中山先生思想的歷史哲學是民生史觀，馬克思主義的歷史哲學是唯物史觀，兩者各有其不同的哲學基礎和理論體系，是本質截然不同的思想學說，不宜相混。以馬克思主義立場、觀點和方法研究中山先生思想，其結果將悖離中山先生思想的原貌。將中山先生思想和馬克思主義進行學術上的比較研究，自有其研究價值。但若要正確認識、瞭解中山先生思想，最恰當的方式是根據中山先生思想自身的觀點、體系去進行研究。以馬克思主義的立場、觀點和方法，去從事解釋中山先生思想的作法，那是強將馬克思主義的靈魂注入中山先生思想的軀殼，會造成扞格不入的後果。一些較少遭受馬克思主義束縛的學者的詮釋見解，自然較能反映中山先生思想的本來面貌。 本論文撰寫的主旨，是要探討在馬克思主義意識形態支配下的中國大學界對中山先生思想所作詮釋與評價的諸般情況。 本文共為八章二十五節，全文約四十萬字，各章節重點如下： 第一章：緒論。分為三節，旨在分別闡明本論文的研究動機與研究目的、研究途徑與研究方法，以及資料處理與名詞界定。 第二章：大陸學界詮釋與評價中山先生思想的演變歷程。分為四節，其中包括中共建黨後至建立政權前、中共建立政權後至文革前、文革時期以及文革結束後的改革開放等四個時期，主要在探討中共黨人和大陸學者在這些不同時期詮釋與評價中山先生思想的嬗遞、變遷過程。 第三章：大陸學界詮釋與評價中山先生思想的理架構。分為三節，其中分別對大陸學界據以詮釋、評價中山先生思想的指導架構：馬克思歷史唯物主義，列寧、毛澤東評價中山先生思想的論點，作一觀察與分析。 第四章：大陸學界研究中山先生思想的全局性觀點研析。分為三節，分別就大陸學界如何如「資產階級革命思想」、「三大政策」、「新舊三民主義」等思維模式、制式名辭，以關涉全局式的脈絡融入整個對中山先生思想的詮釋、評價系統，進行研析。 第五章：大陸學界對中山先生民族思想的詮釋與評價。分為三節，主要在探討大陸學界對中山先生的反帝思想與政策、中山先生反滿與大漢族主義間的關係，以及大陸學界對中山先生恢復中國傳統文化和固有道德等思想主張所作的詮釋與評價。 第六章：大陸學界對中山先生權思想的詮釋與評價。分為三節。旨在探討大陸學界對中山先生的革命三程序、權能區分，以及五權憲法等思想主張所作的詮釋與評價。 第七章：大陸學界對中山先生民族思想的詮釋與評價。分為三節，主要在探討大陸學界對中山先生有關資本問題、土地問題，以及發展實業和利用外資等思想主張所作的詮釋與評價。 第八章：結論。分為三節，綜合各章所論，對大陸學界詮釋與評價中山先生思想的全過程作一整體性回顧與提出檢討，並提出對大陸學界詮釋與評價中山先生思想的未來展望和建議，最後一節則在敘明中國統一問題的解決與中山先生建國理念間的重要關聯。

