AM före behandlingen men däremot till låg alliansskattning vid de tidigare samtalen.

La prise de perspective (PP) renvoie à la capacité de comprendre le point de vue psychologique d’autrui. Elle constitue une notion complexe, impliquant différents processus, comme la capacité de prendre conscience de soi et d’autrui, d’inhiber son point de vue, de passer d’un point de vue à un autre ou d’endosser la perspective d’autrui. Ces étapes mobilisent la conscience de soi (CS), la distinction soi-autrui (DSA) et la flexibilité cognitive (FC).Notre recherche vise à évaluer comment des déficits dans chacune de ces sphères pourraient sous-tendre une altération des capacités de PP. Pour ce faire, trois protocoles originaux sont utilisés : ils s’attachent à clarifier les liens entre la PP et les autres composantes empathiques à l’aide de mesures physiologiques, à évaluer les déficits des composantes évoquées dans la dépression sous-clinique et à tester l’effet de deux programmes d’entraînements (CF, PP) sur la symptomatologie dépressive.Les résultats montrent une implication de la PP comme processus transversal des réponses empathiques et son lien avec les composantes automatiques de l’empathie. Ils soutiennent l’existence d’un pattern de déficits en CS, DSA, FC et PP semblables à ceux mis en évidence dans les niveaux cliniques de dépression. Enfin, l’efficacité d’un entraînement à la CF sur les capacités de PP ajoute un argument au lien causal unissant les deux concepts. Nos résultats contribuent à mieux comprendre la dynamique commandant à une chaîne de déficits inter-reliés pour mieux prévenir la maladie chez les personnes à risques. / Perspective-taking (PT) refers to the ability to understand the psychological point of view of others. It is a complex notion involving the ability to become aware of oneself and others, to inhibit one's point of view, to move from one point of view to another and to adopt the perspective of others. These various stages mobilize self-consciousness (CS), self-other distinction (SOD) and cognitive flexibility (CF).Our research aims to evaluate how deficits in each of these spheres could underlie an alteration of perspective-taking abilities. To do so, it uses three original protocols aimed at clarifying the links between PT and the other empathic components by using physiological measures, evaluating the deficits of the processes mentioned in subclinical depression and to test the effect of two training programs (CF, PT) on depressive symptomatology.The results show PT involvement as a transversal process of empathic responses and its connection to the automatic components of empathy. They also support the existence of a pattern of deficits in CS, SOD, FC and PT similar to those found in clinical depression levels. Finally, the effectiveness of PT training on PT capabilities adds an argument to the causal link between these two concepts. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics driving a chain of interrelated deficits to better prevent the emergence of depression among people at risk.

