The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the history of Princess Anne County Training School and Union Kempsville High School in Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach, Virginia. The method of inquiry was qualitative, historical research that relied on oral histories to provide a cultural understanding of the school from the perspectives of its students, administrators, teachers, and staff. The school's history was reconstructed through direct engagement with individuals whose interviews recounted the establishment, growth, operation, and demise of Princess Anne County Training School/Union Kempsville High School. In order to minimize the nostalgic influence and bring greater validity to the oral histories, data were also collected from historical accounts, school board and community organization minutes, local periodicals, and school artifacts.   Segregation cultivated legally separate-but-equal schools for Blacks and Whites, with little or no attention given to actual equality. In 1925, the Black community in Princess Anne County, Virginia, mobilized to build a high school for their children who were denied an education beyond seventh grade. Princess Anne County Training School opened for Black students in 1938 and initially utilized a curriculum based on industrial education. It was the first and only Black high school in Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach, Virginia. As Princess Anne County Training School progressed, the Black community eventually repudiated the term, training school. The school's name was changed to Union Kempsville High School in the fall of 1961. Gradual desegregation inaugurated by the Brown v. Board of Education decisions led to a decline in student enrollment, and Union Kempsville High School closed in 1969. / Ph. D.

Abstract The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge about what happens to childrens experience of mixing and separatingwhen an activity is carried out twice. The method we used in the stady is a qualitative interview method whit semi-stuctured interwiews with cdildren in preschool. Variation theory was used to ananlyze the childrens way to express their experience. The problem that has chosen to highlight and examine is if children are not allowed to share their thoughts and experiences whit others so no new experience is created. The result shows that children express their experience of mixing and separating, more so when get to explore from their own thought and idea in interaction. In the case, there is a deeper exploration of the children, which also lead to greater experience when the activity is carried out a second time. The conclusion of the study is that staff in preschool must dare and give premission to let the children try to explore chemistry. Children do not only explore from the perspective of their owm experience, but must, together with others, create their experiences in a permissive environment based on a child`s perpective. / Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskaper om vad som händer med barns erfarande av att blanda och separera när en aktivitet genomförs två gånger. Den metod vi använt i studien är den kvalitativa intervju metoden med en semistrukturerade intervju för barn i förskolan. Variationsteorin användes för att analysera barnens sätt att uttrycka sitt erfarande. Det problem som studien har valt att lyfta fram och undersöka är om barn inte får dela sina tankar och erfarenheter med andra så skapas inget nytt erfarande. Resultatet visar att barn uttrycker sitt erfarande om att blanda och separera, mer när de får utforska från sin egen tanke och idé i samspel med andra. Det sker då ett djupare utforskande hos barnen, som också leder till större erfarande när aktiviteten genomförs en andra gång. Slutsatsen av studien är personal inom förskolan måste våga och ge tillåtelse till att låta barnen få prova att utforska kemi. Barnen utforskar inte bara utifrån sitt eget erfarande utan måste tillsammans med andra skapa sina erfarenheter i en tillåtande miljö med utgångspunkt ur ett barns perspektiv

Obwohl zunehmend neue Operationstechniken zur Versorgung krankhafter Aortenbögen angewandt werden, verbleibt der offene Aortenbogenersatz aufgrund einer größeren Langzeiterfahrung der Goldstandard [73]. Dieser ist trotz stetiger Weiterentwicklung mit einer hohen Letalität und Morbidität verbunden. Die vorliegende retrospektive Analyse wertete das Outcome von 255 Patienten aus, die sich zwischen Februar 1996 und Dezember 2018 einem totalen Aortenbogenersatz unterzogen haben. Dabei wurden die supraaortalen Äste entweder separat oder als Insel reimplantiert. Die Reimplantation fand zu 62 % in Insel-Technik und zu 38 % separat statt. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, diese Reimplantationsmethoden miteinander zu vergleichen. Es wurden präoperative Faktoren, der perioperative Verlauf und das Outcome betrachtet. Außerdem wurden Risikofaktoren für Mortalität, neurologische Defizite und Notwendigkeit einer Re-OP ermittelt. Das Durchschnittsalter der Gesamtgruppe betrug 68,8 ± 15,7 Jahre. In den meisten Fällen wurde die OP-Indikation aufgrund eines degenerativen Aortenaneurysmas gestellt (76,5 %). Die Verteilung der weiteren präoperativen Faktoren entsprach in etwa der vergleichbarer Studien [77–80]. Postoperativ traten temporäre neurologische Defizite in 7,5 % der Fälle auf, permanente in 9,0 %. Die Krankenhaussterblichkeit lag bei 8,6 %. Im Verlauf erfolgte bei 15,7 % der Patienten eine Re-OP. Patienten, die mit Insel-Technik behandelt wurden, wiesen häufiger ein degeneratives Aortenaneurysma (81,0 % vs. 69,1 %; p = 0,04; Phi = –0,14) und seltener eine Pathologie der A. carotis/A. vertebralis (5,1 % vs. 12,4 %; p = 0,04; Phi = 0,13) auf. Perioperativ bestanden zwischen Insel-Technik und separater Implantation folgende Unterschiede: Bypasszeit [min] (170,0 vs. 186,0; p < 0,01); Aortenklemmzeit [min] (102,0 vs. 121,6; p < 0,01); ASCP (77,8 % vs. 91,8 %; p < 0,01); bilaterale ASCP (65,8 % vs. 83,5 %; p < 0,01); ET (79,1 % vs. 68,0 %; p = 0,048). Verglichen mit der separaten Implantation, traten permanente neurologische Defizite signifikant seltener bei der Insel-Technik auf (5,7 % vs. 14,4 %; p = 0,02). Infolge der Insel-Technik verstarben Patienten häufiger im Krankenhaus (9,5 % vs. 7,2 %; p = 0,53) und innerhalb von 30 Tagen (8,2 % vs. 5,2 %; p = 0,35). Ein signifikanter Unterschied konnte aber nicht nachgewiesen werden (Log-Rank-Test: p = 0,85). Außerdem ging die Insel-Technik mit einer höheren Re-OP-Rate einher (17,7 % vs. 12,4 %; p = 0,25), die sich als nicht signifikant erwies (Log-Rank-Test: p = 0,82). Das Risiko für ein permanentes neurologisches Defizit stieg bei Pathologie der A. carotis/A. vertebralis (OR = 7,74; p < 0,01) und vorbestehendem Schlaganfall (OR = 5,85; p < 0,01). Es zeigte sich, dass die 30-Tages-Mortalität durch Ersatz bzw. Reparatur der Mitralklappe (OR = 5,87; p = 0,04) und erhöhte Bypasszeit [min] (OR = 1,01; p = 0,03) beeinflusst wurde. Die Auftrittswahrscheinlichkeit der Langzeitmortalität wurde durch Alter [Jahre] (OR = 1,08; p < 0,01), pAVK (OR = 2,30; p < 0,01) und LVEF < 30 % (OR = 4,11; p = 0,01) erhöht. Eine Re-OP wurde häufiger durchgeführt, wenn vorher eine Aortenklappenrekonstruktion durchgeführt wurde (37,1 % vs. 12,3 %; p < 0,01). Patienten im Alter zwischen 50 und 70 Jahren (OR = 2,32; p = 0,02) und Patienten mit stattgehabter Aortenklappenrekonstruktion (OR = 4,27; p < 0,01) wurden mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit reoperiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit lagen die cerebralen neurologischen Defizite [43, 74, 79, 81, 82] und die Mortalität [43, 49, 83] der Gesamtgruppe zwar im Rahmen der Werte vergleichbarer Literatur, waren insgesamt aber im oberen Bereich. Die Rate der Re-Operationen war nicht erhöht [77, 83]. Es stellte sich heraus, dass bei der Insel-Technik eine kürzere Aortenklemmzeit und Bypasszeit benötigt wurde. Bezüglich des Outcomes scheinen beide Reimplantationsmethoden vergleichbar, wenn auch die Insel-Technik seltener mit permanenten neurologischen Defiziten einherging. Folglich bleibt es der Einschätzung des Operateurs überlassen, für welche Technik er sich entscheidet. Sinnvoll ist ein individualisierter Ansatz, bei dem patienteneigene Kriterien (Anatomie, Komorbiditäten und operationsspezifische Faktoren) berücksichtigt werden. Es sollte darauf geachtet werden, die Bypasszeit so gering wie möglich zu halten, um die 30-Tages-Mortalität zu reduzieren. Risikofaktoren für neurologische Defizite und Mortalität sollten bei der Wahl des Therapieregimes beachtet werden.:1 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 2 Abbildungsverzeichnis 3 3 Tabellenverzeichnis 4 4 Einleitung 5 4.1 Historischer Exkurs 5 4.2 Status quo und Ausblick 7 4.3 Indikationen für totalen Aortenbogenersatz 8 4.3.1 Akutes Aortensyndrom 8 4.3.2 Thorakales Aortenaneurysma 11 4.3.3 Ätiologie 12 4.4 Operative Techniken 12 4.4.1 Aortenbogenersatz: partiell versus total 14 4.4.2 Besonderheit bei totalem Aortenbogenersatz – Insel-Technik versus separate Implantation 15 5 Fragestellung 17 6 Material und Methoden 18 6.1 Patientenkollektiv 18 6.2 Datenerhebung 18 6.3 Statistische Analyse 20 6.3.1 Statistische Kenngrößen und einfache Häufigkeiten 21 6.3.2 Mann-Whitney-U-Test 21 6.3.3 Chi²-Test und exakter Fisher-Test 21 6.3.4 Phi und Eta 22 6.3.5 Multinomiale logistische Regression 22 6.3.6 Kaplan-Meier-Methode 23 6.3.7 Cox-Regression 23 7 Ergebnisse 24 7.1 Analyse der Gesamtgruppe 24 7.2 Vergleich von Insel-Technik und separater Implantation 27 7.2.1 Präoperative Faktoren 27 7.2.2 Perioperative Faktoren 29 7.2.3 Postoperative Faktoren 30 7.3 Einfluss präoperativer und perioperativer Faktoren 34 7.3.1 Cerebrale neurologische Defizite 34 7.3.2 Einfluss der ASCP 36 7.3.3 Einfluss neurologischer Defizite auf das Überleben 37 7.3.4 Überleben 39 7.3.5 Re-OP 40 8 Diskussion 41 8.1 Totaler Aortenbogenersatz 41 8.2 Vergleich von Insel-Technik und separater Implantation 42 8.3 Prä- und perioperative Risikofaktoren 45 8.3.1 Neurologische Defizite 46 8.3.2 Verbessertes neurologisches Outcome durch ASCP 48 8.3.3 Vorzeitiges Versterben durch cerebrale neurologische Defizite 48 8.3.4 Mortalität 49 8.3.5 Re-OP 51 8.4 Studienlimitationen 52 9 Zusammenfassung 53 10 Literaturverzeichnis 56 11 Eigenständigkeitserklärung 64 12 Lebenslauf 65 13 Danksagung 66

