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Uppsatsens syfte är att konstruera riktlinjer för en användarprofilering som motiverar till fysiskt träningsutövande, samt uppmuntra användarprofiler till att förmedla sanningsenlig träningsresultatet inom ett digitalt socialt nätverk inriktat på fysisk träning. Studien undersöker även utövares inställning till att dela med sig av sina träningsresultat. Målet är att ta fram specifika, konkreta och praktiska faktorer som skall kunna appliceras i verkliga digitala nätverk. En kvalitativ studie genomfördes genom intervjuer och observationer av en testgrupp på åtta personer med varierande träningskunskaper och bakgrund. Studien resulterade i två olika kategorier a) motivation till dokumentationstjänst i digitalt nätverk och b) användarprofilering. Resultatet visar att det intressanta i ett sådant nätverk är träningsresultatet och utvecklingskurvan. Nätverkets medlemmar är både sändare och mottagare och för att få tillgång till andra personers resultat måste man vara beredd på att visa sina egna resultat. Samtliga testpersoner tycks vara villiga till att dela med sig av sina resultat i större eller mindre utsträckning. Att dela med sig träningsresultat är en sekundär prioritering, det väsentliga är det personliga dokumenterandet av träningsresultatet. För att nätverket skall fungera i längden bör en profil dessutom vara sanningsenlig och tillförlitlig, ha kommentarer som kan hjälpa andra att bestämma träningsövningar och hjälpa en själv att ha kontroll på träningspassen samt möjlighet till normerade resultat som gör det mindre personligt och jämförbart med andra utövare. / This study examines digital motivation and user profiling to construct a set of guidelines that motivates users to engage in physical exercise, in a way that also encourage them to share workout documentation, training results and give recommendations in a digital network. It also examines people's thoughts at sharing the personal training results to others. This investigation is done in relation to an assignment where the client is involved in the development of an upcoming service which offers online documentation of physical workouts, mainly towards CrossFit. The qualitative study involved a test group of eight people with varied training knowledge and background. The study resulted in two different categories: a) motivation for documentation services in a digital network, and b) user profiling in a digital network within a training context. The conclusion shows that the significant part of this service is the individuals exercise result, visualized by a development curve in a way that makes it possible to compare your progress to others. Members of the network are both transmitter and receiver, meaning that in order to gain access to other people's results, one must be prepared to show its own results. All participants were willing to share their results to some extent. For the network to operate in the long run, user profiles must be truthful and reliable. Being able to make comments may be helpful to determine the exercise efficiency and suitability for oneself, but also for viewers seeking inspiration and suggestions on exercises. A normalized presentation of results is suggested, making the results less personal and comparable with other practitioners.

In this thesis I have studied the British author C.S. Lewis´s conversion story as it is presented in his autobiography, more specifically his schooling at Malvern College. I have chosen to study his school period since Lewis himself puts great value on how his youth and school period made him into the person who in the 1930s became a Christian, not only including but putting great emphasis on these events in his conversion story. The purpose of my study is to examine the importance of Lewis’s schooling at Malvern College and the relation it has to his conversion story as written in his autobiography. My focus question is, “Why does Lewis describe his school period in such detail in his conversion story?”. To analyze my material, Lewis’s autobiography, I use a hermeneutic method. To answer the focus question, I use Roy Baumeister´s theory of “self-presentation”, which argues that there are two types of motives regarding why individuals present themselves in a certain way; “pleasing the audience” and “self-construction”. The first motive is that the individuals present themselves in line with thoughts and expectations of a certain group. “Self-construction”, on the other hand, is when individuals present themselves to a general audience and they are motivated, with their presentation, to achieve their own goals. Based on my contextualization of the schooling as a part of the larger conversion story told in Lewis’ autobiography, and especially through my analysis of the part describing his time at Malvern College, as well as through earlier research on the topic, the following are examples of conclusions that I have made: in comparison to prior research, in which each researcher presented one conclusion each, Lewis writes about his schooling at Malvern College for different reasons depending on the context, depending on what Lewis wants to achieve in that part. I have also made a conclusion that even though Lewis takes a firm stand that the events in the book will only be included if they contribute to his conversion story the events, the part I have analyzed in this thesis, does not contribute to the story of how Lewis abandoned atheism and turned to Christianity.

