Guerres et paix ont jalonné le duel franco-britannique, une des trames essentielles des relations internationales au XVIIIe siècle. Or c’est ce même siècle des Lumières qui a célébré l’idée d’équilibre européen, d’équilibre des puissances, pour limiter les conflits et « préserver la paix ». Le présent travail se situe pendant la courte période de paix qui sépare deux conflits européens majeurs où s’affrontèrent la Grande-Bretagne et la France, la guerre de Succession d’Autriche (1740-1748) et la guerre de Sept Ans (1756-1763). Il s’agit d’étudier, au milieu du siècle, les pratiques de la paix, utilisées ou révélées à l’occasion des négociations franco-anglaises sur les limites territoriales étendues aux espaces maritimes et coloniaux, et de s’interroger sur les représentations diplomatiques et les visions géostratégiques du monde qui guidèrent, à la cour de Versailles comme à celle de Saint-James, l’action politique des diplomates dans la sphère coloniale. / The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle which ended the War of Austrian Succession in 1748 threw into relief the linkage between the europeans and colonial issues. It returned the european claims in North America and in the West Indies to the statu quo ante bellum settled by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. A boundary commission was established to study the claims, to determine what areas were considered as belonging to the British or to the French Crowns, and to define clear boundaries separating the colonial dominions. Not solely episode of the Anglo-French rivalry, these inter-war years took place in the middle of the Age of Enlightenment, which celebrated the idea of balance of powers. Despite their failure, these negotiations could be envisaged as attempts to regulate colonial and maritime disputes by international agreements and as experiences by both Courts of a far diplomacy.

This study’s research approach shows the foundation of an epistemology that is taken from a postmodern, postfoundationalist theology. The research method is embedded in the narrative approach as established in social constructionism. The research method is also further upheld by the Seven Movements Model of doing research, which in this research also accommodates a participatory action research methodology. This research is a study of the narratives of lay people in a local context. It shows and explores the actions of these people in a situation of care and support. Their local context expresses the journey of people who belong to the same church called the Family Trinity Church in Valhalla, Pretoria. Their backgrounds go back to areas like the Western Cape, Northern Cape and Eastern Cape and are not originally from Pretoria. Their social relationships and church affiliation are compiled from a military background. Their narratives that relate to this research originate from a journey of care and support. The narratives of my co-researchers discovered and recognized different themes as divulged from their stories in conjunction with their experiences. Some of these themes were related to the literature studies as part of the dialogues between interdisciplinary conversations in the process of research. Apart from the telling and re-telling of the stories, literature studies were used to open up a process of a deeper understanding of these narratives. Literature was used to critically discuss the narratives as to give more clarity on the actions of the co-researchers. This research shows an open process of discussions and the input of other thoughts of beliefs and reason as presented by the involvement of the scientific community. The in depth discussions helped to clarify the aim and objectives as proved by the outcomes of this research. The outcome of this research is based on the experiences and the real situation that demonstrates a contextual framework. The narratives and the unique research outcomes clearly support the fact that ordinary laypeople can lead and manage a church without the leadership of a fulltime minister. It shows the important relationship of care and support that transpired in a deepened spirituality, which brought about healing and transformation. The uniqueness of this research is based on the eagerness of people who journeyed with one another in a group and who also directed this kindness to others who did not belong to this group. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Master’s thesis occupies with problems of quality in company Karsit L.L.C. First part is directed at analysis of present situation and at description of problems in a theory level. In next part tools of quality are applied at particular product and analysis of spoilage and process capability is executed.

