La problématique de la thèse est : la détermination de la méthode de traduction de la Septante et du Targoum d’Ésaïe. La recherche s’est faite dans les limites d’Ésaïe 15-17 : l’Oracle sur Moab, et l’Oracle sur Damas. Nous avons procédé au traitement de la problématique présentée ci-dessus en trois étapes progressives: (1). Étudier le contexte littéraire du texte choisi dans sa langue source (LS), i.e. le texte massorétique (TM) et dans ses deux langues cibles (LC); c’est, en fait, élaborer une étude générale sur les documents sources : la Septante, le Targoum, et le livre d’Ésaïe. Ceci consiste d’extraire les données scientifiques et généralement acceptées par les spécialistes en vu de poser des fondements solides au traitement du corps de la problématique. (2). Faire l’exégèse du texte biblique choisi. Ceci est indispensable pour l’examen d’une traduction : il faut tout d’abord « comprendre » le texte biblique dont la traduction est à examiner. (3). Examiner les deux traductions du texte biblique choisi. C’est, en fait, le corps du sujet, et le sommet de la recherche. C’est cette partie qui nous donne « la thèse » à établir et à soutenir, i.e., les principes de traduction appliqués. L’examen des deux traductions du texte d’Es 15-17 s’est fait à la base des langues originales : hébreu, grec et araméen. Il comprend les tâches suivantes : 1. Traduire le texte massorétique (TM) en français et comparer cette traduction avec les autres traductions disponibles. 2. Souligner les écarts et entre la langue source (TS) et la langue cible (TC) et tenter de découvrir les raisons qui ont conduit à produire ces écarts en essayant de déterminer l’agenda idéologique du traducteur. 3. Déterminer les types, méthodes, et principes de traduction. L’examen de ces deux anciennes traductions nous a permis de conclure le suivant : 1. La traduction de la Septante est généralement une traduction littérale au sens positif ; le traducteur a transmis le sens de la LS à la LC tout en gardant les convenances linguistiques de celle-ci. Les écarts trouvés proviennent surtout de deux lectures et/ou compréhensions différentes de la Vorlage faites par le traducteur grec et les Massorètes. Les écarts provenant de l’agenda idéologique du traducteur sont peu nombreux. 2., La traduction du Targoum est parfois littérale, parfois interprétative ; celle-ci est adoptée quand le sens du TS est peu clair ou il contient des mots difficiles. Le traducteur araméen a soumis la traduction de certains termes à son idéologie : David, traduit par Messie, la Parole de Dieu par Mamreh, et « Dieu » par Shékinah, etc. 3. Nous n’avons pas trouvé d’effet de la traduction targoumique sur la traduction de la Septante et vice versa. Les principes et méthodes de traductions de chacune de ces deux traductions sont différents. / The goal of the thesis is the determination of the method of translation of the Septuagint and the Targum of Isaiah. The research was conducted within the limits of Isaiah 15-17: The Burden of Moab, and the Burden of Damascus. We proceeded to treat the above mentioned subject in three progressive steps: 1. Studying the literary context of the selected text in its source language (SL), i.e. the Masoretic text (MT), and in its target languages (TL) ; This is, in fact, developing a comprehensive study on the source documents: the Septuagint, the Targum, and the book of Isaiah. This study aims at extracting the generally accepted scientific data by specialists, in order to lay down a solid foundation for the treatment of the body of the topic. 2. Making an exegesis of the selected biblical text. This is a prerequisite to examine and evaluate a translation: first we must "understand" the biblical text whose translation is to be examined. 3. Examining the two translations of the selected biblical text. It is, in fact, the subject's body, and the top of the research. This is the part that gives us the "thesis" to establish and defend, i.e., the applied principles of translation. The examination of the two translations of the text of Es 15-17 has been done on the basis of the original languages: Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic. It includes the following tasks: 1. Translate the MT to French and compare this translation with other available translations. 2. Highlight the differences between the source text (ST) and the target text (TT) and try to discover the reasons that led to occurrence of these differences, trying to determine the ideological agenda of the translator. 3. Determine the types, methods, and principles of translation. The examination of these two ancient translations allowed me to conclude the following: 1. The translation of the Septuagint is usually a literal translation in the positive sense; the translator conveyed the sense of SL to the TT while keeping linguistic propriety thereof. The differences found are mostly from two different reading and / or understanding of the Vorlage done by the Greek translator and the Masoretes. The differences coming from the ideological agenda of the translator are few. 2. The translation of the Targum is sometimes literal, sometimes interpretative; this last type of translation is adopted when the ST is unclear or contains difficult words. The Aramaic translator has submitted the translation of certain terms to his ideology: “David” was translated to “Messiah”, “the Word of God” to "Mamreh” and "God" to Shekinah", etc. 3. We did not find any effect of the Targum’s translation on the Septuagint’s and vice versa. The principles and methods of translation of each of these two translations are different.