År 1826, tog Joseph Nicéphore Niépce det äldst bevarade fotografiet. För att ta detta fotografi krävdes en exponeringstid på åtta timmar. En av Niépces största utmaningar var då att finna en teknik för att bevara fotografierna. Det blir väldigt tydligt att det förr var mycket komplicerat att ta ett fotografi, vilket kontrasterar till 2010-talet - där vi på ett ögonblick kan ta fram mobiltelefonen och fotografera en händelse. I denna studie har vi undersökt det sociala mediet och bilddelningstjänsten Instagram. Vi valde att studera eleverna i tre gymnasieklasser i åldersgruppen 18-19 år, på de kommunala gymnasieskolorna i Gävle - Borgarskolan, Polhemsskolan och Vasaskolan - vilka utgjorde urvalet i undersökningen. Vi besökte de tre skolorna och delade ut en enkät som eleverna fick besvara. Denna enkät innehöll frågor om bland annat självkänsla, hur de betraktar sig själva och hur de använder Instagram. Syftet med undersökningen var att se om nivå av självkänsla påverkade hur man använde Instagram. Vi ville också se hur användarna väljer att gestalta sig själva med Instagram som verktyg. Av resultaten fann vi bland annat att merparten av eleverna på alla tre skolor hade en bra självkänsla enligt dem själva. Majoriteten på samtliga skolor menar också att de själva inte använder Instagram som ett verktyg för att styra över hur andra ska se på dem - men de tror att andra människor gör det. / In 1826, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce captured the oldest preserved photography. In order to capture this photography, an exposure time of eight hours was required. One of Niépce’s largest challenges back then was to find a method which preserved the photographies. From this it gets apparent/obvious that it used to be very complex to take a picture, which contrasts to the present time where we in an instant can pick up our mobile phone to shoot an event. In this study we have examined the social media and photo-sharing service Instagram. We chose to research students within three classes at the municipal upper secondary schools in Gävle - Borgarskolan, Polhemsskolan and Vasaskolan, which consequently also composed our selection in the study. The topical age-group was 18-19. Further we visited the three schools and distributed the questionaire. This questionaire contained questions about self-esteem, how the students consider themselves and general Instagram usage. The purpose of the study was to see if the students level of self-esteem affected their Instagram usage in any way. We also wanted to distinguish how the Instagram users chose to frame themselves using Instagram as a tool. From the results we found that the main body of the students at all three schools had a good self-esteem according to themselves. The majority at all schools also argue that they do not use Instagram as a tool in order to control other peoples impression of them, but, they believe that other people do.

With the intention to fill a gap in the research field, this thesis porposes to illuminate privatepersons’ use of Instagram simply as private actors without any profitable interest. The users with a solely personal interest may in some cases attract thousands of followers in the scale ofcelebrity fan base. This thesis aims to map out what motivates and drives a thought-through, strategic use of Instagram, to discover if there is a strategic use of Instagram among the objects of study and also to share the objects of study’s reflections about their Instagram use. Through a selection based on the number of followers of a non-profitable Instagram profile, age and an involvement in the culture and/or media business, ten people were selectedto constitute the objects of study. Through a comparision of five users with many followers (more than 1000) and five with few (less than 500), a comparative study was made to discover differences and similarities in their use and attitudes to Instagram. With an abductive approach and a rich theoretical framework, focusing on theories concering self-presentationand personal branding, in-dept interviews were made to create a deep understanding of the subject of research. The intervew answers were processed through a content analysis that concluded astrategic use among all of the objects of study, motivated by personal satisfaction and hopes of being percieved in a certain way. The users with many followers all reflected on and experience negative psychologial concequenses from their Instagram use, but the reflections and effects were absent among the users with few followers. The study demonstrate user patterns amongst those observed that suggest that a greater commitment to Instagram is more likely to have an effect on mental health.

Roman gender was often defined and regulated visually – that is, if and under what conditions a woman or man appeared in public, through personal appearance, or through representations in art or literature. In this discourse on gender, the gaze (especially the public’s) was thus an important agent in helping not only to shape gender ideals, but also the direction and function of the discourse itself. The emperor affected these precepts because of his appropriation of public space and his control of the gaze: as the most powerful and high-ranking member of society, no one could be more visible than him, and his own gaze was unlimited: he was all-seeing and all-visible. As befitting these attributes of imperial office, public space became his domain, and he placed limitations on the expression of public images in this space. This therefore affected gender by limiting the ways in which it could be expressed and proved. Within the changed discourse, the emperor was the alpha male, the most masculine man in Roman society, and controlled public space and access to the gaze. Aristocratic males thus suffered a crisis in masculinity, and were forced to find alternate sources of masculinity from the traditional ones of gaining virtus through military service, public oratory and service, and public competition for gloria. In response, some still valued the traditions of military and service to the res publica, but no longer made public expression or competition of virtus as a precondition for its legitimacy or existence – in effect de-linking masculinity from the public sphere. Another response turned to the private sphere for inspiration, finding role models for virtus in ideal women and stressing a man’s behavior in the home as important in judgments on his masculinity. Femininity did not suffer such changes or crisis. Feminine ideals remained relatively stable, but with a few minor changes: imperial women were held to a stricter standard of traditional femininity to prevent their intrusion into imperial power, and their public activities were either low-profile or focused around the family. Aristocratic women had more scope for public activities, which enhanced their femininity but were not prerequisites for being a good woman: that is, it was not necessary for a woman to possess and maintain a public image for her to be feminine.

