Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The insertion of an established writer as the Uruguayan short story writer Horacio Quiroga in the gender of serial novels, through six narratives published in illustrated magazines such as Caras y Caretas and Fray Mocho between the years 1908 and 1913 shows the writer s inclination to adapt, through the work with a genre which he previously had no affinity with, to a modern scenery in which the very concept of literary work began to undergo questioning and transformation. But the complexity of these six short novels goes far beyond their aesthetic and their particular narrative matrix, raising questions concerning the social and ideological problems encountered in the first decades of a Buenos Aires in transformation. Products of the cultural industry, these novels cannot be understood as mere impoverished imitations of the canonical literature, but neither they represented the expression of a popular culture that resisted and opposed to the dominant culture. They are best seen as belonging to an area of dispute, to a field of cultural struggle. The recognition of these novels, their circulation and their consumption, is what does not allow us to deny the existence of a huge readership that did not match the expectations of the literate elite. Here is precisely where their value lies: they are witnesses of the Apocalypse that occurs when literature ceases to be a realm reserved for those higher spirits who understand it, and begins to suffer an irrevocable closeness to the public. / A inserção de um escritor consagrado como o contista uruguaio Horacio Quiroga no gênero folhetinesco, através de seis novelas de folhetim publicadas nas revistas ilustradas Caras y Caretas e Fray Mocho entre os anos de 1908 e 1913 nos mostra a disposição do escritor em se adaptar, no trabalho com um gênero com o qual não possuía nenhuma afinidade anteriormente, a um panorama moderno no qual a própria concepção de obra literária começava a passar por questionamentos e transformações. Porém a complexidade das seis novelas folhetinescas vai muito além de sua estética e de sua matriz narrativa particular, levantando questões que dizem respeito a problemáticas sociais e ideológicas encontradas nas primeiras décadas de uma Buenos Aires em transformação. Produtos da indústria cultural, estas novelas não podem ser compreendidas como meras imitações empobrecidas da literatura da tradição, porém tampouco representavam a expressão de uma cultura popular que resistia e se opunha à cultura dominante. São mais bem vistas como pertencentes a um território de contestação, a um campo de embates culturais. O reconhecimento destas novelas, de sua circulação e de seu consumo, é o que não nos permite negar a existência de um imenso público leitor que não correspondia às expectativas da elite letrada. Aqui justamente reside seu valor: são testemunhas do apocalipse que ocorre quando a literatura deixa de ser um reino reservado para os espíritos superiores que a compreendam e começa a sofrer uma irrevogável aproximação com o público.

Le rayonnement synchrotron est l'un des facteurs clés du grand succès de la cristallographie macromoléculaire au cours des dernières décennies. Plus de 90% de toutes les structures de protéines de la base de données PDB a été résolu par cristallographie en utilisant des sources de rayonnement synchrotron et environ 95% d'entre elles a été déterminé à partir de cristaux congelés.Cependant, les structures déterminées par des techniques de congélation sont limitées par la nature statique des cristaux congelés. Avec le développement récent des sources de RX produites par lasers à électrons libres (XFEL), qui sont en mesure de produire des impulsions femtosecondes très intenses de rayons X, l'ère de la « diffraction avant destruction » et de la cristallographie sérielle femtoseconde utilisant des micro- ou nano- cristaux a commencé (SFX).Au cours du procédé SFX un cristal de protéine n'est exposé qu'une fois au faisceau de rayons X pendant quelques dizaines de femtosecondes avant qu'il ne soit complètement détruit. Les données sont collectées à partir de cristaux orientés de façon aléatoire par rapport au faisceau de rayons X; une seule exposition par cristal est possible. Afin de recevoir un ensemble de données plus complet, de nouvelles techniques d'analyse de données de diffraction ont été développées.La première expérimentation réussie du procédé (SFX) a été réalisée au LCLS à Stanford en décembre 2009 sur des cristaux du photosystème I et de lysozyme. Les experts en cristallographie des installations XFEL peuvent déterminer des structures de protéines à température ambiante presque exemptes de dégâts d'irradiation, en raison des pulses de FEL femtosecondes si brèves, qu'ils passent à travers l'échantillon avant que des dommages de rayonnement importants ne se produisent.Après la présentation des premières expériences SFX réussies, des efforts pour effectuer une cristallographie en série de cristaux de taille de l’ordre des micromètres à température ambiante ont commencé au sein des synchrotrons. Une première tentative de cristallographie synchrotron en série et à température ambiante a été tentée à PETRA III à DESY à Hambourg. Cette méthode a été nommée SMX (synchrotron serial millisecond crystallography), où des milliers d'échantillons sont collectés à partir de cristaux individuels passant par le faisceau à rayons X. Avec le