Diese experimentelle Arbeit untersucht den Effekt der Bindungseinstellung gesunder Erwachsener auf die automatische Wahrnehmung emotionaler Reize. Die Bindungseinstellung einer Person ist ein relativ stabiles Muster aus kognitiven Einstellungen, Strategien der Affektregulation und Verhalten bezüglich enger Beziehungen zu anderen Menschen. Sie wird in der Kindheit geprägt und ist ein gewichtiger Faktor für die psychische und allgemeine Gesundheit während des Erwachsenenalters. 106 Probanden ohne psychische Vorerkrankungen wurde ein affektives Priming-Experiment mit positiv- und negativ-valenten Adjektiven vorgegeben. Die Primes wurden für nur 50 Millisekunden präsentiert und waren maskiert. Affektive Primingeffekte belegen die unkontrollierte Wahrnehmung minimaler Reize und dienen als Maß für automatische Bewertungsprozesse. Sie wurden auf Grundlage der Reaktionszeiten berechnet. Neben der emotionalen Valenz wurde die Selbst-Andere-Relevanz (Peeters 1983) der Reize berücksichtigt. Die Ausprägung der individuellen Bindungsorientierung, sowie weitere psychologische Kontrollvariablen wurden mittels etablierter Selbstbeurteilungsinstrumente erfasst. Die Ergebnisse belegen einen moderaten Effekt von Bindungsangst und Bindungsvermeidung auf die automatische Verarbeitung emotionaler Stimuli bei Frauen, jedoch nicht bei Männern. Die Daten erbringen außerdem starke Evidenz für die automatische Differenzierung der Selbst-Andere-Relevanz (Peeters, 1983) von lexikalen Reizen. Der Einfluss der Bindungsorientierung auf die automatische emotionale Wahrnehmung manifestierte sich nur für andere-relevante Reize. Das komplexe Muster der Interaktion von Bindungsorientierung, Geschlecht, Selbst-Andere-Relevanz und automatischer Wahrnehmung wird vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Theorien der bindungsabhängigen Emotionsregulation diskutiert.:1. Einführung 1 1.1. Vorbemerkungen 1 1.2. Das Bindungssystem 2 1.2.1. Grundlagen 2 1.2.2. Emotionsregulation 6 1.2.3. Klinische Relevanz 11 1.3. Automatische Kognition 13 1.3.1. Priming und affektives Priming 14 1.3.2. Selbst-Andere-Relevanz 16 1.3.3. Bindungsorientierung und Wahrnehmung emotionaler Reize 18 2. Aufgabenstellung 24 2.1. Fragestellung 24 2.2. Methodischer Ansatz 24 2.3. Hypothesen 25 2.3.1. Hypothese 1 25 2.3.2. Hypothese 2 26 2.3.3. Hypothese 3 26 2.3.4. Einfluss des Geschlechtes 27 3. Methoden 29 3.1. Stichprobe 29 3.2. Versuchsablauf, Fragebögen und Testverfahren 29 3.2.1. Bochumer Bindungsfragebogen (BoBi) 31 3.2.2. Beck Depressions-Inventar (BDI) 32 3.2.3. State-Trait Angst-Inventar (STAI) 33 3.2.4. Emotionsregulationsfragebogen (ERQ) 34 3.2.5. Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest (MWT-B) 34 3.3. Priming Experiment 35 3.3.1. Untersuchungsdesign 36 3.3.2. Durchführung und Aufbau 37 3.3.3. Stimuli 38 4. Ergebnisse 41 4.1. Kontrollvariablen 41 4.2. Autodeskriptive Bindungseinstellung - BoBi 41 4.2.1. Deskriptive und vergleichende Statistik 41 4.2.2. Bindungseinstellung und Geschlecht 43 4.2.3. Korrelationen mit weiteren Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen und Intelligenz 43 4.3. Ergebnisse des Priming-Experiments 44 4.3.1. Fehlerraten 44 4.3.2. Reaktionszeiten 44 4.3.3. Affektives Priming 46 4.3.4. Affektives Priming und Geschlecht 47 4.3.5. Affektives Priming und Bindungseinstellung 48 4.3.6. Relevanz-Priming 51 4.3.7. Relevanz-Priming und Geschlecht 52 4.3.8. Relevanz-Priming und Bindungseinstellung 52 4.3.9. Interaktion affektives Priming und Relevanz-Priming 53 4.4. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 55 5. Diskussion 56 5.1. Vergleichende Einordnung der Ergebnisse 56 5.1.1. Bindungseinstellung 56 5.1.2. Reaktionszeiten 57 5.1.3. Affektives Priming 58 5.2. Überprüfung der Hypothesen 59 5.2.1. H1: Effekt der Bindungsorientierung auf die automatische Wahrnehmung von emotionalen Reizen 59 5.2.2. H2: Automatische Verarbeitung der Selbst-Andere-Relevanz von emotionalen Reizen 62 5.2.3. H3: Differentieller Effekt der Bindungsorientierung auf die automatische Wahrnehmung von selbst- und andere-relevanten Reizen 64 5.2.4. Geschlechterunterschiede 65 5.3. Stärken und Limitationen 67 5.4. Klinische Implikationen 69 6. Zusammenfassung 70 7. Literatur 733 8. Eigenständigkeitserklärung 799 9. Lebenslauf 80 10. Danksagung 811

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This study enquires into the influence of the philosophical stance of a narrative pastoral therapist in therapeutic groups for people living with depression within a church context. For the purpose of this study, a philosophical stance is defined as a metaphorical position which represents the therapist's epistemological stance and which shapes his or her interactions with the therapy group members. An explanation of the building blocks of the therapist's preferred philosophical stance is provided, the influence of modern and postmodern discourses in developing such a stance is discussed, and the effects of the therapist's philosophical stance on the group members are explored. The research is directed towards everyone who is involved in pastoral therapeutic groups for people with depression. The study found that concepts such as 'relational', 'collaborative', 'participatory approach', 'mutual care,', 'self-other growth' and 'co-creation' highlight some of the most helpful contributions provided by the therapist's preferred philosophical stance. / Practical Theology / Thesis (M. Th. (Practical Theology with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy))-