<p>In modern society, individuals constantly pass judgments on their own body and physical competence as well as that of other people. All too often, the verdict is less favourable. For the person, these physical self-perceptions (PSP) may negatively affect global self-esteem, identity, and general mental well being. The overall aim of this thesis is to examine primarily the role that exercise, but also the roles that gender and culture, play in the formation of PSP. In Study I, using confirmatory factor analyses, strong support for the validity of a first-order, and a second-order hierarchical and multidimensional model of the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP: Fox & Corbin, 1989) was found across three national samples (Great Britain, Sweden and Turkey) of university students. Cross-cultural differences were detected, with the British sample demonstrating higher latent means on all PSPP subdomains except for the physical condition subdomain (Condition), than the Swedish and Turkish samples. In Study II, a higher self-reported exercise frequency was associated with more positive PSP (in particular for Condition) and more importance attributed to PSP in Swedish university students. Males demonstrated higher overall PSPP-scores than females. In Study III, a true-experimental design with randomisation into an intervention and a control group was adopted. Strong support for the effects of an empowerment-based exercise intervention programme on PSP and social physique anxiety (SPA) over six months for adolescent girls was found. The relations of exercise, gender and culture with PSP, SPA and self-esteem are discussed from the standpoints of a variety of theoretical models (the EXSEM-model), and frameworks (self-presentation and objectification theory). The two theories of self-enhancement and skill-development are examined with regard to the direction of the exercise-physical self relationship and motivation for exercise. Arguments for the relevance of exercise and PSP for practitioners in promoting general mental well-being and preventing modern-day diseases are outlined.</p>

Cette étude porte sur les relations entretenues entre les modalités de mise en scène de soi au cours des interactions et le processus de construction identitaire individuel. Elle vise à comprendre pourquoi certains acteurs sont plus enclins que d’autres à conformer leurs attitudes aux individus et situations qu’ils sont amenés à rencontrer. Pour ce faire, nous avons eu recours à des méthodes qualitatives comme quantitatives. L’analyse de discours sur soi, fondée sur la lecture d’autobiographies et récits de vie, a permis de souligner la part active des individus dans le processus d’autoconstruction mis en œuvre. La diffusion d’un questionnaire permettant de mesurer leurs capacités à modeler leur face en fonction des injonctions externes (le monitorage de soi) ainsi que leurs particularités identitaires objectives (critères sociodémographiques) comme subjectives (conscience de soi et estime de soi) a révélé, grâce aux scores ainsi relevés et aux traitements de variables qui en ont découlé, toute l’importance des facteurs sociaux dans la définition des comportements individuels. Ainsi, pour comprendre les spécificités individuelles en termes de présentation de soi comme d’identité il importe tout autant d’éclairer les ancrages sociaux des acteurs que la façon dont ils les traitent, ceci afin d’approcher au plus près du phénomène de « subjectivation de l’objectif » qu’ils mettent en œuvre pour se singulariser. Fort de ce résultat, une troisième analyse porte plus particulièrement sur la période d’émergence de l’âge adulte (de 18 à 27 ans) qui est marquée par une rupture avec les injonctions normatives relatives à l’enfance et l’adolescence sans être parfaitement associée aux exigences de l’âge adulte. Cet âge de la vie, qui accorde plus de libertés aux individus en matière d’expérimentations (notamment dans les domaines des études, du travail et des relations), est associé aux scores les plus élevés en monitorage de soi. Ce résultat conduit à établir un parallèle entre les conditions de vie des individus et les modalités d’adaptation de leurs faces. Autrement dit, et pour ce qui concerne la portée générale de cette recherche doctorale, l’expérience de vie au quotidien constitue le facteur principal de la plus ou moins grande tendance des acteurs à adopter et présenter les attitudes qu’ils considèrent comme attendues d’eux. / This study focuses on relations between self-presentation modalities during interactions and individual identity construction process. It aims to understand why certain people are more disposed than other to conform their attitudes to individuals and situations they are led to meet. To do this, we resorted in both qualitative and quantitative methods. The analysis of self-speech based on reading autobiographies and narratives of life led to underline the active part of individuals in the autoconstruction process implemented. The broadcasting of a questionnaire to measure their abilities to shape their face in regard to external injunctions (self-monitoring) and their objective identity peculiarities (sociodemographic criteria) as subjective (self-consciousness and self-esteem) revealed, thanks to the scores thus raised and the treatment of variables that resulted, all the importance of social factors on the definition of individual behaviors. Then, to understand individual specificities in terms of self-presentation as identity, it is equally important to light social anchors of actors as much as how they treat them, in order to approach in closer of “subjectivation of objective” phenomenon they implement to singularize themselves. Considering this result, a third analysis focuses more particularly on the emerging adulthood period (from 18 to 27 years old), which is marked by a rupture with normative injunctions related to childhood and adolescence without being perfectly associated to adulthood requirements. This period of life, which allows more freedom to individuals in terms of experimentations (in particular in the fields of studies, work and relationships), is associated with the highest scores in self-monitoring. This result leads us to establish a parallel between living conditions of individuals and the modalities of adaptation of their faces. In other words, and about the general scope of this doctoral research, daily life experience constitutes the main factor of more or less big tendency of actors in adopting and present the attitudes they consider as expected from themselves.