Notre recherche a comme sujet la comparaison du texte de la Septante avec le texte massorétique du livre de Naoum. La recherche se divise en quatre parties. La première analyse et décrit le mode de traduction et expose, pour la Vorlage hébraïque les conclusions qui en découlent. La deuxième partie offre la reconstruction de la Vorlage du livre entier. La troisième et la quatrième partie se limitent à trois versets sélectionnés et les examinent du point de vue de la critique textuelle et de la critique littéraire. En définitive, cette recherche donne des éclaircissements sur l’histoire du texte de Naoum, sur l’histoire de sa transmission ainsi que celle de sa réception et (re)lecture à l’époque hellénistique. Partant, les résultats contribuent à la reconstitution de l’histoire des écrits prophétiques de la Bible hébraïque. / The present examination is about the comparison of the translation of the Septuagint with the Masoretic text of the book of Nahum. The investigation consists of four parts. The first focuses on the translation technique and the conclusions to be drawn with respect to the Hebrew Vorlage. The second offers a reconstruction of the Vorlage of the Septuagint of the whole book of Nahum. The third and the fourth parts are dealing with three selected verses, discussing them with regard to text-critical and literary-critical questions. This study not only gives new insights into the history of the textof the book of Nahum and it’s transmission, but also into the reception and (re)lecture of the text in the Hellenistic period. The results contribute to the reconstruction of the history of Hebrew prophetical literature.

Thesis (MTh (Old and New Testament))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The present study focuses on the difficulties surrounding the identification of an object and subject for the discipline of Old Testament theology. The goal thereof is to address these difficulties by establishing the legitimacy of an interdisciplinary engagement therewith. In order to achieve this goal the significance of the Greek translations of the Jewish scriptures, the Septuagint, for determining the object and subject of Old Testament theology is pursued. The problems surrounding the object of study in Old Testament theology are identified and discussed in terms of both canon and text. The advent of Canon criticism, with its focus on the nature, function and history of the biblical canon, as well as the study of the recent textual discoveries in the area surrounding the Dead Sea, have rendered previous consensus regarding the formation of the biblical canon(s) and the history of the biblical texts problematic. This necessitates a thorough reconsidering of the scope of the term “Old Testament”, and consequently, the basis on which the discipline of Old Testament theology is practiced. The rise to prominence of a so-called new or postmodern epistemological situation and the resulting influence of developments and shifts in literary studies on Biblical criticism, coupled with new challenges within the historical study of the biblical texts and a rediscovery of the importance of Wisdom literature forces upon the Old Testament theologian the responsibility to indicate and clarify the relationship between the Old Testament and divine revelation. Consequently, the nature of the Old Testament’s theology, and therefore, the subject of study in the discipline of Old Testament theology come under scrutiny. The focus of the study subsequently shifts to topics treated in the study of the Septuagint in order to indicate how these relate to the problems plaguing the discipline of Old Testament theology. Issues relating to the proper use of terminology in Septuagint-studies, theories of the origin of the Septuagint, and the techniques that were employed in translating the Semitic source texts of the Jewish scriptures into Greek, occupy the student in this regard. As a result, the legitimacy of employing insights from Septuagint-studies in delineating the object and subject of study in Old Testament theology is demonstrated. The final chapter identifies several overtures for furthering the study of the significance of the Septuagint for Old Testament theology in general. A number of methodological problems in the latter can be subsumed under the twin heading of the scope of the “Old Testament” and the nature of its theology. Chapter 36 of the Greek translation of the book of Job acts as a brief case study in order to demonstrate the suggestions that are made in this concluding chapter of the study.