<p>Bakgrund: Efter insättning av ventilationsrör genom trumhinnan, som behandling av otosalpingit (vätska i mellanörat), är komplikationer i form av rörotiter vanliga. Huruvida de förekommer oftare vid rörsättning före 1 års ålder, jämfört med efter, är omdebatterat. Otosalpingit är vanligt hos barn med gomspalt och kan påverka språkutvecklingen. Genom rörsättning före 1 års ålder kan detta förebyggas. Dock finns skilda åsikter om sambandet mellan otosalpingit och påverkan på språkutvecklingen.</p><p>Syfte: Att undersöka om det föreligger någon skillnad mellan rörsättning före och efter 1 års ålder hos barn med gomspalt beträffande:</p><p>-          förekomst av postoperativa rörotiter</p><p>-          någon form av språklig avvikelse vid 3 års ålder</p><p>Metod: Journalstudier av 132 barn, varav 128 ingick i frågeställningen om postoperativa rörotiter och 107 i frågeställningen om språkavvikelse.</p><p>Resultat: Ingen signifikant skillnad i förekomst av postoperativa rörotiter mellan barn som fått rör före respektive efter 1 års ålder kunde påvisas; ej heller gällande språkavvikelse vid 3 år.</p><p>Slutsats: Rörsättning före respektive efter 1 års ålder tycks inte påverka förekomst av postoperativa rörotiter, eller förekomst av språkavvikelse vid 3 års ålder.</p><p>Nyckelord: Läpp-, käk-, gomspalt, otosalpingit, rörbehandling, ventilationsrör, tidig och sen rörsättning, postoperativa rörotiter, språkavvikelse.</p>

<p>Introduction: Poverty is today a global problem which is getting more and more attention. Organisations as UNDP, OECD and World Bank have a common target of cutting poverty in half by year 2015. But if this target is going to be feasible it is important to understand poverty. Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen argues that standard of living should be expressed in quality of life not in terms of quantity of goods and other economic factors. Sen has developed theories concerning poverty that is commonly used in today debate. One way to diminish poverty is microfinance. Microfinance is small loans given to poor people as a way for them to start or develop a business of some kind. Microfinance programs often combine the loans with education and social activities. Aim: Investigate if microfinance can contribute to permanent poverty alleviation, develop a model and apply it in rural Vietnam. The following questions will help to achieve our aim: - How do microfinance effect poor women in rural Vietnam? - What happens if one applies Amartya Sen's theories of poverty in rural Vietnam? </p><p>Results: Microfinance is a good tool in the struggle to diminishing poverty. We found many examples where microfinance had improved the women’s life in different areas. But to make the microfinance even more effective it is important it is effective education and right members participating. Under ideal circumstances the process of microfinance work as in the NORAN-model, however in reality it is not so easy. But if you are aware of the problems and try to avoid them, microfinance can help many women. Thus our conclusion is that microfinance certainly can and already do contribute to permanent poverty alleviation.</p>

Introduction: Poverty is today a global problem which is getting more and more attention. Organisations as UNDP, OECD and World Bank have a common target of cutting poverty in half by year 2015. But if this target is going to be feasible it is important to understand poverty. Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen argues that standard of living should be expressed in quality of life not in terms of quantity of goods and other economic factors. Sen has developed theories concerning poverty that is commonly used in today debate. One way to diminish poverty is microfinance. Microfinance is small loans given to poor people as a way for them to start or develop a business of some kind. Microfinance programs often combine the loans with education and social activities. Aim: Investigate if microfinance can contribute to permanent poverty alleviation, develop a model and apply it in rural Vietnam. The following questions will help to achieve our aim: - How do microfinance effect poor women in rural Vietnam? - What happens if one applies Amartya Sen's theories of poverty in rural Vietnam? Results: Microfinance is a good tool in the struggle to diminishing poverty. We found many examples where microfinance had improved the women’s life in different areas. But to make the microfinance even more effective it is important it is effective education and right members participating. Under ideal circumstances the process of microfinance work as in the NORAN-model, however in reality it is not so easy. But if you are aware of the problems and try to avoid them, microfinance can help many women. Thus our conclusion is that microfinance certainly can and already do contribute to permanent poverty alleviation.