In this essay, an analysis of Lucy Montgomery's bildungsroman Anne of Green Gables has been conducted. The story of the protagonist Anne Shirley’s development into adulthood displays many aspects of the gender roles of the twentieth century in Canada as a result of her gendered upbringing. Anne's conformity to the private sphere stems from a need to solve her inherent crisis as an orphan but has the purpose of making domestic life seem desirable to the young reader. Anne of Green Gables was released in the twentieth century when women were considered to have universal traits that benefited the conservative gender roles. Therefore this essay analyses the didactic purpose of the novel, theorizing to find that the novel's purpose is to steer the reader's development toward conservative gender roles. Feminist theory provides this essay with explanations of the cause and effect of the notion of gender roles and is used as a guideline throughout the analysis. The results of this essay demonstrate that the bildungsroman Anne of Green Gables has a didactic purpose of steering the development of the reader toward the acceptance of conservative gender roles.

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After highlighting the events that gave rise to the writing of this dissertation, the writer proceeds with a critical analysis of the structural and leadership dynamics of the Baptist Union of Southern Africa (BUSA) from 1960-2005. Beginning with the formation of BUSA in 1877, he shows how that the South African Baptist Missionary Society (SABMS - the Missions arm of BUSA), established in 1892, developed in a parallel manner alongside of BUSA and questions whether the two bodies were over one. Throughout the dissertation, he pointed out how, up to the late eighties, the structural and leadership dynamics of BUSA tended to favour one culture above the others who, in fact, were in the majority. The writer identifies the key trends within each decade from 1960-2005 with regard to BUSA's structural dynamics and views the following two events as causing a major turnaround resulting in great transformation during the 1990's. They were: <ul> <li> The withdrawal of the Black Baptist Convention from BUSA in 1987 and</li> <li> The turbulent 1989 National Assembly in Kimberley</li> </ul> He also asserts that the "affirmative" appointment of the first multi-cultural BUSA Executive in 1997 actually "saved the day" for BUSA and avoided future splits. The writer proceeds to evaluate BUSA's structural dynamics during the period under review in terms of the essential functions of the church, namely, Kerygma (proclamation), diakonia (diaconal service) and koinonia (fellowship). BUSA was strong in Kerygma but weak in Koinonia. He finally concludes that the "separate development mentality" prevalent within BUSA during its formation and the review period was not as a result of Apartheid but, as his research has revealed, namely (i) British colonialism certainly influenced the formation and initial development of BUSA. The cultural divide between "colonial whites" and "emerging blacks" who were accustomed to a social separation between the two groups was certainly a factor. Likewise, the manner in which Europeans perceived the Bantu in the 1870's (ii) The Mission philosophy prevalent in Europe and America round about 1877 was to form native, indigenous churches that would be "self-governing, self-supporting and self-propagating". The motto of the SABMS was "the evangelisation of the Bantu by Bantu". It was felt the young churches arising out of mission work would be independent and not dependent upon or controlled by mother bodies that helped to establish them. It is thus not surprising that BUSA through the SABMS followed the same policy. (iii) The British Baptist ministers who came to South Africa prior to and following the arrival of the 1820 Settlers came with the express purpose to minister to the British immigrants in the Cape and British Kaffraria. Missions to the Bantu was not necessarily a part of their agenda. As indicated in this dissertation , it was the German Baptists and not the British who were key factors in the establishment of the SABMS. (iv) The new SABMS was based upon the British model which saw the Missions Society as an entirely separate entity