développement des techniques de cristallographie série à température ambiante au sein des synchrotrons, la répartition de la dose sur un grand nombre de cristaux compense l’augmentation des dommages liés à l’irradiation à température ambiante.Bien que les sources de rayonnement synchrotron n'atteindront probablement jamais la même luminosité que les impulsions de rayons X comme dans les XFELs, elles ont un certains nombre d'avantages. L'un d'eux est la flexibilité de configuration grâce au paramétrage de lignes de faisceaux microfocus. Un autre est que plusieurs expositions par cristal sont possibles. En outre, les synchrotrons sont plus répandus dans le monde: la probabilité d'obtenir un temps d'expérimentation dans un synchrotron est plus élevée que pour une installation XFEL. En effet, maintenant deux installations XFEL sont ouvertes pour les utilisateurs .L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer et de mettre en œuvre des méthodes qui permettront de recueillir des données en utilisant l'approche de la cristallographie série à l'installation synchrotron européen (ESRF, Grenoble, France). Cette thèse présente différentes techniques pour réaliser la cristallographie sérielle sur la ligne ID13 à l’ESRF. L'objectif était de développer la cristallographie sérielle sur synchrotron basée sur la numérisation micro-diffraction pour démontrer que les sources de rayonnement synchrotron peuvent être utilisées comme un instrument de routine pour cette technique avec des protéines globulaires et membranaires. Les aspects de la collecte de données et leur traitement seront également discutés. / Synchrotron radiation is one of the key factors for the tremendous success of macromolecular crystallography during the past decades. More than 90 % of all protein structures in PDB database were solved by crystallography using synchrotron radiation sources and around 95 % of them were determined from cryocooled crystals1,2. A whole data set can be collected from one flash-cooled crystal. Data-collection at cryogenic temperatures drastically reduces radiation damage effects. However, structures determined using cryo freezing techniques are limited by static nature of frozen crystals.With the recent development of X-ray free-electron laser facilities (XFELs), which are able to produce extremely intense femtosecond X-ray pulses, the era of “Diffraction before destruction” and serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) for micro-/nano-sized crystals has begun3. In the SFX technique a protein crystal is only exposed once to the X-ray beam for tens of femtoseconds before it is completely destroyed. The data is collected from randomly oriented crystals that are exposed to the X-ray beam; only one shot per crystal is possible. In order to receive a complete data set, new data analysis techniques that are capable of dealing with large quantities of diffraction data have been developed. First experiment where serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) approach was first carried out was performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS, Stanford, USA) in December 2009 on photosystem I and lysozyme crystals4,5,6. At XFELs facilities crystallographers can perform room temperature structure determination of proteins almost free of radiation damage, due to the fact that femtosecond flashes of FEL is so brief, that it passes through the sample before the significant radiation damage occurs.After presenting first successful experiments with SFX technique, efforts to perform serial crystallography of micron-sized crystals at room-temperature started at synchrotron sources. First attempt to perform synchrotron room-temperature serial crystallography has been done at PETRA III at DESY in Hamburg using glass capillary based microfluidics7. This method was named synchrotron serial millisecond crystallography (SMX), where thousands of patterns are collected from individual crystals passing through the X-ray beam8. With development of room-temperature serial crystallography techniques at the synchrotrons, the exposure distributed on a large number of crystals in the sample, which helps compensating the effect of increased radiation damage at ambient temperature.Although synchrotron sources most certainly will never reach the same brightness of X-ray pulses like XFELs, they have some advantages. One of them is possibility to perform any set up due to the flexibility of the parameters of microfocus beamlines. Another advantage of SMX is that several shots per crystals are possible. Also should be mentioned that synchrotrons are more widespread all over the world, so possibility to get a beamtime at the synchrotron is much higher than at XFELs, because currently only two XFEL facilities are open for users (LCLS, USA and SACLA, Japan).The aim of this dissertation is to propose and to implement methods that will allow to collect data using the serial crystallography approach at the European synchrotron radiation facility (ESRF, Grenoble, France). This dissertation presents different techniques to perform synchrotron serial crystallography at ID13 beamline. The goal was to develop synchrotron serial crystallography based on scanning micro-diffraction to demonstrate that synchrotron sources can be used as a routine instrument to perform serial crystallography with soluble and membrane proteins. The aspects of the data collection and data processing also will be discussed.