Bakgrund: Efter insättning av ventilationsrör genom trumhinnan, som behandling av otosalpingit (vätska i mellanörat), är komplikationer i form av rörotiter vanliga. Huruvida de förekommer oftare vid rörsättning före 1 års ålder, jämfört med efter, är omdebatterat. Otosalpingit är vanligt hos barn med gomspalt och kan påverka språkutvecklingen. Genom rörsättning före 1 års ålder kan detta förebyggas. Dock finns skilda åsikter om sambandet mellan otosalpingit och påverkan på språkutvecklingen. Syfte: Att undersöka om det föreligger någon skillnad mellan rörsättning före och efter 1 års ålder hos barn med gomspalt beträffande: -          förekomst av postoperativa rörotiter -          någon form av språklig avvikelse vid 3 års ålder Metod: Journalstudier av 132 barn, varav 128 ingick i frågeställningen om postoperativa rörotiter och 107 i frågeställningen om språkavvikelse. Resultat: Ingen signifikant skillnad i förekomst av postoperativa rörotiter mellan barn som fått rör före respektive efter 1 års ålder kunde påvisas; ej heller gällande språkavvikelse vid 3 år. Slutsats: Rörsättning före respektive efter 1 års ålder tycks inte påverka förekomst av postoperativa rörotiter, eller förekomst av språkavvikelse vid 3 års ålder. Nyckelord: Läpp-, käk-, gomspalt, otosalpingit, rörbehandling, ventilationsrör, tidig och sen rörsättning, postoperativa rörotiter, språkavvikelse.

This thesis is an examination of the concept of human development and does a comparative study of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. Sen rectifies the emphasis on income by welfare economics, and argues for the ‘equality of capability’; a goal that he says can be achieved by means of the intrinsic and instrumental role of democracy. However, the author notes that Sen’s development paradigm is inadequate as an account for what constitutes the kind of well-being that is fully human and asserts that Sen’s framework should be concretized politically. In view of this, the author argues that Nussbaum’s articulation of a ‘threshold of capabilities’, anchored on her reading Aristotle’s concept of human flourishing and Marx’s insight on human dignity, is a politically realistic human development framework. Nussbaum thinks that the essential human capabilities are entitlements that must be constitutionally guaranteed to ensure a decent and dignified human life for all. As a response to the reality of pluralism, Nussbaum says that the universality of these entitlements can be secured by means of an overlapping consensus. Furthermore, the extreme poverty in many nations which exposes women and children to much vulnerability has provoked the author to inquire about the applicability of Nussbaum’s framework to the global arena. As such, the thesis argues for the radical expansion of the Human Development Index used by the United Nations Development Program in measuring the quality of human life, notably the inclusion of political liberties and gender equality. In addition to this, the study puts forward the argument that global human development is best achieved through democracy, and asserts that global institutions have a moral duty to protect and promote the central human capabilities.

Support for the use of progress monitoring results for high-stakes decisions is emerging in the literature, but few studies support the reliability of the measures for this level of decision-making. What little research exists is limited to oral reading fluency measures, and their reliability for progress monitoring (PM) is not supported. This dissertation explored methods rarely applied in the literature for summarizing and analyzing progress monitoring results for medium- to high-stakes decisions. The study was conducted using extant data from 92 "low performing" third graders who were progress monitored using mathematics concept and application measures. The results for the participants in this study identified 1) the number of weeks needed to reliably assess growth on the measure; 2) if slopes differed when results were analyzed with parametric or nonparametric analyses; 3) the reliability of growth; and 4) the extent to which the group did or did not meet parametric assumptions inherent in the ordinary least square regression model. The results indicate reliable growth from static scores can be obtained in as few as 10 weeks of progress monitoring. It was also found that within this dataset, growth through parametric and nonparametric analyses was similar. These findings are limited to the dataset analyzed in this study but provide promising methods not widely known among practitioners and rarely applied in the PM literature.