Actuellement, le concept « idole » a basculé dans la sphère triviale du culte de personnes et renferme, néanmoins, des traces du sens antique du mot. Le terme d’idole met l’accent sur le moment de la vénération et c’est précisément là que réside la difficulté : la combinaison de l’adoration et de la plasticité d'une image va à l’encontre de la théologie de l’Ancien Testament de la vénération unique et sans image de JHWH. Le point de départ de cette étude est le mot grec eidôlon, qui est ancré dans le sujet de l’image des divinités depuis la Septante et qui fait office de terme fixe pour désigner les déités étrangères. Il en ressort qu’il n’existe pas d’expression standard pour une image de culte dans la culture grecque. La comparaison et l’analyse exacte des équivalents hébreux et grecs forment la majeure partie de la thèse. Dans le cas d’eidôlon il n’existe pas d’équivalent standard mais un bon nombre de termes hébreux qui sont tous reproduits par le terme grec dans la LXX. Par ailleurs, le terme eidôlon apparaît dans des textes d’importance cruciale pour la foi israélite (voir sa fréquence dans le deuxième commandement du Décalogue et dans le Chant de Moïse). Il s’agit d’une manœuvre stratégique et théologique des traducteurs, car ce terme renferme tous les éléments majeurs des divinités étrangères. Il existe donc une différenciation claire entre le dieu d’Israël et toutes les autres divinités. / The concept “idol” derives from ancient Greek, which is still used today. Nowadays, an Idol designates first and foremost the cult of personality but the traces of the ancient meaning are partly preserved. The term idol focuses on the veneration of foreign deities and their pictorial representations. Therefore, idols contrast with the monotheism and an iconism of the god of Israel. This study elaborates the original meaning of the Greek word eidôlon which becomes the standard expression for divine images since its usage in the Septuagint and afterwards. It seems that there did not exist a major term for cult images in the Greek culture. The comparison and the exact analysis of the Hebrew and Greek equivalents form the major part of the thesis. In the case of eidôlon there does not exist a Hebrew standard equivalent but a variety of Hebrew lexemes which are all translated by the Greek word in the Septuagint. In general, eidôlon appears in important and authoritative texts (Exodus 20: the Second Commandment,Deuteronomy 32: The Song of Moses). Concerning the choice of terminology, eidôlon is astrategic and theological move of the translators because this Greek expression includes allmajor characteristics of foreign deities. A clear distinction between JHWH the god of Israel andall other deities becomes clear.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-08T19:46:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DOUGLAS OLIVEIRA DOS SANTOS.pdf: 2100172 bytes, checksum: a1c86dc714849f689d29018fbb28c466 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T19:46:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DOUGLAS OLIVEIRA DOS SANTOS.pdf: 2100172 bytes, checksum: a1c86dc714849f689d29018fbb28c466 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / In the interpretation of sacred literature, we realized that the hermeneutical Christian principles always interpret the Old Testament from its current conception of monotheism. Here, we analyze the construction of this monotheistic concept in an attempt to understand how these interpretive principles have guided the understanding of Deuteronomy and Joshua 6.4 24.15 with this monotheistic perspective. To perform this analysis, we must understand the current imagery in various processes of construction of the Western Sacred, studying these texts in the Hebrew Bible, in the monolátrica construction process and checking the Hellenistic influences in the formation of the Septuagint. That way, you can see the influences that permeate translations and interpretative methods of fundamentalist Orthodox perspective and current, and rehearse questions and critical-constructive reflections. / Na interpretação da literatura sagrada, percebemos que os princípios hermenêuticos cristãos sempre interpretam os textos do Antigo Testamento a partir da sua concepção atual de monoteísmo. Aqui, analisamos a construção desse conceito monoteísta, na tentativa de entender como esses princípios interpretativos passaram a nortear a compreensão de Deuteronômio 6,4 e Josué 24,15 com essa perspectiva monoteísta. Para realizar essa análise, foi preciso compreender o imaginário vigente em vários processos da construção do Sagrado ocidental, estudando esses textos na Bíblia Hebraica, no processo da construção monolátrica e na verificação das influências do Helenismo no processo de formação da Septuaginta. Dessa forma, é possível perceber as influências que permeiam as traduções e os métodos interpretativos de perspectiva fundamentalista e ortodoxa atuais, e ensaiar questionamentos e reflexões crítico-construtivos.