Grace à leur simplicité de routage, la réduction du bruit, de la consommation d'energie, d'espace de routage et d'interférences électromagnétiques en comparaison avec les liaisons parallèles, les Liaisons Série Haut Débit (High-Speed Serial Links) se trouvent aujourd'hui dans la grande majorité des systèmes sur puce (SoC) connectant les différents composants : la puce principale avec ses entrées/sorties, la puce principale avec une autre puce, la communication inter-processeurs etc…Par contre, changer des liaisons parallèles pour utiliser des liaisons séries haut débit présente plusieurs défi : les liaisons série haut débit doivent tourner à des fréquences plus élevées que celle des liaisons parallèles pour atteindre plusieurs Gigabits par seconde (Gbps) pour garder le même débit que celui des liaisons parallèles, tout en répondant à l'augmentation exponentielle de la demande de débit. L'atténuation du signal sur le cuivre augmente avec la fréquence, nécessitant de plus en plus d'égaliseurs et de techniques de filtrage, et donc augmentant la complexité du design et la consommation d'énergie.L'une des façons pour optimiser le design avec des hautes fréquences c'est d'intégrer l'horloge dans la ligne de données, car une ligne d'horloge implique plus de surface de routage et elle pourra bien devenir une source d'interférences électromagnétiques (EMI). Une autre bonne raison pour utiliser une horloge intégrée c'est que la déviation du signal d'horloge par rapport au signal de data (skew en anglais) devient difficile à contrôler sur des fréquences élevées. Des transitions doivent donc être assurées dans les données transmises, pour que le récepteur soit capable de se synchroniser et de récupérer les données correctement. En d'autres termes, le nombre de bits consécutifs, aussi appelé la Run Length (RL) en anglais doit être réduit ou borné à une certaine limite.Un autre défi ou caractéristique à réduire ou borner dans les données à transmettre est la différence entre le nombre de bits à 1 et le nombre de bits à 0 transmis. On l'appelle la disparité RD (de l'anglais Running Disparity). Les grands écarts entre le nombre de bits à 1 et les bits à 0 transférés peuvent provoquer un décalage du signal par rapport à la ligne de base. On appelle ça le Baseline Wander en anglais (BLW). Le BLW pourra augmenter le taux de bits erronés (Bit Error Rate – BER) ou exiger des techniques de filtrage et d'égalisations au récepteur pour être corrigé. Cela va donc augmenter la complexité du design et la consommation d'énergie.Pour assurer une RL et une RD bornées, les données à transmettre sont généralement encodés. A travers le temps, plusieurs méthodes d'encodages ont été présentées et utilisées dans les standards ; certaines présentent de très bonnes caractéristiques mais au cout d'un grand nombre supplémentaire de bits, en anglais appelé Overhead, affectant donc le débit. D'autres encodages ont un overhead moins important mais n'assurent pas les mêmes limites de RL et de RD, et par conséquence ils nécessitent plus de complexité analogique pour corriger les conséquences et donc augmentant ainsi la consommation d'énergie.Dans cette thèse, on propose un nouvel encodage de données qui peut borner la RD et la RL pour les bornes souhaités, et avec un très faible cout sur la bande passante (l'overhead). Ce codage permet de borner la RL et la RD aux mêmes limites que les autres codages et avec un overhead 10 fois moins important.Dans un premier temps on montre comment on peut borner la RL à la valeur souhaitée avec un codage à très faible overhead. Dans un second temps on propose un encodage très faible cout pour borner la RD à la valeur souhaitée aussi. Ensuite on montrera comment on pourra fusionner ces deux encodages en un seul, pour construire un encodage de données programmable et à faible cout de bande passante, limité en disparité et en nombre de bits identiques consécutifs. / Thanks to their routing simplicity, noise, EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interferences), area and power consumption reduction advantages over parallel links, High Speed Serial Links (HSSLs) are found in almost all today's System-on-Chip (SoC) connecting different components: the main chip to its Inputs/Outputs (I/Os), the main chip to a companion chip, Inter-Processor Communication (IPC) and etc… Serial memory might even be the successor of current DDR memories.However, going from parallel links to high-speed serial links presents many challenges; HSSLs must run at higher speeds reaching many