Many different Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices have been studied in recent years in order to control the flow of power through transmission lines and reduce the overall burden on the power grid. The net results of these devices are decreased utility costs, increased system stability, and improved system flexibility. The main issues with most currently available FACTS controllers are the high costs of installation, and operation. The Sen Transformer (ST) is a new FACTS device that decreases these costs by using relatively inexpensive and industry familiar transformer technology to independently control the active and reactive power in a transmission line.<p> This thesis introduces the first full transient model for the ST developed in an ElectroMagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) using a hybrid transformer modeling approach. This technique handles all the non-linearities of the core, including losses and saturation effects, as well as inter-phase coupling, and zero sequence effect with an attached topographically correct core model. This new model can be used in a variety of power system studies such as transient and dynamic simulations, and protection analysis. The flexibility of the hybid ST model allows for different core and winding configurations as well as response to very fast transients with little modification. Fault analysis studies are presented to showcase the capabilities of the transient ST model developed.<p> The first ST transient model using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique is also created for comparison with the hybrid ST model. This method uses Maxwells equations, material non-linearities and coupled electric circuits to obtain a precise transient solution for the ST. There is good agreement between the two models in a test system for multiple types of fault scenarios. The hybrid ST model is therefore the preferred model to use for fault analysis since it reduces simulation time drastically when compared to the FEA ST model.<p> The hybrid ST model is then used to develop and test differential, and ground protection schemes that ensure device safety during faulted scenarios. The protection schemes are analyzed and compared with analogous Phase Angle Regulator (PAR) schemes that have been implemented for many years.

Many different Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices have been studied in recent years in order to control the flow of power through transmission lines and reduce the overall burden on the power grid. The net results of these devices are decreased utility costs, increased system stability, and improved system flexibility. The main issues with most currently available FACTS controllers are the high costs of installation, and operation. The Sen Transformer (ST) is a new FACTS device that decreases these costs by using relatively inexpensive and industry familiar transformer technology to independently control the active and reactive power in a transmission line.<p> This thesis introduces the first full transient model for the ST developed in an ElectroMagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) using a hybrid transformer modeling approach. This technique handles all the non-linearities of the core, including losses and saturation effects, as well as inter-phase coupling, and zero sequence effect with an attached topographically correct core model. This new model can be used in a variety of power system studies such as transient and dynamic simulations, and protection analysis. The flexibility of the hybid ST model allows for different core and winding configurations as well as response to very fast transients with little modification. Fault analysis studies are presented to showcase the capabilities of the transient ST model developed.<p> The first ST transient model using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique is also created for comparison with the hybrid ST model. This method uses Maxwells equations, material non-linearities and coupled electric circuits to obtain a precise transient solution for the ST. There is good agreement between the two models in a test system for multiple types of fault scenarios. The hybrid ST model is therefore the preferred model to use for fault analysis since it reduces simulation time drastically when compared to the FEA ST model.<p> The hybrid ST model is then used to develop and test differential, and ground protection schemes that ensure device safety during faulted scenarios. The protection schemes are analyzed and compared with analogous Phase Angle Regulator (PAR) schemes that have been implemented for many years.

In this thesis, many topics will be discussed and a variety of philosophers will be mentioned. The main goal of this thesis is to determine a health care plan that fits with the theories of Robert Nozick, Arthur Ripstein, Norman Daniels, and Amartya Sen. I conclude that Ezekiel Emanuel’s health care plan, The Guaranteed Healthcare Access Plan, can be used as a compromise between the views of each of these philosophers. In reaching such a conclusion, I take many steps. I begin with the explanation of theories of justice and their focus. I then turn to the important distinction between rights and ethics. Next, I explain that often closely held values come into conflict with one another. Then, I turn to the specific philosophers and their theories. Beginning with Nozick, I explain the justification for a state and how this justification is important for all four of the philosophers. Afterwards, in turn, I lay out what each philosopher claims in regards to a just society and the role of a state, his justification for such claims, and the results of such claims specifically in regards to health care. Subsequently, I examine the connections between philosophers, which help me understand the ways a health care system could be instituted to appeal to all four of them. After questioning if a just society can really exist in a limited world, I decide what type of health care system such a just society should implement. Finally, I rest on Ezekiel Emanuel’s plan, which I believe should be implemented in a just society and which best demonstrates the common ground between the four philosophers I discuss.