Denna studie undersöker vilka budskap som Beyoncé konstruerar på sin Instagram genom enbart bildkommunikation. Då kända profiler har möjlighet att vara opinionsbildare för sina följare är det intressant att studera vilka budskap utöver deras huvudgenre, som de väljer att konstruera. Detta då det kan påverka människor som följer henne så att även de anammar dessa föreställningar, värderingar och handlingar. Eftersom Beyoncé har ett stort följeslag på sin Instagram och då hon själv publicerar bilderna är hon en representant för det här fenomenet, som är att gå utanför sin huvudgenre och vara en opinionsbildare. I studien använder vi oss av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Vi undersöker Beyoncés Instagram-profil, där vi sedan genom ett strategiskt urval väljer ut sju bilder. Därefter analyseras bilderna utifrån vårt teoretiska ramverk med utgångspunkt i semiotik, genus, rasism, självpresentation och klädernas betydelse. Detta ger en djupgående analys som besvarar studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Resultatet visar på att Beyoncé både direkt och indirekt konstruerar budskap genom enbart sin bildkommunikation. Det är bland annat budskap om politik, feminism och familjesituationer. Hon framställer även sociala roller som kommer till uttryck i bilderna. Dessa sociala roller är till exempel mamma, artist och karriärkvinna. / This study examines what messages Beyoncé construes on her Instagram through merely visual communication. It is interesting to study what messages celebrities convey through their visual communication that is outside their own main genre, considering they have the opportunity to be moulders of public opinion. This is because they have the ability to influence their followers so that they also adopt to these ideas, values and actions. Beyoncé is a representative for this phenomenon because she publishes her own pictures on Instagram and has a big number of followers. In this study, we use a qualitative content analysis. First, we examined Beyoncés Instagramaccount and then chose seven pictures with the help of a strategic selection. Thereafter we analyzed the pictures with the help of our theoretical framework based on the theories of semiotics, gender, rasicm, self-presentation and the meaning of clothes. This makes a contribution to a profound analysis that addresses the issue studied and the aim of the study. The results show that Beyoncé does construe messages, both directly and indirectly through her visual communication. Some of the messages she conveys are about politics, feminism and family situations. She also constructs social roles through her pictures. These are roles such as a mother, an artist and a businesswoman.

The aim of the dissertation is to present a set of memoirs preserved in Pilsen from the late 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Furthermore, it intends to incorporate these writings into a broader context within the research of personal sources. Therefore, the first chapter deals with the history of these sources as subjects of research interest and the possibilities of their use. In terms of methodology, the thesis wants to carry out a comprehensive analysis of a representative sample of these sources. At the same time, it assesses the internal and external features of the texts, but also addresses the life stories of individual authors and tries to reveal their possible motivations for the creation of these writings. Additionally, the dissertation seeks to compare the selected memoirs, especially in terms of their nature and content. It focuses on different methods of self-presentation of writers through these works and on the consolidation of their identities through recorded narratives. But it also deals with the ways of depicting the city of Pilsen and the changes in everyday life in its streets as well as with the reflection of major political events in the compared writings. Overall, the submitted thesis tries to contribute to a deeper understanding of the problematic and diverse era of modern history and to reveal the thought-world and behaviour of people at that time.