gigabits per second to maintain the same end-to-end throughput as parallel links as well as satisfying the exponential increase in the demand for throughput. The signal's attenuation over copper increases with the frequency, requiring more equalizers and filtering techniques, thereby increasing the design complexity and the power consumption.One way to optimize the design at high speeds is to embed the clock within the data, because a clock line means more routing surface, and it also can be source to high EMI. Another good reason to use an embedded clock is that the skew (time mismatch between the clock and the data lanes) becomes hard to control at high frequencies. Transitions must then be ensured inside the data that is sent on the line, for the receiver to be able to synchronize and recover the data correctly. In other words, the number of Consecutive Identical Bits (CIBs) also called the Run Length (RL) must be reduced or bounded to a certain limit.Another challenge and characteristic that must be bounded or reduced in the data to send on a HSSL is the difference between the number of ‘0' bits and ‘1' bits. It is called the Running Disparity (RD). Big differences between 1's and 0's could shift the signal from the reference line. This phenomenon is known as Base-Line Wander (BLW) that could increase the BER (Bit Error Rate) and require filtering or equalizing techniques to be corrected at the receiver, increasing its complexity and power consumption.In order to ensure a bounded Run Length and Running Disparity, the data to be transmitted is generally encoded. The encoding procedure is also called line coding. Over time, many encoding methods were presented and used in the standards; some present very good characteristics but at the cost of high additional bits, also called bandwidth overhead, others have low or no overhead but do not ensure the same RL and RD bounds, thus requiring more analog design complexity and increasing the power consumption.In this thesis, we propose a novel programmable line coding that can perform to the desired RL and RD bounds with a very low overhead, down to 10 times lower that the existing used encodings and for the same bounds. First, we show how we can obtain a very low overhead RL limited line coding, and second we propose a very low overhead method which bounds the RD, and then we show how we can combine both techniques in order to build a low overhead, Run Length Limited, and Running Disparity bounded Line Coding

This study demonstrates a fully Bayesian approach to multilevel/hierarchical linear growth modeling using freely available software. Further, the study incorporates informative prior distributions for fixed effect estimates using an objective approach. The objective approach uses previous sample results to form prior distributions included in subsequent samples analyses, a process referred to as Bayesian updating. Further, a method for model checking is outlined based on fit indices including information criteria (i.e., Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and deviance information criterion) and approximate Bayes factor calculations. For this demonstration, five distinct samples of schools in the process of implementing School-Wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) collected from 2008 to 2013 were used with the unit of analysis being the school. First, the within-year SWPBIS fidelity growth was modeled as a function of time measured in months from initial measurement occasion. Uninformative priors were used to estimate growth parameters for the 2008-09 sample, and both uninformative and informative priors based on previous years' samples were used to model data from the 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 samples. Bayesian estimates were also compared to maximum likelihood (ML) estimates, and reliability information is provided. Second, an additional three examples demonstrated how to include predictors into the growth model with demonstrations for: (a) the inclusion of one school-level predictor (years implementing) of SWPBIS fidelity growth, (b) several school-level predictors (relative socio-economic status, size, and geographic location), and (c) school and district predictors (sustainability factors hypothesized to be related to implementation processes) in a three-level growth model. Interestingly, Bayesian models estimated with informative prior distributions in all cases resulted in more optimal fit indices than models estimated with uninformative prior distributions.