from the Union, but in close association with it. The unjust policy of apartheid, which was implemented and enforced by the South African Nationalist Government from 1948 to the early nineties, cemented and added the "cherry on the top" of the separate development and ultimate separation between BUSA and the Baptist Convention. It provided the ideal context for continued British colonial thinking and practice with regard to the Bantu. Hence the exclusion of the latter from the main BUSA Leadership structures for most of the period under review. In the final chapter, the writer offers some guidelines which he trusts will prove helpful to future BUSA Leaders and Executives. / Dissertation (MA(Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Rethinking education in rural areas firstly requires reviewing different legislation from a historical perspective and then reconsidering the place of education in the current rural development debate. To a large extent, rural areas have been neglected in development policies and similarly, the rural dimension of basic education issues, especially in South Africa, has been largely overlooked. Basic facts and figures, as elaborated in this thesis, shed light on the need to devote more attention to rural education. In this thesis, South African legislation in relation to basic education for Black people in rural areas during the colonial period up to the democratic era was investigated. The impact of South African legislation on Black education in rural areas is difficult to unravel and solve overnight since its thinking and practice was consolidated over centuries. However, an attempt was made to determine what the policymakers, mostly White dominated governments who ascribed to segregatory and racial attitudes, did to ensure that different policies enshrined in various legislation impacted negatively on education of people predominantly residing in rural areas. The research affirmed that education of Black people in rural areas was, in most instances negatively impacted by policies of previous White governments. The apartheid government (1948-1993) used poor funding strategies to ensure that there were low teacher-pupil ratios and teacher qualifications. Unequal pattern of education spending continued well into the democratic era. This poor funding which impacted negatively on, especially rural schools, made infrastructural provision in rural areas difficult. Even though the democratic government have competitive legislative policies in place, it was concluded that educational policies since 1994 were hastily implemented and insufficient consideration has been given to the contextual realities in South African schooling, particularly in rural areas. Hence the democratic government still need to give grave attention to the issue of education in rural areas. / Educational Studies / DED (HISTORY OF EDUCATION)

This study focuses on the role and contribution of women in the context of the social and economic development of two towns in Hertfordshire during the nineteenth century. Although the age saw an increase in urbanisation, Hertfordshire remained an agricultural county with long established land owners, a middle class with influence in the towns and its closeness to London attracting the newly wealthy in search of a country estate. The towns selected for this study, Hertford and Hitchin, changed little in their character and, compared with others which experienced industrial expansion, saw a modest population growth. This, however, brought the consequential pressures on housing and poverty. This research is unique in combining the study of the activities of women and the challenges faced by two market towns over a period of time of change and thus making a contribution to the debate on the concept of “separate spheres” by demonstrating that women had a place in the public arena. The daily life of a country town was reliant on a thriving economic environment. As this research demonstrates, many women had trades and businesses, contributed to good causes and were central to the education of children and adults. Their philanthropic efforts supported the building and maintenance of churches, schools, and hospitals. It charts the role of ordinary women, operating in a small town environment, before extension of the suffrage and Equal Opportunities legislation established their position as legitimate influencers of policy and practice. Little work has been done on how the English small town coped with its growth in population and the summons from central government on compliance with an increasing body of legislation on how the town should be run. It was men who undertook the necessary offices associated with this seed of local government but a micro-history of the people who inhabited these two towns demonstrates that women made a significant contribution to social and economic life of these towns.