An investigation of the Beatitudes of Matthew: Between oral tradition and Greek text investigates the Beatitudes in the Gospel of Matthew. It starts with the Greek text as it is known today and works backwards to uncover the different stages of tradition. Each beatitude is reconstructed in both Hebrew and Aramaic in order to ascertain the oral tradition which gave rise to the Greek text and, ultimately, to suggest a theoretical rendering of the original words of Jesus. The results indicate that the original Beatitudes were given in Aramaic. They were subsequently translated into Hebrew and it is this Hebrew version which is the antecedent for the Greek text (which itself underwent successive modifications) known today. The value of the results of this investigation is a more accurate understanding of the words of Jesus, having obvious implications for Bible translations and commentaries. The results further give a glimpse into how the Beatitudes were understood at the different stages of tradition and assess their modern interpretation in the light of their history. / Thesis (DLitt (Ancient Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

This thesis aims to make a significant contribution to our understanding of the history of biblical criticism in the seventeenth century. Its central objective is to put forward a new interpretation of the work of the Oratorian scholar Richard Simon. It does so by placing Simon's work, above all his Histoire critique du Vieux Testament (1678), in the context of the great increase in critical study of the text of the Bible that occurred after 1620. The problems and questions that confronted European scholars at this time were profound, as new manuscript discoveries combined with existing learned and polemical debates in such a way that scholars were forced reconsider their opinions on the history and text of the Old Testament. Rather than study these works solely in the discrete tradition of the history of scholarship, however, this thesis shows why they have to be considered in the context of the print culture that made their production possible, the confessional divisions that shaped and deepened the significance of their philological arguments, and the intellectual cooperation, exchange, and disagreement that determined how contemporaries understood them. The results of this research contribute to existing scholarship in several significant ways, of which four stand out for special emphasis. First, through extensive archival research it markedly revises our current understanding of the work of Jean Morin, Louis Cappel, Johannes Buxtorf II, and Richard Simon. Second, it shows that the history of biblical criticism must consider the work of Catholic scholars in the same level of detail as Protestant scholars. Third, it breaks the link between innovative philological and historical work and radical theological or political thought. Fourth, it calls into doubt the current consensus that seventeenth-century scholarly life is best understood through the concept of the international and inter-confessional 'Republic of Letters'.

The semantics of New Testament words is a complex subject as these words often have backgrounds consisting of a usage in both extrabiblical Greek literature and the Septuagint, in extension also being the object of Hebraic influence. Καρδία, often translated ”heart”, is no exception. In some Greek literature, the organ is referred to literally, but in the New Testament, καρδία is exclusively used figuratively. Another layer of complexity is added when the nature of this figurative usage is considered, as it includes aspects of cognition, volition, morality, and more. In this thesis, I studied how καρδία is used in the New Testament in comparison to the Septuagint, investigating the existing notion of a “biblical usage” of the word. This usage was then compared to its usage in periods ranging from 800–270 BCE, further exploring the existence of a distinct biblical usage but from a diachronic perspective. For this study, I adopted an interdisciplinary approach inspired by computational and corpora linguistics, dedicating a substantial part of this thesis to evaluating the approach within the field of New Testament lexicography. Its usage in the New Testament and the Septuagint was found to be similar, and I was able to propose some areas where this similarity became the most evident. This biblical usage of καρδία was not found to share much similarity with its usage in extrabiblical literature, with a biblical “moral” and “theological” usage standing out as being the main points of contrast. For the purposes of New Testament lexicography, the approach was found beneficial regarding the collection of evidence, although some issues will need to be further investigated.