This diploma thesis deals with practical measurement and diagnostics on chosen Hyundai Santa Fe vehicle and on the training panel. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is to familiarize the reader with the fuel system of the diesel engine with the common-rail pressure magazine, with the concept of serial and parallel diagnostics. In the second part, the diplomat performs serial and parallel diagnostics of the diesel engine fuel system on the vehicle and on the training panel. The diplomant will further describe the measured data and evaluate the differences in the measurements.

abstract: Sample delivery is an essential component in biological imaging using serial diffraction from X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) and synchrotrons. Recent developments have made possible the near-atomic resolution structure determination of several important proteins, including one G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) drug target, whose structure could not easily have been determined otherwise (Appendix A). In this thesis I describe new sample delivery developments that are paramount to advancing this field beyond what has been accomplished to date. Soft Lithography was used to implement sample conservation in the Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle (GDVN). A PDMS/glass composite microfluidic injector was created and given the capability of millisecond fluidic switching of a GDVN liquid jet within the divergent section of a 2D Laval-like GDVN nozzle, providing a means of collecting sample between the pulses of current XFELs. An oil/water droplet immersion jet was prototyped that suspends small sample droplets within an oil jet such that the sample droplet frequency may match the XFEL pulse repetition rate. A similar device was designed to use gas bubbles for synchronized “on/off” jet behavior and for active micromixing. 3D printing based on 2-Photon Polymerization (2PP) was used to directly fabricate reproducible GDVN injectors at high resolution, introducing the possibility of systematic nozzle research and highly complex GDVN injectors. Viscous sample delivery using the “LCP injector” was improved with a method for dealing with poorly extruding sample mediums when using full beam transmission from the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), and a new viscous crystal-carrying medium was characterized for use in both vacuum and atmospheric environments: high molecular weight Polyethylene Glycol. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physics 2015

abstract: The superior brightness and ultra short pulse duration of X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) allows it to outrun radiation damage in coherent diffractive imaging since elastic scattering terminates before photoelectron cascades commences. This “diffract-before-destroy” feature of XFEL opened up new opportunities for biological macromolecule imaging and structure studies by breaking the limit to spatial resolution imposed by the maximum dose that is allowed before radiation damage. However, data collection in serial femto-second crystallography (SFX) using XFEL is affected by a bunch of stochastic factors, which pose great challenges to the data analysis in SFX. These stochastic factors include crystal size, shape, random orientation, X-ray photon flux, position and energy spectrum. Monte-Carlo integration proves effective and successful in extracting the structure factors by merging all diffraction patterns given that the data set is sufficiently large to average out all stochastic factors. However, this approach typically requires hundreds of thousands of patterns collected from experiments. This dissertation explores both experimental and algorithmic methods to eliminate or reduce the effect of stochastic factors in data acquisition and analysis. Coherent convergent X-ray beam diffraction (CCB) is discussed for possibilities of obtaining single-shot angular-integrated rocking curves. It is also shown the interference between Bragg disks helps ab-initio phasing. Two-color diffraction scheme is proposed for time-resolved studies and general data collection strategies are discussed based on error metrics. A new auto-indexing algorithm for sparse patterns is developed and demonstrated for both simulated and experimental data. Statistics show that indexing rate is increased by 3 times for I3C data set collected from beam time LJ69 at Linac coherent light source (LCLS). Finally, dynamical inversion from electron diffraction is explored as an alternative approach for structure determination. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physics 2016