The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the companies in the field of the international private law. After the introduction and general remarks on the topic it proceeds to the recognition of foreign companies in the law of the Czech Republic. Subsequently, personal statute of such companies and its determination is discussed. Next the first part of the thesis focuses on the conditions under which foreign companies can run their business in the Czech Republic. Lastly, the possibility of cross-boarder movement of the companies' seats into and out of the Czech Republic is analysed. The first part of this work takes into the consideration not only the Czech law but also the law of European Union and the relevant case law of the European Court of Justice. The second part of this work deals with doctrine called piercing the corporate veil, which was established in the common law area. It analyses grounds leading to the posibility of aplication of this doctrine in common law area and in German law. The work examines cases of single companies as well as of companies being part of a group of companies. After the analysis of grounds leading to the posibility of use of the piercing the corporate veil follows their generalisation and synthesis. The conclusion of the work is dedicated to...

A presente tese estuda o negócio fiduciário e suas potencialidades no direito brasileiro, especialmente quando associado à técnica do patrimônio separado. Embora o legislador tenha se utilizado da titularidade fiduciária elemento essencial do negócio fiduciário e da afetação patrimonial para variadas atividades, não previu modelo geral que habilitasse os particulares a entabularem ajustes fiduciários com patrimônio separado para as mais diversas finalidades. Por isso que, no Brasil, falta instituto que pudesse ser equiparado ao trust contido na Convenção de Haia sobre a Lei Aplicável aos Trusts e sobre o Reconhecimento Deles. As tentativas de incorporação de tal modelo jurídico no direito pátrio não lograram êxito até o momento e o cenário normativo brasileiro permanece fragmentado. A tese, assim, examina a conformação atual do direito pátrio em relação ao negócio fiduciário e as utilidades que adviriam da introdução da fidúcia como categoria ampla de negócio fiduciário com patrimônio separado. Nessa direção, a tese investiga (i) a admissibilidade do negócio fiduciário no direito brasileiro; (ii) a disciplina jurídica que lhe é aplicável; (iii) os efeitos da utilização da propriedade resolúvel aos negócios fiduciários, bem como da aposição das cláusulas de inalienabilidade, impenhorabilidade e incomunicabilidade; (iv) as potencialidades funcionais e limites do negócio fiduciário; (v) a disciplina jurídica do trust a que se refere a Convenção de Haia; (vi) a adoção pelo legislador da técnica da separação patrimonial conjugada com a titularidade fiduciária; (vii) a tipificação do negócio de fidúcia como aquele que possibilitaria a criação, pelos particulares, de titularidade fiduciária e patrimônio separado; (viii) o negócio de fidúcia como maneira de se incorporar os elementos essenciais do trust contido na Convenção de Haia; e (ix) a relevância da tipificação do negócio de fidúcia como meio de suprir determinadas lacunas do direito brasileiro / This thesis studies fiduciary contracts and their potentials in Brazilian law, especially when they are associated with the technique of separate estate. Although Brazilian law already deploys fiduciary ownership an essential element of the fiduciary contract and separate estate as a mean to regulate many activities, it does not lay down a legal model enabling people to use these techniques for general purposes. Therefore, still lacks in Brazil a legal framework similar to the trust as described by The Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition. Attempts to incorporate this legal model in Brazilian law have not been successful so far; therefore, Brazilian legal framework remains fragmented. In this context, the thesis examines the current regulation of the fiduciary contract in Brazilian Law, and the benefits that would result from the introduction of fiducia, understood as a comprehensive legal model combining the techniques of fiduciary contract and separate estate. To this end, the thesis investigates (i) the admissibility of fiduciary contracts in Brazilian law; (ii) the rules applicable to it; (iii) the stipulation of resoluble ownership in fiduciary contracts and the stipulation in these contracts of inalienability, unseazability and incommunicability clauses; (iv) the potentials and limitations of fiduciary contracts in Brazilian law; (v) the legal regulation of trusts as they are described by the Hague Convention; (vi) the use by Brazilian legislator of the legal technique of separate estate combined with fiduciary ownership; (vii) the adoption by Brazilian law of fudicia as the type of contract that will enable people to use the techniques of fiduciary ownership and separate estate; (viii) fiducia as a mean to incorporate in Brazilian law the essential elements of the trust described by the Hague Convention; and (ix) the importance of fiducia as a mean to fill in several gaps of the Brazilian law.