In the presentation of his Gospel in his letter to the Romans Paul often quotes from the Old Testament. This indicates the functional significance of the OT as the foundation of Paul´s argumentation. However, is Paul´s use of Scripture legitimate? Does Paul change and misinterpret Scripture to fit his own ends? If Paul´s argumentation with Scripture follows contemporary, legitimate early Jewish methods of interpretation, then he could be cleared of the charge of manipulatively changing and interpreting Scripture. This thesis examines the textual basis of these quotations, the interpretive methods employed and the function of such quotations for Paul´s argumentation. The results suggest that Paul has not manipulated the textual basis. He employs the interpretive techniques of early Judaism and refers to Scripture mainly to affirm his presentation of the Gospel. A final section raises the issue what contemporary Biblical studies might learn from Paul´s use of Scripture. / Biblical & Ancient Studies / M.Th.(New Testament)

Von Haus aus sind Sibyllinische Orakel eine griechisch-römische Literaturgattung, eine Sammlung von Orakelsprüchen in griechischen Hexametern, die nicht erhalten ist. Die uns überlieferten Sibyllinischen Orakel sind jüdischen, christlichen und teilweise paganen Ursprungs. Die insgesamt 14 Bücher sind in den Jahren 150 vor bis 300 nach Christus entstanden. Bis zu ihrer Wiederentdeckung im Vatikan waren die Sibyllinischen Orakel nur durch Zitate der Kirchenväter bekannt. Buch 3 ist laut Mehrheit der Forscher das älteste der Sammlung und entstand im zweiten vorchristlichen Jahrhundert in Ägypten. Die Arbeit stellt diesen Konsens in Frage. Sie konzentriert sich dabei auf die Vorstellung der Beherrschung des Raumes im dritten Sibyllinischen Orakel. Dabei geht es einerseits um die rein geographische Vorstellung der Welt, die der Sibylle zugrunde liegt und andererseits um die politisch-theologische Vorstellung der Abfolge von Weltreichen, die diese Welt nacheinander beherrschen und schlussendlich von der Herrschaft Gottes abgelöst werden. Das Thema Gottesherrschaft nimmt in den jüdischen Pseudepigraphen eine relativ marginale Rolle ein. Dies könnte sicherlich damit zusammenhängen, dass die Diasporaschriften nicht unmittelbar unter dem Einfluss der sogenannten Antiochenischen Verfolgung und den Makkabäeraufständen standen, anders als z.B. das Danielbuch. In den Texten aus der Diaspora findet sich das Thema Gottesherrschaft sogar nur im dritten Sibyllinischen Orakel und in der Weisheit Salomos. Besonderes Gewicht hat die Gottesherrschaft schließlich in den Schriften des Neuen Testament. Ich hoffe mit meiner Arbeit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Genese der Vorstellung der Gottesherrschaft im Neuen Testament zu leisten. Der endzeitliche Zustand, den die Sibylle für die Umsetzung der göttlichen Herrschaft auf Erden prophezeit, kann mit dem Begriff Utopie beschrieben werden. / Originally, the Sibylline Oracles were a Graeco-Roman literary genre, namely a collection of oracles composed in Greek hexamters which have not come down to us. The Sibylline Books that we have today are of Jewish and Christian origin and stem from a time when the genre was adapted first by Jews and then Christians. The altogether 14 books have developed between 150 BCE and 300 CE and for the longest time were only known through quotations in the church fathers such as Eusebius and Lactantius. According to the majority of scholars, Book III is the oldest of the Sibylline corpus and developed in the 2nd century BCE in Egypt. This thesis reconsiders the established consensus using old and new evidence alike. It focuses on the image of dominion of space in the Third Sibyl. On the one hand, space is looked at as the geographical image of the world as the Sibyl has access to, on the other, space is looked at as the political-theological image of succession of empires that rule the world consecutively until eventually they are superseded by the dominion of God. The dominion of God only play a minor role in Jewish pseudepigraphy. This could be related to the fact that the writings of the Diaspora were not immediately affected by the so-called Antiochene persecution and the Maccabean revolt unlike, for instance, the Book of Daniel. In the writings of the Diaspora the topic only occurs in the Third Sibyl and in the Wisdom of Solomon. It becomes particularly important in the New Testament. With this thesis I hope to provide an important contribution to the genesis of the image of the dominion of God in the New Testament. The eschatological age that the Sibyl prophecies for the establishment of the divine dominion on earth can be described using the term utopia.