The main aim of this thesis is to introduce personality and works of imperial diplomat Franz Philip of Sternberg, who was appointed as imperial plenipotentiary at the court of Augustus III in 1749 and who spent there fifteen years. For those purposes, we are first presenting available literature concerning imperial diplomacy and diplomacy in Poland and Saxony in the 2nd half of the 18th century. Sources regarding other diplomats dwelling in Poland and Saxony by that times are also described. Next, we outlined historical sources available for the study of Sternbergs' diplomatic mission. Afterward, we introduced Franz Philip of Sternberg and his prepositions for his position as an imperial diplomat. Based on historical sources, we reconstructed Sternbergs' stay in Saxony and later in Poland, to where he resettled, altogether with Polish-Saxony royal court, after the reversal of longstanding alliances and the beginning of the Seven Years' War. For the reconstruction, we used mainly official diplomatic sources - instructions and relations, which are subsequently, together with diplomatic sources, subjected to diplomatic analysis. Based on unofficial correspondence, we have shown the social network of Franz Philip of Sternberg during his diplomatic stay in Poland and Saxony. In the end, we concluded on...

Forskning visar att taluppfattning är grundläggande för elevers förståelse och utveckling av matematik. Läraren har en central roll i att utveckla elevers taluppfattning. Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker hur nio lärare arbetar med och för taluppfattning hos elever i förskoleklass och årskurs 1. Studien syftar till att komplettera det aktuella forskningsläget med lärares kunskaper och erfarenheter och utgår från frågeställningen: Hur uttrycker dessa lärare att de arbetar med och för taluppfattning i förskoleklass och årskurs 1? Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med lärarna genomfördes och analyserades genom tematisk analys varpå resultatet ytterligare analyserades genom det teoretiska ramverket FONS och dess åtta komponenter av taluppfattning. Sedan diskuterades resultatanalysen i relation till det aktuella forskningsläget. Resultatet visar att lärares arbete med och för taluppfattning till stor del överensstämmer med både tidigare forskning och det teoretiska ramverket FONS. Lärarnas arbete sammanfattas inom följande teman: planering, grunden, begrepp, instruktioner, samlärande, matteboken, metoder, färdighetsträning och talsystemet. Det resultat som särskiljer sig från tidigare forskning och det teoretiska ramverket är lärarens avsikt och förmåga att arbeta med automatisering av taluppfattning, användandet av matteböcker för utveckling av taluppfattning, samt förmågan att anpassa undervisningen utefter elevgruppen. / Research shows that foundational number sense is vital to children’s understanding and development of mathematics. Teachers have an essential role in the development of children’s foundational number sense. This qualitative study investigates how nine teachers in Sweden work to develop foundational number sense with six- and seven-year-olds (corresponding grade 0 and grade 1 in Sweden). The research question: How do these teachers express their work to develop foundational number sense for six- and seven-year-olds? is answered by qualitative semi structured interviews with the teachers. The teacher interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, establishing the following themes: Planning, The foundation, Concept, Instructions, Co-learning, The math book, Methods, Skill training and Number system. These themes were then analyzed by the theoretical framework FONS and its eight components of foundational number sense, establishing several corresponding results. The results were discussed in relation to previous research within the field and concluded that the teachers' work to develop foundational number sense is mainly in line with both previous research and the theoretical framework FONS. Results that stand out are the teachers' abilities to adjust their teachings to their particular group of students/children, their work with automatization of number sense and the use of math books.

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Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to find out what role the Swedish civilian population is expected to have in the country's total defense and what the civilians are expected to do in cases where there is a high level of preparedness, crisis, or war. This purpose includes finding out if the authorities questioned have varying views of said role.   Method: The research method on which this essay is based in an interview study and a document analysis. The informants are made up by five different Swedish authorities and one municipality.   Material: All the policy documents that this essay analyzes are taken from the government's data base and deal with the various proposals that came about during the closing down of total defense at the turn of the millennium and the rearmament around the mid 2010's. Furthermore, the material also consists of interviews as mentioned above.   Conclusion: The analysis of the various policy documents and the interviews resulted in a clarification of the civilian population's role in total defense. This is because the authorities gave tangible examples of what they believe the civilian population should do in the event of heightened alert, crisis, or war. The previous ambiguity of the role is explained with the help of the policy documents and reflections from the informants. The study is concluded with a discussion about the role of the civilian population and offers suggestions for further research on the role of the civilian population in the Swedish total defense.