abstract: Serial crystallography (SX) is a relatively new structural biology technique that collects X-ray diffraction data from microcrystals via femtosecond pulses produced by an X-ray free electron laser (X-FEL) or by synchrotron radiation, allowing for challenging protein structures to be solved from microcrystals at room temperature. Because of the youth of this technique, method development is necessary for it to achieve its full potential. Most serial crystallography experiments have relied on delivering sample in the mother liquor focused into a stream by compressed gas. This liquid stream moves at a fast rate, meaning that most of the valuable sample is wasted. For this reason, the liquid jet can require 10-100 milligrams of sample for a complete data set. Agarose has been developed as a slow moving microcrystal carrier to decrease sample consumption and waste. The agarose jet provides low background, no Debye-Sherrer rings, is compatible for sample delivery in vacuum environments, and is compatible with a wide variety of crystal systems. Additionally, poly(ethylene oxide) which is amenable for data collection in atmosphere has been developed for synchrotron experiments. Thus this work allows sample limited proteins of difficult to crystallize systems to be investigated by serial crystallography. Time-resolved serial X-ray crystallography (TR-SX) studies have only been employed to study light-triggered reactions in photoactive systems. While these systems are very important, most proteins in Nature are not light-driven. However, fast mixing of two liquids, such as those containing enzyme protein crystals and substrates, immediately before being exposed to an X-ray beam would allow conformational changes and /or intermediates to be seen by diffraction. As a model, 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase (KDO8PS), has been developed for TR-SX. This enzyme initializes the first step of lipopolysaccharide synthesis by a net aldol condensation between arabinose-5-phosphate, phosphoenol pyruvate, and water. During this reaction, a short lived intermediate is formed and has been observed on a millisecond timescale using other methods. Thus KDO8PS is an ideal model protein for studying diffusion times into a crystal and short mixing times (<10 ms). For these experiments, microcrystals diffracting to high resolution have been developed and characterized. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2016

abstract: I study the design of two different institutions to evaluate the welfare implications of counterfactual policies. In particular, I analyze (i) the problem of assigning students to colleges (majors) in a centralized admission system; and (ii) an auction where the seller can use securities to determine winner’s payment, and bidders suffer negative externalities. In the former, I provide a novel methodology to evaluate counterfactual policies when the admission mechanism is manipulable. In the latter, I determine which instrument yields the highest expected revenue from the class of instruments that combines cash and equity payments. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Economics 2017

Orientador: Lia Tomás / Banca: Florivaldo Menezes Filho / Banca: Vladimir Pinheiro Safatle / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como tema a relação entre teoria e prática da técnica dodecafônica em Adorno. Enfoca a crítica efetuada por Adorno à técnica dodecafônica no ensaio Schoenberg e o progresso, as noções de dessensibilização do material e de obra tardia e algumas peças musicais compostas por Adorno em seus anos de exílio na Inglaterra e nos EUA. Pretende com isso mostrar a afinidade existente entre a crítica teórica de Adorno ao dodecafonismo serial mais ortodoxo e o caráter idiossincrático dos procedimentos seriais e da concepção formal presentes em algumas de suas últimas composições. / Abstract: This dissertation has as theme the relationship between theory and practice of the twelve-tone technique in Adorno's work. It focuses the critic made by Adorno to the twelve-tone technique in the essay Schoenberg and the progress, the notions of desensitization of the material and of late work and some musical pieces composed by Adorno in his years of exile in England and in the USA. It intends with that to show the existent likeness among Adorno's theoretical critic to the more orthodox twelve-tone technique and the idiosyncratic character of the serial procedures and of the formal conception present in some of his last compositions. / Mestre