This study examines the emotional experiences of 152 respondents visiting ‘light’, ‘lighter’, and ‘lightest’ dark tourism sites and the relationship those experiences have with positive word-of-mouth. Therefore, the theoretical contribution of this study fills in the research gap by focusing on the destinations on the ‘lighter’ periphery of Stone’s Dark Tourism Spectrum. The ‘lighter’ destinations which are more commercialized, education- or entertainment-based in nature. In contrast to the destinations on the ‘darker’ periphery of the Dark Tourism Spectrum which are commemorative and where death and tragedy actually occurred. Our results suggest that tourists experience a broad range of both positive and negative emotions when visiting these destinations. Specifically, emotions like Interest, Positive Surprise, Disgust, and Negative Surprise have been found to have a positive relationship with Positive Word-of-Mouth. The results also suggest the practical contribution of this study and confirm that the suppliers of ‘lighter’ destinations are properly managing the dark tourism sites which results in their visitors to spread positive word-of-mouth.

The work presented in this thesis was on nominally two-dimensional turbulent boundary layers at zero pressure gradient subjected to high free-stream turbulent intensities of up to 7.9% in preparations for high free-stream turbulence studies on three-dimensional boundary layers, which will be done in the future in the Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel at Virginia Tech. The two-dimensional turbulent flow that will impinge three-dimensional bodies needed to be characterized, before the three-dimensional studies can be made. An active turbulence generator designed to create high free-stream turbulence intensities in the wind tunnel was tested and modified in order to obtain the lowest possible mean flow non-uniformities. A seven-hole pressure probe was used to obtain planes of mean velocity measurements. A three-component state of the art laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) was used to obtain mean and fluctuating velocities. Previous high free-stream turbulence studies have been reviewed and are discussed, and some of the previously published data of other authors have been corrected. Based on the measurements obtained with the LDV, it was also determined that the semi-log law of the wall is valid for high free-stream turbulence cases, but with different constants than the ones proposed by Coles, where the constants for the high free-stream cases may be dependent on the turbulence intensity. For the first time, the skin friction coefficient (Cf) was deduced from the viscous sublayer. The difference between the U_tau obtained in the viscous sublayer mean velocity profile and the U_tau obtained in the semi-log layer was 1.5%. The skin friction coefficient was determined to increase by 10.5% when the two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer was subjected to high free-stream turbulence effects. Spectral data obtained with the LDV, were compared to the von Kármán model spectrum and to the Pope's model spectrum, where the von Kármán spectrum was proven to fit the spectral data slightly better than the Pope's spectrum. Finally, the Hancock-Bradshaw-Blair parameter obtained for this experiment agreed very well with previously published data. / Master of Science

This study is a phenomenological investigation of children's emotional development and experience focusing on the secondary emotion of pride. The purposes of this study were: (1) to examine the phenomenon of the development of pride in six- and seven-year-old children's socioemotional interactions, (2) to understand how and when young children experience, live, and display emotion, and (3) to develop insight about a child's perspective of their experience of emotion by entering into their field of perception. Respondents included six children, the two parents of each child, and the children's teachers. Theory-based sampling was used. The data were collected through the use of interviews with children, their parents and their teachers. The respondents described their emotion experiences, their interactions with others, and elaborated on their stories. What emerged from the data was consistent with existing literature in that at around the age of six, the components which allow for the construct of pride: perception, cognitive abilities, verbal skills, and socioemotional capacities, are present but not necessarily connected. By seven years of age, the component pieces are generally beginning to coalesce into a describable phenomenon. Second, pride was communicated between children and others often deliberately and purposefully, as well as indirectly and unconsciously. Third, the extracted meaning revealed that the essence of the phenomenon of pride was a positive, desirable feeling, the experience of pride for children and adults was about having a relationship with another person and pride can be related to either one's own accomplishments, another person's accomplishments, or an individual's qualities. Additionally, when pride is overemphasized it can be experienced as a negative feeling, and pride appeared to be interconnected with one's sense of humility. Recommendations are provided for parents, educators, and therapists. Studies which may investigate more fully the various aspects of socioemotional development are offered.